64
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Risk prediction in children and adults less than 45 years old with papillary thyroid cancer

, , &
Pages 355-365 | Received 14 May 2017, Accepted 07 Aug 2017, Published online: 17 Aug 2017

References

  • American Cancer Society: cancer facts & figures. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2015. Available from: http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/document/acspc-047079.pdf
  • Aschebrook-Kilfoy B, El K, Bc C, et al. The acceleration in papillary thyroid cancer incidence rates is similar among racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:2746–2753.
  • Davies L, Hg W. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2002. Jama. 2006;295:2164–2167.
  • National Cancer Institute, Surveillance, E., and End Results (SEER). SEER stat fact sheets: thyroid cancer. http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html. American Cancer Society. Thyroid Cancer. 2016. [cited 2016 Jun 16]. Available from: www.cancer.org/thyroid-cancer-pdf.
  • Lim H,DS, Ja S, Check D, et al. Trends in Thyroid cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. Jama. 2017;317(13): 1338–1348. 4.
  • Rong-Liang Shi NQ, Liao T, Wei W-J, et al. The trend of age-group effect on prognosis in differentiated thyroid cancer. Scientific Reports. 2015;6:27086.
  • Edge SB, Edge SB,Compton CC, et al. eds. AJCC cancer staging manual. 7th ed. New York (NY): Springer. 2010
  • Crile G, Jr HJ. Relationship of the age of the patient to the natural history and prognosis of carcinoma of the thyroid. Ann Surg. 1953;138:33–38.
  • Cady B. An expanded view of riskgroup definition in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 1988;104:947–953.
  • Franssila KO. Prognosis in thyroid carcinoma. Cancer. 1975;36:1138–1146.
  • Byar DP, Green SB, Dor P, et al. A prognostic index for thyroid carcinoma. A study of the E.O.R.T.C. Thyroid Cancer Cooperative Group. Eur J Cancer. 1979;15:1033–1041.
  • Si S, Brierley JD, Sperling M, et al. Prospective multicenter study of thyroiscarcinoma treatment: initial analysis of staging and outcome. National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Study Registry Group. Cancer. 1998;83:1012–1102.
  • Hay ID, Grant GS, Wf T, et al. Ipsilateral lobectomy versus bilateral lobar resection in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of surgical outcome using a novel prognostic scoring system. Surgery. 1987;102:1088–1095.
  • Dean DS, Hay ID. Prognostic indicators in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Contr. 2000;7:229–239.
  • Hay ID, Bergstralh EJ, Goellner JR, et al. Predicting outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma: development of a reliable prognostic scoring system in a cohort of 1779 patients surgically treated at one institution during 1940 through 1989. Surgery. 1993;114:1050–1057, discussion 1057-1058.
  • Lang BH, Chow SM, Cy L, et al. Staging systems for papillary thyroid carcinoma: a study of 2 tertiary referral centers. Ann Surg. 2007;246:114–121.
  • Voutilainen PE, Siironen P, Franssila KO, et al. AMES, MACIS and TNM prognostic classifications in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2003;23:4283–4288.
  • Ito Y, Ichihara K, Masuoka H, et al. Establishment of an intraoperative staging system (iStage) by improving UICC TNM classification system for papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg. 2010;34(11):2570–2580.
  • Nixon IJ, Kuk D, Wreesmann V, et al. Defining a valid age cutoff in staging of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23:410–415.
  • Ganly I, Nixon IJ, Wang LY, et al. Survival from differentiated thyroid cancer: what has age got to do with it? Thyroid. 2015;25:1106–1114.
  • Adam MA, Terry Hyslop ST, Scheri RP, et al. Exploring the relationship between patient age and cancer- specific survival in papillary thyroid cancer: rethinking current staging systems. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:4415–4420.
  • Lazar, L, Lebenthal Y, Steinmetz A, et al. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in pediatric patients: comparison of presentation and course between pre-pubertal children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2009;154(5):708–714.
  • Sugino, K, Nagahama M, Kitagawa W, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents: long-term follow-up and clinical characteristics. World J Surg. 2015;39(9):2259–2265.
  • Tracy EASS. Reoperative thyroid surgery and parathyroid surgery. In: Teich S, Caniano D, editors. Reoperative pediatric surgery. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2008. p. 103–118.
  • Tracy ET, Roman SA. Current management of pediatric thyroid disease and differentiated thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2016;28(1):37–42.
  • Jin, X, Masterson, L, Patel, A, et al. Conservative or radical surgery for pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79(10):1620–1624.
