Eosinophilic esophagitis: does age matter?

References

• Muir A, Falk GW. Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Review. JAMA. 2021;326:1310–1318. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.14920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredenoord AJ, Patel K, Schoepfer AM, et al. Disease Burden and Unmet Need in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(8):1231–1241. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellon ES, Hirano I. Epidemiology and Natural History of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(2):319–32.e3. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuta GT, Katzka DA, Ingelfinger JR. Eosinophilic Esophagitis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(17):1640–1648. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1502863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn JW, Lee K, Shin JI, et al. Global Incidence and Prevalence of Eosinophilic Esophagitis, 1976-2022: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2023.06.005
   Google Scholar
• Shah MZ, Polk BI. Eosinophilic Esophagitis: The Role of Environmental Exposures. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2022;42(4):761–770. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2022.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellon ES, Gonsalves N, Abonia JP, et al. International Consensus Recommendations for Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Nomenclature. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(11):2474–84.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.02.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesek RD, Reed CC, Muir AB, et al. Increasing Rates of Diagnosis, Substantial Co-Occurrence, and Variable Treatment Patterns of Eosinophilic Gastritis, Gastroenteritis, and Colitis Based on 10-Year Data Across a Multicenter Consortium. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(6):984–994. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellon ES, Gibbs WB, Fritchie KJ, et al. Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic findings distinguish eosinophilic esophagitis from gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(12):1305–1313. quiz 261. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.08.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straumann A, Spichtin HP, Grize L, et al. Natural history of primary eosinophilic esophagitis: a follow-up of 30 adult patients for up to 11.5 years. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(6):1660–1669. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.09.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liacouras CA, Furuta GT, Hirano I, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: updated consensus recommendations for children and adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(1):3-20.e6; quiz 1–2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.02.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon N, Shah S, Lehman E, et al. Comparison of atopic features between children and adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Allergy asthma proc. 2014;35(5):409–414. doi: 10.2500/aap.2014.35.3768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhar A, Haboubi HN, Attwood SE, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (BSPGHAN) joint consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and management of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults. Gut. 2022;71:1459–1487. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucendo AJ, Molina-Infante J. Dietary therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis: chances and limitations in the clinical practice. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;14(10):941–952. doi: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1791084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Votto M, De Filippo M, Lenti MV, et al. Diet Therapy in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Focus on a Personalized Approach. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:820192. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.820192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauer BG, Barnes B, McGowan EC. Strategies for the use of Dupilumab in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(5):780–783. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attwood SE, Smyrk TC, Demeester TR, et al. Esophageal eosinophilia with dysphagia. A distinct clinicopathologic syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38(1):109–116. doi: 10.1007/bf01296781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straumann A, Spichtin HP, Bernoulli R, et al. Idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis: a frequently overlooked disease with typical clinical aspects and discrete endoscopic findings. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1994;124(33):1419–1429.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Navarro P, Arias Á, Arias-González L, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the growing incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults in population-based studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49(9):1116–1125. doi: 10.1111/apt.15231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biedermann L, Straumann A, Greuter T, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis—established facts and new horizons. Semin Immunopathol. 2021;43(3):319–335. doi:10.1007/s00281-021-00855-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biedermann L, Straumann A. Mechanisms and clinical management of eosinophilic oesophagitis: an overview. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20:101–119. doi: 10.1038/s41575-022-00691-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giriens B, Yan P, Safroneeva E, Zwahlen M, Reinhard A, Nydegger A, Vavricka S, Sempoux C, Straumann A and Schoepfer A M. (2015). Escalating incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis in C anton of V aud, S witzerland, 1993–2013: a population-based study. Allergy, 70(12), 1633–1639. 10.1111/all.12733 1633–1639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Votto M, De Filippo M, Caminiti L, et al. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders and allergen immunotherapy: Lights and shadows. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021;32(5):814–823. doi: 10.1111/pai.13458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arias A, González-Cervera J, Tenias JM, et al. Efficacy of dietary interventions for inducing histologic remission in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(7):1639–1648. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue Z, Miller TL, Abramson L, et al. Association of eosinophilic esophagitis with autoimmune and connective tissue disorders, and the impact on treatment response. Dis Esophagus. 2022;36(1). doi: 10.1093/dote/doac043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verzegnassi F, Bua J, De Angelis P, et al. Eosinophilic oesophagitis and coeliac disease: is it just a casual association?. Gut. England. 2007;56(7):1029–1030. doi: 10.1136/gut.2006.117986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaglietta L, Coccorullo P, Miele E, et al. Eosinophilic oesophagitis and coeliac disease: is there an association?. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(3):487–493. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03388.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cristofori F, D’Abramo FS, Rutigliano V, et al. Esophageal Eosinophilia and Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Celiac Children: A Ten Year Prospective Observational Study. Nutrients. 2021;13(11):3755. doi: 10.3390/nu13113755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellon ES, Kim HP, Sperry SL, et al. A phenotypic analysis shows that eosinophilic esophagitis is a progressive fibrostenotic disease. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;79(4):577–85.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.10.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chehade M, Jones SM, Pesek RD, et al. Phenotypic Characterization of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in a Large Multicenter Patient Population from the Consortium for Food Allergy Research. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(5):1534–44.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoepfer AM, Safroneeva E, Bussmann C, et al. Delay in diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis increases risk for stricture formation in a time-dependent manner. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(6):1230-6.e1–2. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.08.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipka S, Kumar A, Richter JE. Impact of Diagnostic Delay and Other Risk Factors on Eosinophilic Esophagitis Phenotype and Esophageal Diameter. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2016;50(2):134–140. doi: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warners MJ, Oude Nijhuis RAB, de Wijkerslooth LRH, et al. The natural course of eosinophilic esophagitis and long-term consequences of undiagnosed disease in a large cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(6):836–844. doi: 10.1038/s41395-018-0052-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn JLM, Shoda T, Caldwell JM, et al. Esophageal type 2 cytokine expression heterogeneity in eosinophilic esophagitis in a multisite cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(6):1629–40.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.01.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singla MB, Chehade M, Brizuela D, et al. Early Comparison of Inflammatory vs. Fibrostenotic Phenotype in Eosinophilic Esophagitis in a Multicenter Longitudinal Study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2015;6(12):e132. doi: 10.1038/ctg.2015.62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munoz-Persy M, Lucendo AJ. Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis in the pediatric patient: an evidence-based approach. Eur J Pediatr. 2018;177(5):649–663. doi: 10.1007/s00431-018-3129-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Shea KM, Aceves SS, Dellon ES, et al. Pathophysiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(2):333–345. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucendo AJ, Santander C, Savarino E, et al. EoE CONNECT, the European Registry of Clinical, Environmental, and Genetic Determinants in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: rationale, design, and study protocol of a large-scale epidemiological study in Europe. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2022;15:17562848221074204. doi: 10.1177/17562848221074204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander ES, Martin LJ, Collins MH, et al. Twin and family studies reveal strong environmental and weaker genetic cues explaining heritability of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(5):1084–92.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenberg ME, Spergel JM, Sherrill JD, et al. Common variants at 5q22 associate with pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Nat Genet. 2010;42(4):289–291. doi: 10.1038/ng.547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sleiman PM, Wang ML, Cianferoni A, et al. GWAS identifies four novel eosinophilic esophagitis loci. Nat Commun. 2014;5(1):5593. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6593
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherrill JD, Rothenberg ME. Genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2014;43(2):269–280. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2014.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kottyan LC, Parameswaran S, Weirauch MT, et al. The genetic etiology of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(1):9–15. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine J, Lai J, Edelman M, et al. Conservative long-term treatment of children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2012;108(5):363–366. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.02.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noel RJ, Putnam PE, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic esophagitis. N Engl J Med. United States. 2004;351(9):940–941. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200408263510924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menard-Katcher C, Furuta GT, Kramer RE. Dilation of Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Adverse Events and Short-term Outcomes. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;64(5):701–706. doi: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eluri S, Perjar I, Betancourt R, et al. Heartburn and dyspepsia symptom severity improves after treatment and correlates with histology in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dis Esophagus. 2019;32(9):32. doi: 10.1093/dote/doz028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straumann A, Katzka DA. Diagnosis and Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(2):346–359. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rank MA, Sharaf RN, Furuta GT, et al. Technical Review on the Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Report From the AGA Institute and the Joint Task Force on Allergy-Immunology Practice Parameters. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1789–810.e15. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbreich M, Straumann A. Features of food-induced immediate response in the esophagus (FIRE) in a series of adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Allergy. 2021;76(9):2893–2895. doi: 10.1111/all.14886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biedermann L, Holbreich M, Atkins D, et al. Food-induced immediate response of the esophagus—A newly identified syndrome in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Allergy. 2021;76(1):339–347. doi: 10.1111/all.14495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Votto M, Naso M, De Filippo M, et al. Food-induced immediate response of the esophagus: A first report in the pediatric age. Allergy. 2022;77(2):711–712. doi: 10.1111/all.15088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visaggi P, Solinas I, Baiano Svizzero F, et al. Non-Invasive and Minimally Invasive Biomarkers for the Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis beyond Peak Eosinophil Counts: Filling the Gap in Clinical Practice. Diagnostics. 2023;13(17):2806. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13172806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min SB, Nylund CM, Baker TP, et al. Longitudinal Evaluation of Noninvasive Biomarkers for Eosinophilic Esophagitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;51(2):127–135. doi: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Josyabhatla R, Abrenica C, Mai T, et al. Plasma Biomarkers and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide in the Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2023;76(1):59–65. doi: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander JA, Ravi K, Symrk TC, et al. Use of the Esophageal Sponge in Directing Food Reintroduction in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(2):299–306.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.05.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzka DA, Smyrk TC, Alexander JA, et al. Accuracy and Safety of the Cytosponge for Assessing Histologic Activity in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Two-Center Study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(10):1538–1544. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2017.244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzka DA, Geno DM, Ravi A, et al. Accuracy, safety, and tolerability of tissue collection by Cytosponge vs endoscopy for evaluation of eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(1):77–83.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.06.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuta GT, Kagalwalla AF, Lee JJ, et al. The oesophageal string test: a novel, minimally invasive method measures mucosal inflammation in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Gut. 2013;62(10):1395–1405. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman SJ, Kagalwalla AF, Hirano I, et al. One-Hour Esophageal String Test: A Nonendoscopic Minimally Invasive Test That Accurately Detects Disease Activity in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(10):1614–1625. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano I, Moy N, Heckman MG, et al. Endoscopic assessment of the oesophageal features of eosinophilic oesophagitis: validation of a novel classification and grading system. Gut. 2013;62(4):489–495. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonsalves N, Policarpio-Nicolas M, Zhang Q, et al. Histopathologic variability and endoscopic correlates in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64(3):313–319. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2006.04.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiatek MA, Hirano I, Kahrilas PJ, et al. Mechanical properties of the esophagus in eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(1):82–90. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.09.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicodème F, Hirano I, Chen J, et al. Esophageal distensibility as a measure of disease severity in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(9):1101–7.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.03.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadlapati R. Dupilumab: The New Kid on the Block for Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2023;165(1):302–303. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.02.015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Votto M, De Filippo M, Olivero F, et al. Malnutrition in Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders. Nutrients. 2020;13(1):128. doi: 10.3390/nu13010128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly KJ, Lazenby AJ, Rowe PC, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis attributed to gastroesophageal reflux: improvement with an amino acid-based formula. Gastroenterology. 1995;109(5):1503–1512. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90637-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kihara Y, Maceyka M, Spiegel S, et al. Lysophospholipid receptor nomenclature review: IUPHAR Review 8. Br J Pharmacol. 2014;171(15):3575–3594. doi: 10.1111/bph.12678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina-Infante J, Arias Á, Alcedo J, et al. Step-up empiric elimination diet for pediatric and adult eosinophilic esophagitis: The 2-4-6 study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(4):1365–1372. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbach EC, Hernandez M, Dellon ES. Eosinophilic Esophagitis and the Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases: Approach to Diagnosis and Management. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(5):1483–1495. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.06.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina-Infante J, Lucendo AJ. Dietary therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142(1):41–47. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliewer K L et al . (2023). One-food versus six-food elimination diet therapy for the treatment of eosinophilic oesophagitis: a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 8(5), 408–421. 10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00012-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler JB, Schwartz S, Arva NC, et al. A Single-Food Milk Elimination Diet Is Effective for Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(8):1748–56.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.03.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellon ES, Liacouras CA, Molina-Infante J, et al. Updated International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Proceedings of the AGREE Conference. Gastroenterology. 2018;155:1022–33.e10. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.009
   Google Scholar
• Franciosi JP, Mougey EB, Dellon ES, et al. Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: History, Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Future Directions. J Asthma Allergy. 2022;15:281–302. doi: 10.2147/jaa.s274524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro P, Laserna-Mendieta EJ, Guagnozzi D, et al. Proton pump inhibitor therapy reverses endoscopic features of fibrosis in eosinophilic esophagitis. Dig Liver Dis. 2021;53(11):1479–1485. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.05.025
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lucendo AJ, Á A, Molina-Infante J. Efficacy of Proton Pump Inhibitor Drugs for Inducing Clinical and Histologic Remission in Patients With Symptomatic Esophageal Eosinophilia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(1):13–22.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.07.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam AY, Ma C, Lee JK, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: New molecules, better life?. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2022;63:102183. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rank MA, Sharaf RN, Furuta GT, et al. Technical review on the management of eosinophilic esophagitis: a report from the AGA institute and the joint task force on allergy-immunology practice parameters. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;124(5):424–40.e17. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.03.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez-Junquera C, Fernández-Fernández S, Cilleruelo ML, et al. High Prevalence of Response to Proton-pump Inhibitor Treatment in Children With Esophageal Eosinophilia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;62(5):704–710. doi: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez-Junquera C, Fernández-Fernández S, Cilleruelo ML, et al. Long-term Treatment With Proton Pump Inhibitors Is Effective in Children With Eosinophilic Esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;67(2):210–216. doi: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruyne P, Ito S. Toxicity of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors in children. Arch Dis Child. 2018;103(1):78–82. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-314026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajan J, Newbury RO, Anilkumar A, et al. Long-term assessment of esophageal remodeling in patients with pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis treated with topical corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(1):147–56.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straumann A, Conus S, Degen L, et al. Budesonide is effective in adolescent and adult patients with active eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(5):1526–37, 37.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.07.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellon ES, Woosley JT, Arrington A, et al. Efficacy of Budesonide vs Fluticasone for Initial Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Gastroenterology. 2019;157(1):65–73.e5. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konikoff MR, Noel RJ, Blanchard C, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluticasone propionate for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(5):1381–1391. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.08.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butz BK, Wen T, Gleich GJ, et al. Efficacy, dose reduction, and resistance to high-dose fluticasone in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;147(2):324–33.e5. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.04.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer ET, Fitzgerald JF, Molleston JP, et al. Comparison of oral prednisone and topical fluticasone in the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis: a randomized trial in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(2):165–173. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreae DA, Hanna MG, Magid MS, et al. Swallowed Fluticasone Propionate Is an Effective Long-Term Maintenance Therapy for Children With Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(8):1187–1197. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2016.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Główczewski A, Krogulska A. Formulations of Topical Steroids in Eosinophilic Esophagitis—Current Treatment and Emerging Possibilities. J Clin Med. 2022;11(5):11. doi: 10.3390/jcm11051454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellon ES, Sheikh A, Speck O, et al. Viscous topical is more effective than nebulized steroid therapy for patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(2):321–4.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.04.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miehlke S, Hruz P, Vieth M, et al. A randomised, double-blind trial comparing budesonide formulations and dosages for short-term treatment of eosinophilic oesophagitis. Gut. 2016;65(3):390–399. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohil R, Newbury R, Fox L, et al. Oral viscous budesonide is effective in children with eosinophilic esophagitis in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(2):418–429. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta SK, Vitanza JM, Collins MH. Efficacy and safety of oral budesonide suspension in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(1):66–76.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.05.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliva S, Rossetti D, Papoff P, et al. A 12-Week Maintenance Therapy with a New Prepared Viscous Budesonide in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2019;64(6):1571–1578. doi: 10.1007/s10620-018-5449-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straumann A, Lucendo AJ, Miehlke S, et al. Budesonide Orodispersible Tablets Maintain Remission in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(5):1672–85.e5. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.07.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellon ES, Gonsalves N, Hirano I, et al. ACG clinical guideline: Evidenced based approach to the diagnosis and management of esophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):679–92; quiz 93. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellon ES, Katzka DA, Collins MH, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Budesonide Oral Suspension Maintenance Therapy in Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(4):666–73.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.05.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl R. Systemic side effects of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma. Respir med. 2006;100(8):1307–1317. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.11.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu S, Wood C, Pan Z, et al. Adrenal Insufficiency in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis Patients Treated with Swallowed Topical Steroids. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2017;30(3):135–140. doi: 10.1089/ped.2017.0779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syverson EP, Hait E, McDonald DR, et al. Oral viscous mometasone is an effective treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(3):1107–1109. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.08.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder S, Fleischer DM, Masterson JC, et al. Successful treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis with ciclesonide. J Allergy Clin Immunol. United States. 2012;129(5):1419–1421. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellon ES, Rothenberg ME, Collins MH, et al. Dupilumab in Adults and Adolescents with Eosinophilic Esophagitis. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(25):2317–2330. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2205982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beppu LY, Anilkumar AA, Newbury RO, et al. TGF-β1–induced phospholamban expression alters esophageal smooth muscle cell contraction in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(5):1100–7.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moawad FJ, Molina-Infante J, Lucendo AJ, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: endoscopic dilation is highly effective and safe in children and adults with eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;46(2):96–105. doi: 10.1111/apt.14123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougherty M, Runge TM, Eluri S, et al. Esophageal dilation with either bougie or balloon technique as a treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;86(4):581–91.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2017.04.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runge TM, Eluri S, Woosley JT, et al. Control of inflammation decreases the need for subsequent esophageal dilation in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dis Esophagus. 2017;30(7):1–7. doi: 10.1093/dote/dox042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aceves SS, Alexander JA, Baron TH, et al. Endoscopic approach to eosinophilic esophagitis: American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Consensus Conference. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022;96:576–92.e1. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2022.05.013
   Google Scholar
• Schoepfer AM, Henchoz S, Biedermann L, et al. Technical feasibility, clinical effectiveness, and safety of esophageal stricture dilation using a novel endoscopic attachment cap in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2021;94(5):912–9.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2021.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoepfer AM, Gonsalves N, Bussmann C, et al. Esophageal dilation in eosinophilic esophagitis: effectiveness, safety, and impact on the underlying inflammation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(5):1062–1070. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2009.657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuta GT. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;4:775–777. (N Y).
   Google Scholar
• Votto M, Lenti MV, De Silvestri A, et al. Evaluation of diagnostic time in pediatric patients with eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders according to their clinical features. Ital J Pediatr. 2023;49(1):9. England © 2023. The Author(s). doi: 10.1186/s13052-023-01410-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnim UV, Biedermann L, Aceves SS, et al. Monitoring Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Routine Clinical Practice - International Expert Recommendations. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;21(10):2526–2533. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rhijn BD, Verheij J, Smout AJ, et al. The Endoscopic Reference Score shows modest accuracy to predict histologic remission in adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;28(11):1714–1722. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar