Personalized fracture risk assessment: where are we at?

References

• Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ. 1996;312(7041):1254–1259. Epub 1996/05/18. PubMed PMID: 8634613; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2351094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black DM, Cummings SR, Melton LJ. 3rd. Appendicular bone mineral and a woman’s lifetime risk of hip fracture. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7(6):639–646. PubMed PMID: 1414482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen ND, Ahlborg HG, Center JR, et al. Residual lifetime risk of fractures in women and men. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(6):781–788. Epub 2007/03/14. PubMed PMID: 17352657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings SR, Black DM, Rubin SM. Lifetime risks of hip, Colles’, or vertebral fracture and coronary heart disease among white postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149(11):2445–2448. PubMed PMID: Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Randell AG, Nguyen TV, Bhalerao N, et al. Deterioration in quality of life following hip fracture: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(5):460–466. PubMed PMID: 10912850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adachi JD, Adami S, Gehlbach S, et al. Impact of prevalent fractures on quality of life: baseline results from the global longitudinal study of osteoporosis in women. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(9):806–813. PubMed PMID: 20634496; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2931616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost SA, Nguyen ND, Center JR, et al. Excess mortality attributable to hip-fracture: a relative survival analysis. Bone. 2013;56(1):23–29. Epub 2013/05/21. PubMed PMID: 23684802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center JR, Bliuc D, Nguyen TV, et al. Risk of subsequent fracture after low-trauma fracture in men and women. JAMA. 2007;297(4):387–394. Epub 2007/01/25. PubMed PMID: 17244835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho-Le TP, Tran TS, Bliuc D, et al. Epidemiological transition to mortality and re-fracture following an initial fracture. Elife Epub 2021/02/10. 2021;10:10. PubMed PMID: 33558009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al. Fracture risk following an osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(3):175–179. PubMed PMID: 14691617
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bliuc D, Nguyen ND, Milch VE, et al. Mortality risk associated with low-trauma osteoporotic fracture and subsequent fracture in men and women. JAMA. 2009;301(5):513–521. PubMed PMID: 19190316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center JR, Nguyen TV, Schneider D, et al. Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational study. Lancet. 1999;353(9156):878–882. PubMed PMID: Bone and Mineral Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. [email protected]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shortt NL, Robinson CM. Mortality after low-energy fractures in patients aged at least 45 years old. J Orthop Trauma. 2005;19(6):396–400. Epub 2005/07/09. PubMed PMID: 16003199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindmarsh DM, Hayen A, Finch CF, et al. Relative survival after hospitalisation for hip fracture in older people in New South Wales, Australia. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(2):221–229. Epub 2008/06/10. PubMed PMID: 18536952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haentjens P, Magaziner J, Colon-Emeric CS, et al. Meta-analysis: excess mortality after hip fracture among older women and men. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(6):380–390. PubMed PMID: 20231569; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3010729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mai HT, Tran TS, Ho-Le TP, et al. Two-Thirds of all fractures are not attributable to Osteoporosis and advancing age: implications for fracture prevention. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(8):3514–3520. Epub 2019/04/06. PubMed PMID: 30951170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen ND, Frost SA, Center JR, et al. Development of a nomogram for individualizing hip fracture risk in men and women. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(8):1109–1117. PubMed PMID: 17370100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen ND, Frost SA, Center JR, et al. Development of prognostic nomograms for individualizing 5-year and 10-year fracture risks. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(10):1431–1444. PubMed PMID: 18324342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int. 2008; 19(4):385–397. Epub 2008/02/23. PubMed PMID: 18292978; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2267485,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C. Derivation and validation of updated QFracture algorithm to predict risk of osteoporotic fracture in primary care in the United Kingdom: prospective open cohort study. BMJ. 2012;344(may22 1):e3427. PubMed PMID: 22619194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wasnich RD. Consensus and the T-score fallacy. Clin Rheumatol. 1997;16(4):337–339. PubMed PMID: 9259244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TV. Individualization of osteoporosis risk. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(9):1153–1156. PubMed PMID: 17611705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandhu SK, Nguyen ND, Center JR, et al. Prognosis of fracture: evaluation of predictive accuracy of the FRAX algorithm and Garvan nomogram. Osteoporos Int. 2009;21(5):863–871. Epub 2009/07/28. PubMed PMID: 19633880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langsetmo L, Nguyen TV, Nguyen ND, et al. Independent external validation of nomograms for predicting risk of low-trauma fracture and hip fracture. Cmaj. 2011;183(2):E107–14. Epub 2010/12/22. PubMed PMID: 21173069; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3033952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie WD, Lix LM, Johansson H, et al. Independent clinical validation of a Canadian FRAX tool: fracture prediction and model calibration. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(11):2350–2358. Epub 2010/05/26. PubMed PMID: 20499367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie WD, Lix LM, Langsetmo L, et al. Construction of a FRAX(R) model for the assessment of fracture probability in Canada and implications for treatment. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(3):817–827. Epub 2010/12/17. PubMed PMID: 21161509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ensrud KE, Lui LY, Taylor BC, et al. A comparison of prediction models for fractures in older women: is more better? Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(22):2087–2094. Epub 2009/12/17. PubMed PMID: 20008691; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2811407.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tamaki J, Iki M, Kadowaki E, et al. Fracture risk prediction using FRAX(R): a 10-year follow-up survey of the Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Cohort Study. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(12):3037–3045. PubMed PMID: 21279504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azagra R, Roca G, Encabo G, et al. FRAX(R) tool, the WHO algorithm to predict osteoporotic fractures: the first analysis of its discriminative and predictive ability in the Spanish FRIDEX cohort. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13(1):204. Epub 2012/10/24. PubMed PMID: 23088223; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3518201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Blackwell T, et al. Performance of FRAX in a cohort of community-dwelling, ambulatory older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(4):1185–1193. Epub 2012/11/28. PubMed PMID: 23179575; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3767034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolland MJ, Siu AT, Mason BH, et al. Evaluation of the FRAX and Garvan fracture risk calculators in older women. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(2):420–427. Epub 2010/08/20. PubMed PMID: 20721930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluskiewicza W, Adamczykb P, Franekc E, et al. Conformity between 10-year probability of any osteoporotic fracture assessed by FRAX and nomogram by Nguyen et al. Bone. 2009;44(2):S229–S30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagan N, Cohen-Stavi C, Leventer-Roberts M, et al. External validation and comparison of three prediction tools for risk of osteoporotic fractures using data from population based electronic health records: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2017;356:i6755. www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. Epub 2017/01/21. PubMed PMID: 28104610; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5244817.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen TV, Eisman JA. Fracture risk assessment: from population to individual. J Clin Densitom. 2017;20(3):368–378. Epub 2017/07/22. PubMed PMID: 28729045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway-Kew KL, Zhang Y, Betson AG, et al. How well do the FRAX (Australia) and GARVAN calculators predict incident fractures? data from the Geelong Osteoporosis study. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30(10):2129–2139. Epub 2019/07/19. PubMed PMID: 31317250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inderjeeth CA, Raymond WD. Case finding with GARVAN fracture risk calculator in primary prevention of fragility fractures in older people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2020;86:103940. Epub 2019/09/17. PubMed PMID: 31525558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluskiewicz W, Adamczyk P, Franek E, et al. FRAX calculator and Garvan nomogram in male osteoporotic population. Aging Male. 2014;17(3):174–182. PubMed PMID: 24456527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluskiewicz W, Adamczyk P, Franek E, et al. Ten-year probability of osteoporotic fracture in 2012 Polish women assessed by FRAX and nomogram by Nguyen et al.-Conformity between methods and their clinical utility. Bone. 2010;46(6):1661–1667. PubMed PMID: 20156606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Geel TA, Nguyen ND, Geusens PP, et al. Development of a simple prognostic nomogram for individualising 5-year and 10-year absolute risks of fracture: a population-based prospective study among postmenopausal women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(1):92–97. Epub 2010/09/30. PubMed PMID: 20876591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pothuaud L, Barthe N, Krieg MA, et al. Evaluation of the potential use of trabecular bone score to complement bone mineral density in the diagnosis of osteoporosis: a preliminary spine BMD-matched, case-control study. J Clin Densitom. 2009;12(2):170–176. Epub 2009/02/03. PubMed PMID: 19181553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva BC, Boutroy S, Zhang C, et al. Trabecular bone score (TBS)–a novel method to evaluate bone microarchitectural texture in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(5):–70. PubMed PMID: 23526463; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3644593. 1963.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hans D, Goertzen AL, Krieg M-A, et al. Bone microarchitecture assessed by TBS predicts osteoporotic fractures independent of bone density: the Manitoba study. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(11):2762–2769. Epub 2011/09/03. PubMed PMID: 21887701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie WD, Aubry-Rozier B, Lamy O, et al. TBS (trabecular bone score) and diabetes-related fracture risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(2):602–609. Epub 2013/01/24. PubMed PMID: 23341489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva BC, Leslie WD, Resch H, et al. Trabecular bone score: a noninvasive analytical method based upon the DXA image. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(3):518–530. Epub 2014/01/21. PubMed PMID: 24443324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulivieri FM, Silva BC, Sardanelli F, et al. Utility of the trabecular bone score (TBS) in secondary osteoporosis. Endocrine. 2014;47(2):435–448. Epub 2014/05/24. PubMed PMID: 24853880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCloskey EV, Oden A, Harvey NC, et al. A Meta-Analysis of Trabecular Bone Score in Fracture Risk Prediction and Its Relationship to FRAX. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(5):940–948. Epub 2015/10/27. PubMed PMID: 26498132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(12):767–773. PubMed PMID: Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaelsson K, Melhus H, Ferm H, et al. Genetic liability to fractures in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(16):1825–1830. PubMed PMID: 16157825
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Styrkarsdottir U, Halldorsson BV, Gretarsdottir S, et al. Multiple genetic loci for bone mineral density and fractures. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(22):2355–2365. PubMed PMID: 18445777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estrada K, Styrkarsdottir U, Evangelou E, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 56 bone mineral density loci and reveals 14 loci associated with risk of fracture. Nat Genet. 2012;44(5):491–501. Epub 2012/04/17. PubMed PMID: 22504420; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3338864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris JA, Kemp JP, Youlten SE, et al. An atlas of genetic influences on osteoporosis in humans and mice. Nat Genet. 2019;51(2):258–266. PubMed PMID: 30598549; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6358485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TV, Eisman JA. Genetic profiling and individualized assessment of fracture risk. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9(3):153–161. Epub 2013/02/06. PubMed PMID: 23381029.
   Google Scholar
• Ho-Le TP, Center JR, Eisman JA, et al. Prediction of Bone Mineral Density and Fragility Fracture by Genetic Profiling. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(2):285–293. PubMed PMID: 27649491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TV, Eisman JA. Post-GWAS Polygenic Risk Score: utility and Challenges. JBMR Plus. 2020;4(11):e10411. Epub 2020/11/20. PubMed PMID: 33210063; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7657393.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eriksson J, Evans DS, Nielson CM, et al. Limited clinical utility of a genetic risk score for the prediction of fracture risk in elderly subjects. J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30(1):184–194. PubMed PMID: 25043339; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4281709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moayyeri A, Adams JE, Adler RA, et al. Quantitative ultrasound of the heel and fracture risk assessment: an updated meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(1):143–153. Epub 2011/11/01. PubMed PMID: 22037972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SK. Identification of 613 new loci associated with heel bone mineral density and a polygenic risk score for bone mineral density, osteoporosis and fracture. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200785. Epub 2018/07/27. PubMed PMID: 30048462; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6062019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manousaki D, Forgetta V, Keller-Baruch J, et al. A Polygenic Risk Score as a Risk Factor for Medication-Associated Fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2020;35(10):1935–1941. Epub 2020/06/09. PubMed PMID: 32511779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu T, Forgetta V, Keller-Baruch J, et al. Improved prediction of fracture risk leveraging a genome-wide polygenic risk score. Genome Med. 2021;13(1):16. Epub 2021/02/05. PubMed PMID: 33536041; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7860212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callender T, Emberton M, Morris S, et al. Polygenic risk-tailored screening for prostate cancer: a benefit-harm and cost-effectiveness modelling study. PLoS Med. 2019;16(12):e1002998. Epub 2019/12/21. PubMed PMID: 31860675; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6924639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynninen Y, Linna M, Vilkkumaa E. Value of genetic testing in the prevention of coronary heart disease events. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0210010. Epub 2019/01/16. PubMed PMID: 30645616; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6333335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho-Le TP, Tran HTT, Center JR, et al. Assessing the clinical utility of genetic profiling in fracture risk prediction: a decision curve analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2021;32(2):271–280. Epub 2020/08/14. PubMed PMID: 32789607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCloskey E, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. Efficacy of Clodronate on Fracture Risk in Women Selected by 10-year Fracture Probability. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(10):S131.
   Google Scholar
• McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. Denosumab reduces the risk of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women, particularly in those with moderate to high fracture risk as assessed with FRAX. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(7):1480–1486. Epub 2012/03/21. PubMed PMID: 22431426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. Bazedoxifene reduces vertebral and clinical fractures in postmenopausal women at high risk assessed with FRAX. Bone. 2009;44(6):1049–1054. Epub 2009/03/04. PubMed PMID: 19254788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson MG, Palermo L, Ensrud KE, et al. Effect of alendronate for reducing fracture by FRAX score and femoral neck bone mineral density: the Fracture Intervention Trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(8):1804–1810. Epub 2012/04/12. PubMed PMID: 22492479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zethelius B, Berglund L, Sundstrom J, et al. Use of multiple biomarkers to improve the prediction of death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(20):2107–2116. Epub 2008/05/16. PubMed PMID: 18480203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sealand R, Razavi C, Adler RA. Diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13(3):411–418. PubMed PMID: 23471742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan Y, Wei F, Lang Y, et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of hip fractures: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(1):219–228. PubMed PMID: 26264604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, You W, Jing Z, et al. Increased risk of vertebral fracture in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int Orthop. 2016;40(6):1299–1307. PubMed PMID: 27029481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giangregorio LM, Leslie WD, Lix LM, et al. FRAX underestimates fracture risk in patients with diabetes. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(2):301–308. Epub 2011/11/05. PubMed PMID: 22052532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz AV, Vittinghoff E, Bauer DC, et al. Association of BMD and FRAX score with risk of fracture in older adults with type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2011;305(21):2184–2192. Epub 2011/06/03. PubMed PMID: 21632482; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3287389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie WD, Johansson H, McCloskey EV, et al. Comparison of Methods for Improving Fracture Risk Assessment in Diabetes: the Manitoba BMD Registry. Epub 2018/06/29. J Bone Miner Res. 2018 1923;33(11):–30. PubMed PMID: 29953670; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6193547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unnanuntana A, Rebolledo BJ, Khair MM, et al. Diseases affecting bone quality: beyond osteoporosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469(8):2194–2206. Epub 2010/11/26. PubMed PMID: 21107923; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3126973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyles KW, Colon-Emeric CS, Magaziner JS, et al. Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(18):1799–1809. PubMed PMID: 17878149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid IR, Horne AM, Mihov B, et al. Fracture prevention with zoledronate in older women with Osteopenia. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(25):2407–2416. Epub 2018/12/24. PubMed PMID: 30575489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook NR. Statistical evaluation of prognostic versus diagnostic models: beyond the ROC curve. Clin Chem. 2008;54(1):17–23. Epub 2007/11/21. PubMed PMID: 18024533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Calster B, McLernon DJ, Van Smeden M, et al. Topic Group ‘Evaluating diagnostic t, et al. Calibration: the Achilles heel of predictive analytics. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):230. Epub 2019/12/18. PubMed PMID: 31842878; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6912996.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pencina MJ, D’Agostino RB Sr., D’Agostino RB Jr., et al. Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: from area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond. Epub 2007/06/15. Stat Med. 2008 discussion 207–12;27(2):157–172. PubMed PMID: 17569110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leening MJ, Vedder MM, Witteman JC, et al. Net reclassification improvement: computation, interpretation, and controversies: a literature review and clinician’s guide. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(2):122–131. Epub 2014/03/05. PubMed PMID: 24592497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers AJ, Elkin EB. Decision curve analysis: a novel method for evaluating prediction models. Med Decis Making. 2006;26(6):565–574. PubMed PMID: 17099194; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2577036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers AJ, Cronin AM, Elkin EB, et al. Extensions to decision curve analysis, a novel method for evaluating diagnostic tests, prediction models and molecular markers. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2008;8:53. Epub 2008/11/28. PubMed PMID: 19036144; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2611975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar