702
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Biomarkers of chronic spontaneous urticaria and their clinical implications

&
Pages 247-254 | Received 11 Dec 2020, Accepted 25 Jan 2021, Published online: 12 Feb 2021

References

  • Kaplan AP, Greaves M. Pathogenesis of chronic urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39:777–787.
  • Schmetzer O, Lakin E, Topal FA, et al. IL-24 is a common and specific autoantigen of IgE in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142:876–882.
  • Asero R, Marzano AV, Ferrucci S, et al. Co-occurrence of IgE and IgG autoantibodies in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Exp Immunol. 2020;200:242–249.
  • Grattan CE, Hamon CG, Cowan MA, et al. Preliminary identification of a low molecular weight serological mediator in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 1988;119:179–183.
  • Cugno M, Tedeschi A, Frossi B, et al. Detection of low-molecular-weight mast cell-activating factors in serum from patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2016;26:310–313.
  • Bossi F, Frossi B, Radillo O, et al. Mast cells are critically involved in serum-mediated vascular leakage in chronic urticaria beyond high-affinity IgE receptor stimulation. Allergy. 2011;66:1538–1545.
  • Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;69:89–95.
  • Kolkhir P, André F, Church MK, et al. Potential blood biomarkers in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47:19–36.
  • Deza G, Ricketti PA, Gimenez-Arnau AM, et al. Emerging biomarkers and therapeutic pipelines for chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6:1108–1117.
  • Folci M, Heffler E, Canonica GW, et al. Cutting edge: biomarkers for chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:5615109.
  • Sanchez-Borges M, Capriles-Hulett A, Caballero-Fonseca F, et al. Biomarkers of treatment efficacy in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;50:5–9.
  • Puxeddu I, Petrelli F, Angelotti F, et al. Biomarkers in chronic spontaneous urticaria: current targets and clinical implications. J Asthma Allergy. 2019;12:285–295.
  • Hiragun M, Hiragun T, Mihara S, et al. Prognosis of chronic spontaneous urticaria in 117 patients not controlled by a standard dose of antihistamine. Allergy. 2013;68:229–235.
  • Gregoriou S, Rigopoulos D, Katsambas A, et al. Etiologic aspects and prognostic factors of patients with chronic urticaria: nonrandomized, prospective, descriptive study. J Cutan Med Surg. 2009;3.1. 13:198–203.
  • Młynek A, Magerl M, Hanna M, et al. The German version of the chronic urticaria quality-of-life questionnaire: factor analysis, validation, and initial clinical findings. Allergy. 2009;64:927–936.
  • Champion RH, Roberts SO, Carpenter RG, et al. Urticaria and angio-oedema. A review of 554 patients. Br J Dermatol. 1969;81:588–597.
  • Toubi E, Kessel A, Avshovich N, et al. Clinical and laboratory parameters in predicting chronic urticaria duration: a prospective study of 139 patients. Allergy. 2004;59:869–873.
  • Sánchez-Borges M, Caballero-Fonseca F, Capriles-Hulett A, et al. Aspirin-exacerbated cutaneous disease (AECD) is a distinct subphenotype of chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29:698–701.
  • Shin YS, Suh DH, Yang EM, et al. Serum specific IgE to thyroid peroxidase activates basophils in aspirin intolerant urticaria. J Korean Med Sci. 2015;30:705–709.
  • Sanchez J, Diez S, Cardona R. Clinical control of CSU with antihistamines allows for tolerance of NSAID-exacerbated cutaneous disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8:3577–3583.
  • Sanchez J, Sanchez A, Cardona R. Clinical characterization of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria according to anti-TPO IgE levels. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:4202145.
  • Sánchez Borges M, Tassinari S, Flores A. Epidemiologic features in patients with antihistamine-resistant chronic urticaria. Rev Alerg Mex. 2015;62:279–286.
  • Konstantinou GN, Asero R, Maurer M, et al. EAACI/GA(2)LEN task force consensus report: the autologous serum skin test in urticaria. Allergy. 2009;64:1256–1268.
  • Konstantinou GN, Asero R, Ferrer M, et al. EAACI taskforce position paper: evidence for autoimmune urticaria and proposal for defining diagnostic criteria. Allergy. 2013;68:27–36.
  • Caproni M, Volpi W, Giomi B, et al. Chronic idiopathic and chronic autoimmune urticaria: clinical and immunopathological features of 68 subjects. Acta Derm Venereol. 2004;84:288–290.
  • George M, Balachandran C, Prabhu S. Chronic idiopathic urticaria: comparison of clinical features with positive autologous serum skin test. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74:105–108.
  • Vohra S, Sharma NL, Mahajan VK, et al. Clinico-epidemiologic features of chronic urticaria in patients having positive versus negative autologous serum skin test: a study of 100 Indian patients. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2011;77:156–159.
  • Alyasin S, Hamidi M, Karimi AA, et al. Correlation between clinical findings and results of autologous serum skin test in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. South Med J. 2011;104:111–115.
  • Kasperska-Zajac A, Sztylc J, Machura E, et al. Plasma IL-6 concentration correlates with clinical disease activity and serum C-reactive protein concentration in chronic urticaria patients. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41:1386–1391.
  • Aleem S, Masood Q, Hassan I. Correlation of C-reactive protein levels with severity of chronic urticaria. Indian J Dermatol. 2014;59:636.
  • Kolkhir P, Altrichter S, Hawro T, et al. C-reactive protein is linked to disease activity, impact, and response to treatment in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy. 2018;73:940–948.
  • Confino-Cohen R, Chodick G, Shalev V, et al. Chronic urticaria and autoimmunity: associations found in a large population study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:1307–1313.
  • Magen E, Mishal J, Zeldin Y, et al. Increased mean platelet volume and C-reactive protein levels in patients with chronic urticaria with a positive autologous serum skin test. Am J Med Sci. 2010;339:504–508.
  • Chandrashekar L, Rajappa M, Sundar I, et al. Platelet activation in chronic urticaria and its correlation with disease severity. Platelets. 2014;25:162–165.
  • Aleem S, Masood Q, Hassan I. Correlation on mean platelet volume with severity of chronic urticaria. J Dermatol Dermatol Surg. 2015;19:9–14.
  • Kasperska-Zając A, Grzanka A, Jarzab J, et al. The association between platelet count and acute phase response in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:650913.
  • Vena GA, Cassano N, Marzano AV, et al. The role of platelets in chronic urticaria. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2016;169:71–79.
  • Grattan CE. Basophils in chronic urticaria. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2001;6:139–140.
  • Grattan CE, Dawn G, Gibbs S, et al. Blood basophil numbers in chronic ordinary urticaria and healthy controls: diurnal variation, influence of loratadine and prednisolone and relationship to disease activity. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:337–341.
  • Luquin E, Kaplan AP, Ferrer M. Increased responsiveness of basophils of patients with chronic urticaria to sera but hypo-responsiveness to other stimuli. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35:456–460.
  • Eckman JA, Hamilton RG, Gober LM, et al. Basophil phenotypes in chronic idiopathic urticaria in relation to disease activity and autoantibodies. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:1956–1963.
  • Saini SS. Basophil responsiveness in chronic urticaria. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2009;9:286–290.
  • Oliver ET, Sterba PM, Saini SS. Interval shifts in basophil measures correlate with disease activity in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy. 2015;70:601–603.
  • Rauber MM, Pickert J, Holiangu L, et al. Functional and phenotypic analysis of basophils allows determining distinct subtypes in patients with chronic urticaria. Allergy. 2017;72:1904–1911.
  • Ye YM, Yang EM, Yoo HS, et al. Increased level of basophil CD203c expression predicts severe chronic urticaria. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29:43–47.
  • Kolkhir P, Church MK, Altrichter S, et al. Eosinopenia, in chronic spontaneous urticaria, is associated with high disease activity, autoimmunity, and poor response to treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8:318–325.
  • Tedeschi A, Asero R, Lorini M, et al. Serum eotaxin levels in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;44:188–192.
  • Tedeschi A, Asero R, Marzano AV, et al. Plasma levels and skin-eosinophil-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with chronic urticaria. Allergy. 2009;64:1616–1622.
  • Kessel A, Bishara R, Amital A, et al. Increased plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 are associated with the severity of chronic urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35:221–225.
  • Altrichter S, Boodstein N, Maurer M. Matrix metalloproteinase-9: a novel biomarker for monitoring disease activity in patients with chronic urticaria patients? Allergy. 2009;64:652–656.
  • Tedeschi A, Asero R, Lorini M, et al. Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in chronic urticaria patients correlate with disease severity and C-reactive protein but not with circulating histamine-releasing factors. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40:875–881.
  • Kasperska-Zajac A, Grzanka A, Damasiewicz-Bodzek A. IL-6 transsignaling in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0145751.
  • Kurt E, Aktas A, Aksu K, et al. Autologous serum skin test response in chronic spontaneous urticaria and respiratory diseases and its relationship with serum interleukin-18 level. Arch Dermatol Res. 2011;303:643–649.
  • Tedeschi A, Lorini M, Suli C, et al. Serum interleukin-18 in patients with chronic ordinary urticaria: association with disease activity. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007;32:568–570.
  • Puxeddu I, Italiani P, Giungato P, et al. Free IL-18 and IL-33 cytokines in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Cytokine. 2013;61:741–743.
  • Asero R, Tedeschi A, Riboldi P, et al. Plasma of patients with chronic urticaria shows signs of thrombin generation, and its intradermal injection causes wheal-and-flare reactions much more frequently than autologous serum. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:1113–1117.
  • Asero R, Tedeschi A, Coppola R, et al. Activation of the tissue factor pathway of blood coagulation in patients with chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:705–710.
  • Asero R, Tedeschi A, Riboldi P, et al. Severe chronic urticaria is associated with elevated plasma levels of D-dimer. Allergy. 2008;63:176–180.
  • Takahagi S, Mihara S, Iwamoto K, et al. Coagulation/fibrinolysis and inflammation markers are associated with disease activity in patients with chronic urticaria. Allergy. 2010;65:649–656.
  • Takeda T, Sakurai Y, Takahagi S, et al. Increase of coagulation potential in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy. 2011;66:428–433.
  • Zhu H, Liang B, Li R, et al. Activation of coagulation, anti-coagulation, fibrinolysis and the complement system in patients with urticaria. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2013;31:43–50.
  • Triwongwaranat D, Kulthanan K, Chularojanamontri L, et al. Correlation between plasma D-dimer levels and the severity of patients with chronic urticaria. Asia Pac Allergy. 2013;3:100–105.
  • Criado PR, Antinori LC, Maruta CW, et al. Evaluation of D-dimer serum levels among patients with chronic urticaria, psoriasis and urticarial vasculitis. An Bras Dermatol. 2013;88:355–360.
  • Baek YS, Jeon J, Kim JH, et al. Severity of acute and chronic urticaria correlates with D-dimer level, but not C-reactive protein or total IgE. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2014;39:795–800.
  • Farres MN, Refaat M, Melek NA, et al. Activation of coagulation in chronic urticaria in relation to disease severity and activity. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2015;43:162–167.
  • Wang D, Tang H, Shen Y, et al. Activation of the blood coagulation system in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Lab. 2015;61:1283–1288.
  • Asero R, Marzano AV, Ferrucci S, et al. Baseline D-dimer plasma levels correlate with disease activity but not with the response to omalizumab in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy. 2019;74:2538.
  • Grzanka A, Machura E, Mazur B, et al. Relationship between vitamin D status and the inflammatory state in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Inflamm (Lond). 2014;11:2.
  • Woo YR, Jung KE, Koo DW, et al. Vitamin D as a marker for disease severity in chronic urticaria and its possible role in pathogenesis. Ann Dermatol. 2015;27:423–430.
  • Gangemi S, Saitta S, Lombardo G, et al. Serum thyroid autoantibodies in patients with idiopathic either acute or chronic urticaria. J Endocrinol Invest. 2009;32:107–110.
  • Curto-Barredo L, Yelamos J, Gimeno R, et al. Basophil activation test identifies the patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria suffering the most active disease. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2016;4:441–445.
  • Huilan Z, Bihua L, Runxiang L, et al. Features of antihistamine-resistant chronic urticaria and chronic urticaria during exacerbation. Indian J Dermatol. 2015;60:323.
  • Curto-Barredo L, Archilla LR, Vives GR, et al. Clinical features of chronic spontaneous urticaria that predict disease prognosis and refractoriness to standard treatment. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018;98:641–647.
  • Ye YM, Park JW, Kim SH, et al. Prognostic factors for chronic spontaneous urticaria: a 6-month prospective observational study. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2016;8:115–123.
  • Staubach P, Onnen K, Vonend A, et al. Autologous whole blood injections to patients with chronic urticaria and a positive autologous serum skin test: a placebo-controlled trial. Dermatology. 2006;212:150–159.
  • Asero R. D-dimer: a biomarker for antihistamine-resistant chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:983–986.
  • Kolkhir P, Pogorelov D, Olisova O. CRP, D-dimer, fibrinogen and ESR as predictive markers of response to standard doses of levocetirizine in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;49:189–192.
  • de Montjoye L, Darrigade AS, Giménez-Arnau A, et al. Correlations between disease activity, autoimmunity and biological parameters in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Jan 20. DOI:10.23822
  • Gericke J, Metz M, Ohanyan T, et al. Serum autoreactivity predicts time to response to omalizumab therapy in chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139:1059–1061.
  • Endo T, Toyoshima S, Hayama K, et al. Relationship between changes in the 7-day urticaria activity score after treatment with omalizumab and the responsiveness of basophils to FcεRI stimulation in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Asia Pac Allergy. 2020;10:e12.
  • Marzano AV, Genovese G, Casazza G, et al. Predictors of response to omalizumab and relapse in chronic spontaneous urticaria: a study of 470 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33:918–924.
  • Ertas R, Ozyurt K, Atasoy M, et al. The clinical response to omalizumab in chronic spontaneous urticaria patients is linked to and predicted by IgE levels and their change. Allergy. 2018;73:705–712.
  • Ertaş R, Hawro T, Altrichter S, et al. Antinuclear antibodies are common and linked to poor response to omalizumab treatment in patients with CSU. Allergy. 2020;75:468–470.
  • Palacios T, Stillman L, Borish L, et al. Lack of basophil CD203c-upregulating activity as an immunological marker to predict response to treatment with omalizumab in patients with symptomatic chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4:529–530.
  • Deza G, Bertolín-Colilla M, Pujol RM, et al. Basophil FcεRI expression in chronic spontaneous urticaria: a potential immunological predictor of response to omalizumab therapy. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017;97:698–704.
  • Weller K, Ohanyan T, Hawro T, et al. Total IgE levels are linked to the response of chronic spontaneous urticaria patients to omalizumab. Allergy. 2018;73:2406–2408.
  • Straesser MD, Oliver E, Palacios T, et al. Serum IgE as an immunological marker to predict response to omalizumab treatment in symptomatic chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6:1386–1388.
  • Nettis E, Cegolon L, Di Leo E, et al. Omalizumab in chronic spontaneous urticaria: efficacy, safety, predictors of treatment outcome, and time to response. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018;121:474–478.
  • Asero R. Chronic spontaneous urticaria treated with Omalizumab: what differentiates early from late responders? Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 May 7. DOI:10.23822
  • Ertas R, Ozyurt K, Ozlu E, et al. Increased IgE levels are linked to faster relapse in patients with omalizumab-discontinued chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140:1749–1751.
  • Altrichter S, Hawro T, Hänel K, et al. Successful omalizumab treatment in chronic spontaneous urticaria is associated with lowering of serum IL-31 levels. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30:454–455.
  • Asero R, Marzano AV, Ferrucci S, et al. D-dimer plasma levels parallel the clinical response to omalizumab in patients with severe chronic spontaneous urticaria. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2017;172:40–44.
  • Grattan CE, O’Donnell BF, Francis DM, et al. Randomized double-blind study of cyclosporin in chronic ‘idiopathic’ urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:365–372.
  • Iqbal K, Bhargava K, Skov PS, et al. A positive serum basophil histamine release assay is a marker for ciclosporin-responsiveness in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Transl Allergy. 2012;2:19.
  • Endo T, Toyoshima S, Kanegae K, et al. Identification of biomarkers for predicting the response to cyclosporine A therapy in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergol Int. 2019;68:270–273.
  • Asero R. Plasma D-dimer levels and clinical response to ciclosporin in severe chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:1401–1403.
  • Schoepke N, Asero R, Ellrich A, et al. Biomarkers and clinical characteristics of autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria: results of the PURIST Study. Allergy. 2019;74:2427–2436.
  • Asero R, Ferrucci S, Casazza G, et al. Total IgE and atopic status in patients with severe chronic spontaneous urticaria unresponsive to omalizumab treatment. Allergy. 2019;74:1561–1563.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.