Advances in our understanding of the prognosis of adrenal incidentaloma

References

• Barzon L, Sonino N, Fallo F, et al. Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;149(4):273–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovio S, Cataldi A, Reimondo G, et al. Prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in a contemporary computerized tomography series. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006;29(4):298–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport E, Nam PLP, Wilson M, et al. Adrenal incidentalomas: management in British district general hospitals. Postgrad Med J. 2014;90(1065):365–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport C, Liew A, Doherty B, et al. The prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in routine clinical practice. Endocrine. 2011;40(1):80–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammarstedt L, Muth A, Wängberg B, et al. Adrenal lesion frequency: a prospective, cross-sectional CT study in a defined region, including systematic re-evaluation. Acta Radiol. 2010;51(10):1149–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang YZ, Bharwani N, Micco M, et al. The prevalence of incidentally detected adrenal enlargement on CT. Clin Radiol. 2014;69(1):E37–E42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young WF. Management approaches to adrenal incidentalomas – A view from Rochester, Minnesota. Endocrin Metab Clin. 2000;29(1):159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloos RT, Gross MD, Francis IR, et al. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Endocr Rev. 1995;16(4):460–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terzolo M, Stigliano A, Chiodini I, et al. AME Position Statement on adrenal incidentaloma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164(6):851–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeiger MA, Thompson GB, Duh QY, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists and American association of endocrine surgeons medical guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentalomas: executive summary of recommendations. Endocr Pract. 2009;15(5):450–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cawood TJ, Hunt PJ, O’Shea D, et al. Recommended evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas is costly, has high false-positive rates and confers a risk of fatal cancer that is similar to the risk of the adrenal lesion becoming malignant; time for a rethink? Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;161(4):513–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogari R, Preti P, Zoppi A, et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among unselected hypertensive patients: a prospective study based on the use of an aldosterone/renin ratio above 25 as a screening test. Hypertens Res. 2007;30(2):111–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C, et al. Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2008;93(9):3266–3281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi GP, Auchus RJ, Brown M, et al. An expert consensus statement on use of adrenal vein sampling for the subtyping of primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2014;63(1):151–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenders JWM, Pacak K, Eisenhofer G. Imaging vs biochemical testing for pheochromocytoma – Reply. JAMA-J Am Med Assoc. 2002;288(3):315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle JG, Davidson DF, Perry CG, et al. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of urinary free metanephrines, vanillyl mandelic acid, and catecholamines and plasma catecholamines for diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2007;92(12):4602–4608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawka AM, Jaeschke R, Singh RJ, et al. A comparison of biochemical tests for pheochromocytoma: measurement of fractionated plasma metanephrines compared with the combination of 24-hour urinary metanephrines and catecholamines. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2003;88(2):553–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenders JWM, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, et al. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2014;99(6):1915–1942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappachan JM, Raskauskiene D, Sriraman R, et al. Diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma: a practical guide to clinicians. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2014;16:7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiseman GA, Pacak K, O’Dorisio MS, et al. Usefulness of I-123-MIBG scintigraphy in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected primary or metastatic pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma: results from a prospective multicenter trial. J Nucl Med. 2009;50(9):1448–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmers HJLM, Chen CC, Carrasquillo JA, et al. Staging and functional characterization of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma by F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18-FDG) positron emission tomography. J Natl Cancer I. 2012;104(9):700–708.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiodini I. Diagnosis and Treatment of Subclinical Hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2011;96(5):1223–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Görges R, Knappe G, Gerl H, et al. Diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: re-evaluation of midnight plasma cortisol vs urinary free cortisol and low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in a large patient group. J Endocrinol Invest. 1999;22(4):241–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma RCW, Chan WB, So WY, et al. Lesson of the week – Carbamazepine and false positive dexamethasone suppression tests for Cushing’s syndrome. Brit Med J. 2005;330(7486):299–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieman LK, Biller BMK, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2008;93(5):1526–1540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes ML, Vattaut S, Corcuff JB, et al. Late-night salivary cortisol for diagnosis of overt and subclinical Cushing’s syndrome in hospitalized and ambulatory patients. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2009;94(2):456–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morelli V, Masserini B, Salcuni AS, et al. Subclinical hypercortisolism: correlation between biochemical diagnostic criteria and clinical aspects. Clin Endocrinol. 2010;73(2):161–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi R, Tauchmanova L, Luciano A, et al. Subclinical Cushing’s syndrome in patients with adrenal incidentaloma: clinical and biochemical features. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2000;85(4):1440–1448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masserini B, Morelli V, Palmieri S, et al. Lipid abnormalities in patients with adrenal incidentalomas: role of subclinical hypercortisolism and impaired glucose metabolism. J Endocrinol Invest. 2015;38(6):623–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tauchmanovà L, Rossi R, Biondi B, et al. Patients with subclinical Cushing’s syndrome due to adrenal adenoma have increased cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2002;87(11):4872–4878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eller-Vainicher C, Morelli V, Ulivieri FM, et al. Bone quality, as measured by trabecular bone score in patients with adrenal incidentalomas with and without subclinical hypercortisolism. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(10):2223–2230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Dalmazi G, Vicennati V, Garelli S, et al. Cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with adrenal incidentalomas that are either non-secreting or associated with intermediate phenotype or subclinical Cushing’s syndrome: a 15-year retrospective study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(5):396–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh JY. How to approach and follow adrenal incidentaloma? Korean J Intern Med. 2013;28(5):541–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aspinall SR, Imisair AH, Bliss RD, et al. How is adrenocortical cancer being managed in the UK? Ann Roy Coll Surg. 2009;91(6):489–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan BJ, Thorson CM, Van Haren RM, et al. Risk of concomitant malignancy in hyperfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas. J Surg Res. 2013;184(1):241–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng L, Libertino JM. Adrenocortical carcinoma: diagnosis, evaluation and treatment. J Urology. 2003;169(1):5–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantero F, Terzolo M, Arnaldi G, et al. A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2000;85(2):637–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerkhofs TMA, Kerstens MN, Kema IP, et al. Diagnostic value of urinary steroid profiling in the evaluation of adrenal tumors. Horm Cancer-Us. 2015;6(4):168–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIH state-of-the-science statement on management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass (“incidentaloma”). NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2002;19(2):1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Birsen O, Akyuz M, Dural C, et al. A new risk stratification algorithm for the management of patients with adrenal incidentalomas. Surgery. 2014;156(4):959–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamrahian AH, Ioachimescu AG, Remer EM, et al. Clinical utility of noncontrast computed tomography attenuation value (Hounsfield units) to differentiate adrenal adenomas/hyperplasias from nonadenomas: Cleveland clinic experience. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2005;90(2):871–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MJ, Hahn PF, Papanicolaou N, et al. Benign and malignant adrenal masses – CT distinction with attenuation coefficients, size, and observer analysis. Radiology. 1991;179(2):415–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korobkin M, Brodeur FJ, Francis IR, et al. CT time-attenuation washout curves of adrenal adenomas and nonadenomas. Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170(3):747–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caoili EM, Korobkin M, Francis IR, et al. Adrenal masses: characterization with combined unenhanced and delayed enhanced CT. Radiology. 2002;222(3):629–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szolar DH, Kammerhuber FH. Adrenal adenomas and nonadenomas: assessment of washout at delayed contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology. 1998;207(2):369–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halefoglu AM, Bas N, Yasar A, et al. Differentiation of adrenal adenomas from nonadenomas using CT histogram analysis method: a prospective study. Eur J Radiol. 2010;73(3):643–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson PT, Horton KM, Fishman EK. Adrenal mass imaging with multidetector CT: pathologic conditions, pearls, and pitfalls. Radiographics. 2009;29(5):1333–U162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foti G, Faccioli N, Mantovani W, et al. Incidental adrenal lesions: accuracy of quadriphasic contrast enhanced computed tomography in distinguishing adenomas from nonadenomas. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(8):1742–1750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta RT, Ho LM, Marin D, et al. Dual-energy CT for characterization of adrenal nodules: initial experience. Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(6):1479–1483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel GM, Korobkin M, Wang C, et al. Comparison of unenhanced CT and chemical shift MRI in evaluating lipid-rich adrenal adenomas. Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183(1):215–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider MA, Ghai S, Jhaveri K, et al. Chemical shift MR imaging of hyperattenuating (> 10 HU) adrenal masses: does it still have a role? Radiology. 2004;231(3):711–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki K, Fujita K, Ushiyama T, et al. Efficacy of an ultrasonic surgical system for laparoscopic adrenalectomy. J Urology. 1995;154(2):484–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams HL, Siegelman SS, Adams DF, et al. Computed-tomography versus ultrasound of the adrenal-gland – a prospective-study. Radiology. 1982;143(1):121–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki Y, Sasagawa, Suzuki H, et al. The role of ultrasonography in the detection of adrenal masses: comparison with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Int Urol Nephrol. 2001;32(3):303–306.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fontana D, Porpiglia F, Destefanis P, et al. What is the role of ultrasonography in the follow-up of adrenal incidentalomas? Urology. 1999;54(4):612–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groussin L, Bonardel G, Silvéra S, et al. F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors: a prospective study in 77 operated patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(5):1713–1722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes ML, Rault A, Teynie J, et al. 18F-FDG PET for the identification of adrenocortical carcinomas among indeterminate adrenal tumors at computed tomography scanning. World J Surg. 2010;34(7):1506–1510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessonnier L, Sebag F, Palazzo FF, et al. Does F-18-FDG PET/CT add diagnostic accuracy in incidentally identified non-secreting adrenal tumours? Eur J Nucl Med Mol I. 2008;35(11):2018–2025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caoili EM, Korobkin M, Brown RKJ, et al. Differentiating adrenal adenomas from nonadenomas using F-18-FDG PET/CT: quantitative and qualitative evaluation. Acad Radiol. 2007;14(4):468–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alencar GA, Fragoso MC, Yamaga LY, et al. (18)F-FDG-PET/CT imaging of ACTH-independent macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (AIMAH) demonstrating increased (18)F-FDG uptake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(11):3300–3301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzaglia PJ, Monchik JM. Limited value of adrenal biopsy in the evaluation of adrenal neoplasm: a decade of experience. Arch Surg. 2009;144(5):465–470.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sancho JJ, Triponez F, Montet X, et al. Surgical management of adrenal metastases. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2012;397(2):179–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morelli V, Reimondo G, Giordano R, et al. Long-term follow-up in adrenal incidentalomas: an Italian multicenter study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(3):827–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassilatou E, Vryonidou A, Michalopoulou S, et al. Hormonal activity of adrenal incidentalomas: results from a long-term follow-up study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;70(5):674–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernini GP, Moretti A, Oriandini C, et al. Long-term morphological and hormonal follow-up in a single unit on 115 patients with adrenal incidentalomas. Brit J Cancer. 2005;92(6):1104–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muth A, Hammarstedt L, Hellström M, et al. Cohort study of patients with adrenal lesions discovered incidentally. Br J Surg. 2011;98(10):1383–1391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeomans H, Calissendorff J, Volpe C, et al. Limited value of long-term biochemical follow-up in patients with adrenal incidentalomas-a retrospective cohort study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2015;15(6). [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comlekci A, Yener S, Ertilav S, et al. Adrenal incidentaloma, clinical, metabolic, follow-up aspects: single centre experience. Endocrine. 2010;37(1):40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libè R, Dall’Asta C, Barbetta L, et al. Long-term follow-up study of patients with adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;147(4):489–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young WF. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. New Engl J Med. 2007;356(6):601–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allolio B, Fassnacht M. Clinical review: adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical update. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2006;91(6):2027–2037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin YH, Lee HH, Liu KL, et al. Reversal of myocardial fibrosis in patients with unilateral hyperaldosteronism receiving adrenalectomy. Surgery. 2011;150(3):526–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu VC, Kuo CC, Wang SM, et al. Primary aldosteronism: changes in cystatin C-based kidney filtration, proteinuria, and renal duplex indices with treatment. J Hypertens. 2011;29(9):1778–1786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao CT, Wu VC, Kuo CC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism: an updated review. Ann Med. 2013;45(4):375–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citton M, Viel G, Rossi GP, et al. Outcome of surgical treatment of primary aldosteronism. Langenbeck Arch Surg. 2015;400(3):325–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawka AM, Young WF, Thompson GB, et al. Primary aldosteronism: factors associated with normalization of blood pressure after surgery. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(4):258–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sereg M, Szappanos A, Toke J, et al. Atherosclerotic risk factors and complications in patients with non-functioning adrenal adenomas treated with or without adrenalectomy: a long-term follow-up study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;160(4):647–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacobone M, Citton M, Viel G, et al. Adrenalectomy may improve cardiovascular and metabolic impairment and ameliorate quality of life in patients with adrenal incidentalomas and subclinical Cushing’s syndrome. Surgery. 2012;152(6):991–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiodini I, Morelli V, Salcuni AS, et al. Beneficial metabolic effects of prompt surgical treatment in patients with an adrenal incidentaloma causing biochemical hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2010;95(6):2736–2745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell IC, Auchus RJ, Juneja K, et al. “Subclinical Cushing’s syndrome” is not subclinical: improvement after adrenalectomy in 9 patients. Surgery. 2007;142(6):900–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erbil Y, Ademoğlu E, Ozbey N, et al. Evaluation of the cardiovascular risk in patients with subclinical Cushing syndrome before and after surgery. World J Surg. 2006;30(9):1665–1671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toniato A, Merante-Boschin I, Opocher G, et al. surgical versus conservative management for subclinical cushing syndrome in adrenal incidentalomas: a prospective randomized study. Ann Surg. 2009;249(3):388–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salcuni AS, Morelli V, Vainicher CE, et al. Adrenalectomy reduces the risk of vertebral fractures in patients with monolateral adrenal incidentalomas and subclinical hypercortisolism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;174(3):261–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieman LK, Biller BMK, Findling JW, et al. Treatment of Cushing’s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2015;100(8):2807–2831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boland GWL, Lee MJ, Gazelle GS, et al. Characterization of adrenal masses using unenhanced CT: an analysis of the CT literature. Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171(1):201–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill CJ, Spence A, Logan B, et al. Adrenal incidentalomas: risk of adrenocortical carcinoma and clinical outcomes. J Surg Oncol. 2010;102(5):450–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metser U, Miller E, Lerman H, et al. F-18-FDG PET/CT in the evaluation of adrenal masses. J Nucl Med. 2006;47(1):32–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boland GWL, Dwamena BA. Preferred diagnostic tools for the evaluation of adrenal masses: CT and MR imaging response. Radiology. 2011;260(2):610–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Launay N, Silvera S, Tenenbaum F, et al. Value of 18-F-FDG PET/CT and CT in the Diagnosis of Indeterminate Adrenal Masses. Int J Endocrinol. 2015. [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun MJ, Kim WJ, Alnafisi N, et al. Alavi A. F-18-FDG PET in characterizing adrenal lesions detected on CT or MRI. J Nucl Med. 2001;42(12):1795–1799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahdev A, Willatt J, Francis IR, et al. The indeterminate adrenal lesion. Cancer Imaging. 2010;10(1):102–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terzolo M, Daffara F, Ardito A, et al. Management of adrenal cancer: a 2013 update. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014;37(3):207–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palazzo F, Dickinson A, Phillips B, et al. Adrenal surgery in England: better outcomes in high volume practices. Clin Endocrinology. 2016;85(1):17–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TS, Cheung K, Roman SA, et al. A cost-effectiveness analysis of adrenalectomy for nonfunctional adrenal incidentalomas: is there a size threshold for resection? Surgery. 2012;152(6):1125–1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar