References
- Aboultaif, E. W. (2015). The limitations of the consociational arrangements in Iraq. Ethnopolitics Papers, 38, 1–22.
- al-Ali, Z. (2014). The struggle for Iraq's future: How corruption, incompetence and sectarianism have undermined democracy. Yale University Press.
- Allawi, Ali A. (2008). The occupation of Iraq: Winning the war, losing the peace. Yale University Press.
- Anderson, L. (2015). The dangerous legacy of a flawed constitution: Resolving Iraq’s Kurdish ‘problem’. In B. Isakhan (Ed.), The legacy of Iraq: From the 2003 war to the Islamic State (pp. 82–96). Edinburgh University Press.
- Anderson, L., & Stansfield, G. (2009). Crisis in kirkuk: The ethnopolitics of conflict and compromise. Philadelphia: University of Penn Press.
- Arato, A. (2009). Constitution making under occupation: The politics of imposed revolution in Iraq. Columbia University Press.
- Barakat, S. (2005). Post-saddam Iraq: Deconstructing a regime, reconstructing a nation. Third World Quarterly, 26(4–5), 571–591.
- BBC News. (2005). Iraq voters back new constitution, 25 October 2005.
- BBC News. (2017a). Iraqi Kurds decisively back independence in referendum, 27 September 2017.
- BBC News. (2017b). Iraqi kurdistan referendum: UN warns of ‘destabilising impact’, 22 September 2017.
- Bogaards, M. (2019). Iraq's constitution of 2005: The case against consociationalism ‘light’. Ethnopolitics. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2019.1654200
- Byman, D. L. (2003). Building the new Iraq: The role of intervening forces. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 45(2), 57–71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00396330312331343496
- Byman, D. L. (2013). The resurgence of Al Qaeda in Iraq. Brookings. Retrieved May 26, 2019, from https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/the-resurgence-of-al-qaeda-in-iraq/
- Danilovich, A. (2014). Iraqi federalism and the Kurds: Learning to live together. Routledge.
- Dawisha, A. (1999). ‘Identity’ and political survival in Saddam’s Iraq. The Middle East Journal, 53(4), 553–567.
- Dodge, T. (2013). Iraq—from war to a new authoritarianism. Routledge.
- Dodge, T. (2014). Can Iraq be saved? Survival, 56(5), 7–20.
- Eklund, K., O’Leary, B., & Williams, P. R. (2005). Negotiating a federation in Iraq. In B. O’Leary, J. McGarry, & S. Khaled (Eds.), The future of kurdistan in Iraq. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Fantappie, M. (2013). Contested consolidation of power in Iraq. The Carnegie Papers. Retrieved May 26, 2019, from https://carnegieendowment.org/files/contested_consolidation.pdf
- Fantappie, M. (2019). Widespread protests point to Iraq's cycle of social crisis. Commentary, International Crisis Group. Retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/10-oct-10-widespread-protests.pdf
- Gaston, E. (2017). Sunni tribal forces. Global Public Policy Institute. Retrieved February 27, 2019, from https://www.gppi.net/2017/08/30/sunni-tribal-forces
- Glanz, J. (2005, August 25). Sunnis on constitutional panel: Determined but impugned. The New York Times, Retrieved January 10, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/25/world/middleeast/sunnis-on-constitution-panel-determined-but-impugned.html
- Goddard, S. E. (2012). Brokering peace: Networks, legitimacy, and the Northern Ireland peace process. International Studies Quarterly, 56(3), 101–515. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2012.00737.x
- Gunter, M. M. (2011). Arab-Kurdish relations and the future of Iraq. Third World Quarterly, 32(9), 1623–1635. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.618649
- Haddad, Fanar. (2013). Sectarian relations in Arab Iraq: Contextualising the Civil War of 2006–2007. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 40(2), 115–138. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2013.790289
- Hameed, S. (2016, November 26). Iraqi parliament passes contested law on Shi’ite paramilitaries. Reuters, Retrieved May 26, 2019, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-military/iraqi-parliament-passes-contested-law-on-shiite-paramilitaries-idUSKBN13L0IE
- Hartzell, C., & Hoddie, M. (2003). Institutionalizing peace: Power sharing and post-civil war conflict management. American Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 318–332. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5907.00022
- Hamoudi, H. A. (2014). Negotiating in civil conflict: Constitutional construction and imperfect bargaining in Iraq. The University of Chicago Press.
- Hashim, A. S. (2014). The Islamic State: From al-Qaeda affiliate to caliphate. Middle East Policy, 21(4), 69–83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12096
- Hatch, R. O. (2005). A year of de-Baathification in post-conflict Iraq: Time for mid-course corrections and a long-term strategy. Journal of Human Rights, 4(1), 102–112. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14754830590947635
- Horowitz, D. L. (2014). Ethnic power sharing: Three big problems. Journal of Democracy, 25(2), 5–20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2014.0020
- International Crisis Group. (2005, September 26). Unmaking Iraq: A constitutional process gone awry ( Middle East Briefing No.19).
- Isakhan, B. (2015). The de-baathification of post-2003 Iraq: Purging the past for political power. In B. Isakhan (Ed.), Legacy of Iraq: From the 2003 War to the Islamic State (pp. 21–35). Edinburgh University Press.
- Ismael, T. Y., & J. S. Ismael. (2015). Iraq in the twenty-first century: Regime change and the making of a failed state. London: Routledge. doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315736631
- Jawad, S. 2013. The Iraqi constitution: Structural flaws and political implications. LSE Middle East Center Paper Series. LSE Middle East Center. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/54927/
- Kaelin, J. (2014, October 13). A government for the people by the people: Defeating ISIL with an inclusive Central Iraqi Government. Foreign Policy Journal, 1–12.
- Keskin Zeren, A. (2017). Iraq’s struggle with de-Bathification process. Global Change, Peace & Security, 29(1), 57–76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2016.1256279
- Khalilzad, J. (2010). Afghanistan & Iraq: Lessons from Afghanistan & Iraq. Journal of Democracy, 21(3), 41–49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.0.0184
- Le Billon, P. (2015). The contested politics of Iraq's oil wealth. In B. Isakhan (Ed.), Legacy of Iraq: From the 2003 war to the Islamic State (pp. 36–49). Edinburgh University Press.
- Loizides, N. (2014). Negotiated settlements and peace referendums. European Journal of Political Research, 53(2), 234–249. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12043
- Mac Ginty, R. (2003). Constitutional referendums and ethnonational conflict: The case of Northern Ireland. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 9(2), 1–22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13537110412331301395
- Mattes, M., & Savun, B. (2009). Fostering peace after civil war: Commitment problems and agreement design. International Studies Quarterly, 53(3), 737-759B BC. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00554.x
- Lee, S. Y., & Mac Ginty, R. (2012). Context and postconflict referendums. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 18(1), 43–64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2012.654085
- McCary, J. A. (2009). The anbar awakening: An alliance of incentives. The Washington Quarterly, 32(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01636600802544905 Retrieved May 26, 2019, from https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/twq09januarymccary.pdf
- McCulloch, A. (2014). Consociational settlements in deeply divided societies: The liberal-corporate distinction. Democratization, 21(3), 501–518. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2012.748039
- McCulloch, A., & McEvoy, J. (2018). The international mediation of power-sharing settlements. Cooperation and Conflict, 53(4), 467–485. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836718761760
- McCulloch, A., & Vandeginste, S. (2019). Veto power and power-sharing: Insights from Burundi (2000–2018). Democratization, 26(7), 1176–1193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1611781
- McEvoy, J. (2015). Power-sharing executives: Governing in Bosnia, Macedonia, and Northern Ireland. University of Pennsylvania Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812290264
- McEvoy, J. 2018. Letting the people(s) decide: Peace referendums and power-sharing settlements. Democratization, 25(5), 864–881. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1426568
- McGarry, J. (2017). Centripetalism, consociationalism and cyprus: The ‘adoptability’ question. In A. McCulloch & J. McGarry (Eds.), Power-sharing: Empirical and normative challenges. Routledge.
