Meanings given to race/ethnicity in everyday football talk by young adult Polish audiences: a reception study

References

• Arat-Koç, Sedef. 2010. “Contesting or Affirming ‘Europe’? European Enlargement, Aspirations for ‘Europeanness’ and New Identities in the Margins of Europe.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 18 (2): 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2010.486971.
   Google Scholar
• Azzarito, Laura, and Louis Harrison. 2008. “‘White Men Can’t Jump’: Race, Gender and Natural Athleticism.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 43 (4): 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690208099871.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balogun, Bolaji. 2020. “Race and Racism in Poland: Theorising and Contextualising ‘Polish-Centrism’.” The Sociological Review 68 (6): 1196–1211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026120928883.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balogun, Bolaji, and Konrad Pędziwiatr. 2023. “‘Stop Calling Me Murzyn’ – How Black Lives Matter in Poland.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49:1552–1569. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2154914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeije, Hennie. 2009. Analysis in Qualitative Research. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2015. “The Structure of Racism in Color-Blind, ‘Post-Racial’ America.” American Behavioral Scientist 59 (11): 1358–1376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764215586826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, Toni. 2013. “Reflections on Communication and Sport: On Women and Femininities.” Communication & Sport 1 (1-2): 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479512472883.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buffington, Daniel, and Todd Fraley. 2008. “Skill in Black and White: Negotiating Media Images of Race in a Sporting Context.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 32 (3): 292–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859908316330.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, Paul Ian, and Louis Bebb. 2020. “‘He Is Like a Gazelle (When He Runs)’ (Re)Constructing Race and Nation in Match-Day Commentary at the Men’s 2018 FIFA World Cup.” Sport in Society 25 (1): 144–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1777102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrington, Ben. 2011. “‘What I Said Was Racist – But I’m Not a Racist’: Anti-Racism and the White Sports/Media Complex.” In Sport and Challenges to Racism, edited by Jonathan Long and Karl Spracklen, 83–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Dyer, Richard. 1997. White. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Essed, Philomena, and Sandra Trienekens. 2008. “‘Who Wants to Feel White?’ Race, Dutch Culture and Contested Identities.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 31 (1): 52–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701538885.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, John. 1992. “Cultural Studies and the Culture of Everyday Life.” In Cultural Studies, edited by Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula Treichler, 154–171. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, Thomas. 2014. “‘Does He Look Like a Paki?’ An Exploration of ‘Whiteness’, Positionality and Reflexivity in Inter-Racial Sports Research.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 6 (2): 244–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2013.796487.
   Google Scholar
• GUS. 2023. “Wstępne Wyniki Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań 2021 w Zakresie Struktury Narodowo-Etnicznej Oraz Języka Kontaktów Domowych.” Stat.Gov.Pl. Accessed July 24, 2023. https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-wstepne/wstepne-wyniki-narodowego-spisu-powszechnego-ludnosci-i-mieszkan-2021-w-zakresie-struktury-narodowo-etnicznej-oraz-jezyka-kontaktow-domowych,10,1.html.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, Stuart. 1997. “The Work of Representation.” In Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, edited by Stuart Hall, 13–75. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, Stuart. (1981) 2021. “Whites of Their Eyes: Racist Ideologies and the Media.” In Selected Writings on Race and Difference, edited by Paul Gilroy and Ruth Wilson Gilmore, 97–122. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hylton, Kevin. 2009. ‘Race’ and Sport: Critical Race Theory. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hylton, Kevin, and Stefan Lawrence. 2015. “Reading Ronaldo: Contingent Whiteness in the Football Media.” Soccer & Society 16 (5–6): 765–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.963310.
   Google Scholar
• Jakubowska, Honorata. 2015. “Are Women Still the ‘Other Sex’: Gender and Sport in the Polish Mass Media.” Sport in Society 18 (2): 168–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2013.854464.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen, Joost, and Michael Skey. 2020. “Who Can Represent the Nation? Elite Athletes, Global Mega Events and the Contested Boundaries of National Belonging.” Sociology 54 (6): 1194–1211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520931997.
   Google Scholar
• Jaskułowski, Krzysztof. 2019. The Everyday Politics of Migration Crisis in Poland: Between Nationalism, Fear and Empathy. Warsaw: Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10457-3.
   Google Scholar
• Kalmar, Ivan. 2023. “Race, Racialisation, and the East of the European Union: An Introduction.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49:1465–1480. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2154909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaszycka, Katarzyna A., and Jan Strzałko. 2019. “Race and Perception of Human Diversity: Five European Case Studies.” Journal of Anthropological Sciences 97:173–187. https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.97006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentin, Alana. 2008. “Europe and the Silence about Race.” European Journal of Social Theory 11 (4): 487–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431008097008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewicki, Aleksandra. 2023. “East–West Inequalities and the Ambiguous Racialisation of ‘Eastern Europeans’.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49:1481–1499. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2154910.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone, Sonia. 2015. “Active Audiences? The Debate Progresses but Is Far from Resolved.” Communication Theory 25 (4): 439–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, Jonathan, and Kevin Hylton. 2002. “Shades of White: An Examination of Whiteness in Sport.” Leisure Studies 21 (2): 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360210152575.
   Google Scholar
• Mayblin, Lucy, Aneta Piekut, and Gill Valentine. 2016. “‘Other’ Posts in ‘Other’ Places: Poland through a Postcolonial Lens?” Sociology 50 (1): 60–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038514556796.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCarthy, D., R. L. Jones, and P. Potrac. 2003. “Constructing Images and Interpreting Realities: The Case of the Black Soccer Player on Television.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 38 (2): 217–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690203038002005.
   Google Scholar
• Morning, Ann. 2009. “Toward a Sociology of Racial Conceptualization for the 21st Century.” Social Forces 87 (3): 1167–1192. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuman, W. Lawrence. 2000. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 4th ed. London: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Nowicka, Monika. 2018. ““I Don’t Mean to Sound Racist but … ” Transforming Racism in Transnational Europe.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 41 (5): 824–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1302093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omeni, Edward. 2016. “Troubling Encounters: Exclusion, Racism and Responses of Male African Students in Poland.” Cogent Social Sciences 2 (1): 1212637. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2016.1212637.
   Google Scholar
• Phillippo, Kate L., and Janese L. Nolan. 2022. “White-on-White Research: A Study of White Qualitative Researcher Positionality among White Participants.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2022.2061728.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rada, James A., and K. Tim Wulfemeyer. 2005. “Color Coded: Racial Descriptors in Television Coverage of Intercollegiate Sports.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 49 (1): 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4901_5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayyid, Salman. 2018. “Islamophobia and the Europeanness of the Other Europe.” Patterns of Prejudice 52 (5): 420–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2018.1512481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi-xu. 2022. “Towards a Methodology of Cultural Discourse Studies.” Journal of Multicultural Discourses 17 (3): 201–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2022.2159418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi-xu. 2023. “Cultural Discourse Studies as Culturalist Approach to Communication: Object, Objectives and Tasks.” Journal of Multicultural Discourses 18 (1): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2023.2204839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spall, Sharon. 1998. “Peer Debriefing in Qualitative Research: Emerging Operational Models.” Qualitative Inquiry 4 (2): 280–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780049800400208.
   Google Scholar
• van Lienden, Arne, and Jacco van Sterkenburg. 2022. “Prejudice in the People’s Game: A Content Analysis of Race/Ethnicity in Polish Televised Football.” Communication & Sport 10 (2): 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479520939486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Lienden, Arne, and Jacco van Sterkenburg. 2023. “Representations of Race/Ethnicity and the Nation: A Content Analysis of Televised Polish International Football.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 58 (1): 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902221085862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Sterkenburg, Jacco, Annelies Knoppers, and Sonja de Leeuw. 2012. “Constructing Racial/Ethnic Difference in and through Dutch Televised Soccer Commentary.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 36 (4): 422–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723512448664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Sterkenburg, Jacco, Rens Peeters, and Noortje van Amsterdam. 2019. “Everyday Racism and Constructions of Racial/Ethnic Difference in and through Football Talk.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 22 (2): 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549418823057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Sterkenburg, Jacco, and Maximilian Walder. 2021. “How Do Audiences of Televised English Football Construct Difference Based on Race/Ethnicity?” Language and Intercultural Communication 21 (6): 765–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2021.1979571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wekker, Gloria. 2016. White Innocence: Paradoxes of Colonialism and Race. Durham: Duke UP.
   Google Scholar