  • Nice, T, Pasara, S, Goldfarb, M, et al. Pediatric papillary thyroid cancer >1 cm: is total thyroidectomy necessary? J Pediatr Surg. 2015;50(6):1009–1013.
  • Haugen BRM, Alexander EK, Kc B, et al. American thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1–133.
  • Francis, GL, Waguespack, SG, Bauer, AJ, et al. Management guidelines for children with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2015;25(7):716–759.
  • Powers, PA, Dinauer CA, Tuttle RM, et al. The MACIS score predicts the clinical course of papillary thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents. J Pedi Endocrinol Metabolism: JPEM. 2004;17(3):339–343.
  • Wada, N, Sugino, K, Mimura, T, et al. Treatment strategy of papillary thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents: clinical significance of the initial nodal manifestation. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(12):3442–3449.
  • Waguespack SG, Francis G. Initial management and follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer in children. J Natl Compr Cancer Network: JNCCN. 2010;8(11):1289–1300.
  • Enomoto Y, Enomoto K, Uchino S, et al. Clinical features, treatment, and long-term outcome of papillary thyroid cancer in children and adolescents without radiation exposure. World J Surg. 2012;36(6):1241–1246.
  • Kloos RT. Protecting thyroid cancer patients from untoward effects of radioactive iodine treatment. Thyroid. 2009;19(9):925–928.
  • Sawka, AM, Lea, J, Alshehri, B, et al. A systematic review of the gonadal effects of therapeutic radioactive iodine in male thyroid cancer survivors. Clin Endocrinol. 2008;68(4):610–617.
  • Schlumberger, M, Eltchaninoff, H, Iung, B, et al. Strategies of radioiodine ablation in patients with low-risk thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(18):1663–1673.
  • Woolner LB, Beahrs OH, Bm B, et al. Classification and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma: a study of 885 cases observed in a thirty year period. Am J Surg. 1961;102:354–387.
  • McConahey WM, Hay ID, Lb W, et al. Papillary thyroid cancer treated at the Mayo Clinic, 1946 through 1970: initial manifestations, pathologic findings, therapy and outcome. Mayo Clin Proc. 1986;61:978–986.
  • Ito Y, Hirokawa M, Jikuzono T, et al. Extranodal tumor extension to adjacent organs predicts a worse cause-specific survival in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg. 2007;31(6):1194–1201.
  • Ito Y, Tomoda C, Urono T, et al. Prognostic significance of extrathyroid extension of papillary thyroid carcinoma: massive but not minimal extension affects the relapse-free survival. World J Surg. 2006;30:780–786.
  • Id H. Papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1990;19:545–576.
  • Id H. Managing patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: insights gained from the Mayo Clinic’s experience of treating 2,512 consecutive patients during 1940 through 2000. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2002;113:241–260.
  • Youngwirth L, Adam MA, Scheri R, et al. Extrathyroidal extension is associated with compromised survival in patients with thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2017;27(5):626–631.
  • Ito Y, Kudo T, Kihara M, et al. Improvement of lymph node recurrence rate, but not distant recurrence and carcinoma death rates, in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma after disease-free survival for 5 years. Endocr J. 2012;59(10):895–901.
  • Zw B, LiVolsi V, Sl A, et al. Diagnostic terminology and morphologic criteria for cytologic diagnosis of thyroid lesions: a synopsis of the national cancer institute thyroid fine-needle aspiration state of the science conference. Diagn Cytopathol. 2008;36(6):425–437.
  • Orloff HSHLA. Efficacy of preoperative neck ultrasound in the detection of cervical lymph node metastasis from thyroid cancer. The Laryngoscope. 2011;121:487–491.
  • Wada N, Duh QY, Sugino K, et al. Lymph node metastasis from 259 papillary thyroid microcarcinomas: frequency, pattern of occurrence and recurrence, and optimal strategy for neck dissection. Ann Surg. 2003;237:399.
  • Gardner RE, Tuttle RM, Burman KD, et al. Prognostic importance of vascular invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126(3):309–312.
  • Lundgren CI, Hall P, Dickman PW, et al. Clinically significant prognostic factors for differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a population-based, nested case control study. Cancer. 2006;106:524–531.
  • Lee J, Song Y, Soh EY. Central lymph node metastasis is an important prognostic factor in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29:48–52.
  • Adam MA, Pura J, Goffredo P, et al. Presence and number of lymph node metastases are associated with compromised survival for patients younger than age 45 years with papillary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:2370–2375.
  • Wu MH, Shen WT, Gosnell J, et al. Prognostic significance of extranodal extension of regional lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer. Head Neck. 2015;37(9):1336–1343.
  • Gow, KW, Lensing, S, Hill, DA, et al. Thyroid carcinoma presenting in childhood or after treatment of childhood malignancies: an institutional experience and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38(11):1574–1580.
  • Grigsby, PW, Gal-Or, A, Michalski, JM, et al. Childhood and adolescent thyroid carcinoma. Cancer. 2002;95(4):724–729.
  • Rivkees, SA, Mazzaferri, EL, Verburg, FA, et al. The treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer in children: emphasis on surgical approach and radioactive iodine therapy. Endocr Rev. 2011;32(6):798–826.
  • Kim, J, Sun, Z, Adam, MA, et al. Predictors of nodal metastasis in pediatric differentiated thyroid cancer. J Pediatr Surg. 2017;52(1):120–123.
  • Frankenthaler, RA, Sellin, RV, Cangir, A, et al. Lymph node metastasis from papillary-follicular thyroid carcinoma in young patients. Am J Surg. 1990;160(4):341–343.
  • Golpanian, S, Perez, EA, Tashiro, J, et al. Pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma: outcomes and survival predictors in 2504 surgical patients. Pediatr Surg Int. 2016;32(3):201–208.
  • Wang, C, Chen, X, Wei, X, et al. Recurrence factors and prevention of complications of pediatric differentiated thyroid cancer. Asian J Surg. 2017;40(1):55–60.
  • Machens, A, Hinze, R, Thomusch, O, et al. Pattern of nodal metastasis for primary and reoperative thyroid cancer. World J Surg. 2002;26(1):22–28.
  • Cooper, DS, Doherty, GM, Haugen, BR, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2009;19(11):1167–1214.
  • Deutschmann, MW, Chin-Lenn, L, Au, J, et al. Extent of central neck dissection among thyroid cancer surgeons: cross-sectional analysis. Head Neck. 2016;38(1):E328–32.
  • Carty, SE, Cooper, DS, Doherty, GM, et al. American Thyroid Association Surgery Working, G. Consensus statement on the terminology and classification of central neck dissection for thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2009;19(11):1153–1158.
  • Falvo L, Catania A, D’Andrea V, et al. Prognostic importance of histologic vascular invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2005;241:640–646.
  • Nishida T, Katayama SI, Tsujimoto M. The clinicopathological significance of histologic vascular invasion in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Am J Surg. 2002;183:80–86.
  • Akslen LA, Myking AO, Salvesen H, et al. Prognostic importance of various clinicopathological features in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 1992;29A:44–51.
  • Pontius LN, Youngwirth LM, Sm T, et al. Lymphovascular invasion is associated with survival for papillary thyroid cancer. Endc Relat Cance. 2016;23(7):555–562.
  • Nikiforov YE, O.N.P.c.N.Y., Biddinger PW, et al. (eds). Diagnostic pathology and molecular genetics of the thyroid.1st ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott; 2012. 183–262.
  • Ghossein RA, Leboeuf R, Patel KN, et al. Tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma without extrathyroid extension: biologic behavior and clinical implications. Thyroid. 2007;17:655–661.
  • Morris LG, Shaha AR, Rm T, et al. Tall-cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a matched-pair analysis of survival. Thyroid. 2010;20:153–158.
  • Hl E, Columnar-cell carcinoma of the thyroid. A report of two cases of an aggressive variant of thyroid carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 1986. 85:77–80.
  • Wenig BM, Thompson LD, Cf A, et al. Thyroid papillary carcinoma of columnar cell type: a clinicopathologic study of 16 cases. Cancer. 1998;82:740–753.
  • Asioli S, Erickson LA, Sebo TJ, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma with prominent hobnail features: a new aggressive variant of moderately differentiated papillary carcinoma. A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular study of eight cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34:44–52. 472.
  • Motosugi U, Murata SI, Nagata K, et al. Thyroid papillary carcinoma with micropapillary and hobnail growth pattern: a histological variant with intermediate malignancy? Thyroid. 2009;19:535–537.
  • Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Ishikawa H, et al. Our experience of treatment of cribriform morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma; difference in clinicopathological features of FAP-associated and sporadic patients. Endocr J. 2011;58(8):685–689.
  • Tomoda C, Miyauchi A, Uruno T, et al. Cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: clue to early detection of familial adenomatous polyposis-associated colon cancer. World J Surg. 2004;28(9):886–889.
  • Levy RA, Hui VW, Sood R, et al. Cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: an indication to screen for occult FAP. Fam Cancer. 2014;13(4):547–551.
  • Pradhan D, Sharma A, Mohanty SK. Cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract. 2015;211(10):712–716.
  • Cheng Q, Li X, Acharya CR, et al. A novel integrative risk index of papillary thyroid cancer progression combining genomic alterations and clinical factors. Oncotarget. 2017. DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.15128
  • Namba H, Nakashima M, Hayashi T, et al. Clinical Implication of hot spot BRAF mutation, V599E, in papillary thyroid cancers. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 2003;88:4393–4397.
  • Kim KH, Kang DW, Sh K, et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in papillary thyroid carcinoma in a Korean population. Yonsei Med J. 2004;45:818–821.
  • Nikiforova MN, Kimura ET, Gandhi M, et al. BRAF mutations in thyroid tumors are restricted to papillary carcinomas and anaplastic or poorly differentiated carcinomas arising from papillary carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 2003;88:5399–5404.
  • Cohen Y, Rosenbaum E, Clark DP, Zeiger MA, Umbricht CB, Tufano RP, Sidransky D & Westra WH. Mutational analysis of BRAF in fine needle aspiration biopsies of the thyroid: a potential application for the preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:2761–2765.
  • Xu X, Quiros RM, Gattuso P, et al. High prevalence of BRAF gene mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas and thyroid tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 2003;63:4561–4567.
  • Vanden Borre P, Schrock A, Pm A, et al. Pediatric, adolescent, and young adult thyroid carcinoma harbors frequent and diverse targetable genomic alterations, including kinase fusions. Oncologist. 2017;22(3):255–263.
  • Fugazzola L, Mannavola D, Cirello V, et al. BRAF mutations in an Italian cohort of thyroid cancers. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford). 2004;61:239–243.
  • Puxeddu E, Moretti S, Elisei R, et al. BRAF(V599E) mutation is the leading genetic event in adult sporadic papillary thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 2004;89:2414–2420.
  • Mingzhao Xing, ASA, Alzahrani, AS, Carson, KA, et al. Association between BRAF V600E mutation and recurrence of papillary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014;33:42–50.
  • Lee SE, Hwang TS, Choi YL, et al. Molecular profiling of papillary thyroid carcinoma in Korea with a high prevalence of BRAFV600E mutation. Thyroid. 2017;27(6):802–810.
  • Dongbin Ahn SP, Park S, Sohn JH, et al. BRAF(V600E) mutation does not serve as a prognostic factor in Korean patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2011;39(2):198–203.
  • Liu T, Wang N, Cao J, et al. The age- and shorter telomere-dependent TERT promoter mutation in follicular thyroid cell-derived carcinomas. Oncogene. 2013;33:4978–4984.
  • Xing M, Liu R, Liu X, et al. BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations cooperatively identify the most aggressive papillary thyroid cancer with highest recurrence. Oncology. 2014;32:2718–2726.
  • Melo M, Da Rocha AG, Vinagre J, et al. TERT promoter mutations are a major indicator of poor outcome in differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(5):E754–65.
  • Ballester LY, Sarabia SF, Sayeed H, et al. Integrating molecular testing in the diagnosis and management of children with thyroid lesions. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2016;19(2):94–100.
  • Haugen BR. American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: what is new and what has changed? Cancer. 2015 [2017 1];123(3):372–381.
  • Pawelczak, M, Cayo, MA, Chen, H Outcomes of children and adolescents with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma and pulmonary metastases following 131I treatment: a systematic review. Thyroid. 2010;20(10):1095–1101.
  • Bal, CS, Garg, A, Chopra, S, et al. Prognostic factors in pediatric differentiated thyroid cancer patients with pulmonary metastases. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2015;28(7–8):745–751.
  • Clement, SC, Kremer, LCM, Links, TP, et al. Is outcome of differentiated thyroid carcinoma influenced by tumor stage at diagnosis? Cancer Treat Rev. 2015;41(1):9–16.
  • Kim, A, Widemann, BC, Krailo, M, et al. Phase 2 trial of sorafenib in children and young adults with refractory solid tumors: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2015;62(9):1562–1566.
  • Waguespack SG, Clayman, GL, Herzog, CE. The successful use of sorafenib to treat pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2009;19(4):407–412.
  • Iyer P, Mayer 1033–1041, Ewig JM. Response to sorafenib in a pediatric patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma with diffuse nodular pulmonary disease requiring mechanical ventilation. Thyroid. 2014;24(1):169–174.
  • Sosa JA, Bowman HM, Tielsch JM, et al. The importance of surgeon experience for clinical and economic outcomes from thyroidectomy. Ann Surg. 1998;228:320–330.
  • Tuggle C, Roman S, Udelsman R, et al. Same-day thyroidectomy: a review of practice patterns and outcomes for 1168 procedures in New York State. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18:1035–1040.
  • Tuggle CT, Roman SA, Wang TS, et al. Pediatric endocrine surgery: who is operating on our children? Surgery. 2008;144:869–877.
  • Loyo M, Tufano RP, Gourin CG. National trends in thyroid surgery and the effect of volume on short-term outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2013;123:2056–2063.
  • Adam MA, Thomas S, Youngwirth L, et al. Is there a minimum number of thyroidectomies a surgeon should perform to optimize patient outcomes? Ann Surg. 2017;265(2):402–407.
  • Breuer C, Tuggle C, Solomon D, et al.Pediatric thyroid disease: when is surgery necessary, and who should be operating on our children? J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol.2013;1:79–85.
  • Sosa, JA, Tuggle, CT, Wang, TS, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of thyroid and parathyroid surgery in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(8):3058–3065.
  • Luster, M, Lassmann, M, Freudenberg, L, et al. Thyroid cancer in childhood: management strategy, including dosimetry and long-term results. Hormones (Athens). 2007;6(4):269–278.
  • Scholz, S, Smith, JR, Chaignaud, B, et al. Thyroid surgery at Children’s Hospital Boston: a 35-year single-institution experience. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(3):437–442.
  • Thompson GB, Hay ID. Current strategies for surgical management and adjuvant treatment of childhood papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg. 2004;28(12):1187–1198.
  • Giordano, D, Valcavi, R, Thompson, GB, et al. Complications of central neck dissection in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: results of a study on 1087 patients and review of the literature. Thyroid. 2012;22(9):911–917.
  • Kim, MK, et al. Morbidity following central compartment reoperation for recurrent or persistent thyroid cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130(10):1214–1216.
  • Langer JE, Mandel SJ. Sonographic imaging of cervical lymph nodes in patients with thyroid cancer. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2008;18(3):479–489.
  • Popadich A, Levin O, Lee JC, et al. A multicenter cohort study of total thyroidectomy and routine central lymph node dissection for cN0 papillary thyroid cancer. Surgery. 2011;150:1048–1057.
  • Lang BH, Ng SH, Ll L, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prophylactic central neck dissection on short-term loco-regional recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma after total thyroidectomy. Thyroid. 2013;23:1087–1098.
  • Wang TS, Cheung K, Farrokhyar F, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of prophylactic central compartment neck dissection on locoregional recurrence rates in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:3477–3483.
  • Palmer, BA, Zarroug, AE, Poley, RN, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma in children: risk factors and complications of disease recurrence. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40(8):1284–1288.
  • Chen, Y, Masiakos, PT, Gaz, RD, et al. Pediatric thyroidectomy in a high volume thyroid surgery center: risk factors for postoperative hypocalcemia. J Pediatr Surg. 2015;50(8):1316–1319.
  • Chao, T-C, Jeng, L-B, Lin, J-D, et al. Reoperative thyroid surgery. World J Surg. 1997;21(6):644–647.
  • Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kobayashi K, et al. Static and dynamic prognostic factors of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr J. 2014;61(12):1145–1151.
  • Rm T. Risk-adapted management of thyroid cancer. Endocr Pract. 2008;14:764–774.
  • Schlumberger M, Berg G, Cohen O, et al. Follow-up of low-risk patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a European perspective. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;150:105–112.
  • Tuttle RM, Tala H, Shah J, et al. Estimating risk of recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine remnant ablation: using response to therapy variables to modify the initial risk estimates predicted by the new American Thyroid Association staging system. Thyroid. 2010;20:1341–1349.
  • Vaisman F, Momesso D, Bulzico DA, et al. Spontaneous remission in thyroid cancer patients after biochemical incomplete response to initial therapy. Clin Endocrinol. 2012;77: 132–138.
  • Castagna MG, Maino F, Cipri C, et al. Delayed risk stratification, to include the response to initial treatment (surgery and radioiodine ablation), has better outcome predictivity in differentiated thyroid cancer patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;165:441–446.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.