- McGarry, J. (2019). Classical consociational theory and recent consociational performance. Swiss Political Science Review, 25(4), 538–555. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12378
- McGarry, J. (2020). A consociationalist response. Ethnopolitics, 19(1), 100–106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2019.1569862
- McGarry, J., & O'Leary, B. (2007). Iraq’s constitution of 2005: Liberal consociation as political prescription. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 5(4), 670–698. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mom026
- McGarry, J., & O’Leary, B. (2009). Under friendly and less-friendly fire. In R. Taylor (Ed.), Consociational theory: McGarry and O’Leary and the Northern Ireland conflict (pp. 333–388). Routledge.
- McGarry, J., O’Leary, B., & Simeon, R. (2008). Integration or accommodation? The enduring debate in conflict regulation. In S. Choudhry (Ed.), Constitutional design for divided societies: Integration or accommodation? Oxford University Press.
- Morrow, J. (2005). Iraq's constitutional process II, An opportunity lost. United States Institute for Peace.
- Morrow, J. (2006). Weak viability: The Iraqi federal state and the constitutional amendment process. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace
- Mosher, A., & Omar Fekeiki, O. (2005, June 17). Sunnis added to Iraq constitution panel. The Washington Post, Retrieved January 2, 2018, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/16/AR2005061600529.html
- Namaa, K. (2013, December 30). Fighting erupts as Iraq police break up Sunni protest camp. Reuters, Retrieved May 26, 2019, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-violence-idUSBRE9BT0C620131230
- O’Driscoll, D. (2017). Autonomy impaired: Centralisation, authoritarianism and the failing Iraqi state. Ethnopolitics, 16(4), 315–332. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2015.1086126
- O’Driscoll, D., & Baser, B. (2019). Independence referendums and nationalist rhetoric: The kurdistan region of Iraq. Third World Quarterly, 40(11), 2016–2034. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1617631
- O’Driscoll, D., & Van Zoonen, D. (2017). The future of Iraq: Is reintegration possible? Middle East Policy, 24(3), 34–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12285
- Osman, K. F. (2015). Sectarianism in Iraq: The making of state and nation since 1920. Routledge.
- Papagianni, K. (2007). State building and transitional politics in Iraq: The perils of a top-down transition. International Studies Perspectives, 8(3), 253–271. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2007.00288.x
- Parker, N. (2012). The Iraq we left behind: Welcome to the world’s next failed state. Foreign Affairs, 91(2).
- Pfiffner, J. P. (2020). US blunders in Iraq: De-Baathification and disbanding the army. Intelligence & National Security, 25(1), 76–85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02684521003588120
- Qvortrup, M. (2014). Referendums and ethnic conflict. University of Pennsylvania Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812209327
- Rathmell, A. (2007). Fixing Iraq’s internal security forces: Why is reform of the ministry of interior so hard? Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved January 2, 2019, from http://iraqslogger.powweb.com/downloads/071113_fixingiraq.pdf
- Rayburn, J. (2014). Iraq after America: Strongmen, sectarians, resistance. Hoover Institution Press.
- Reilly, B. (2003). Democratic validation. In J. Darby & R. Mac Ginty (Ed.), Contemporary peacemaking. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Rubin, A. J. (2019, December 21). Iraq in worst political crisis in years as death toll mounts from protests. The New York Times.
- Rubin, M. (2008). Iraq's electoral system: A misguided strategy. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/21208
- Rubin, A. J. (2015). Ahmad Chalabi and the legacy of de-Baathification in Iraq. The New York Times, 4 November 2015.
- Salaheddin, S., & Schreck, A. (2012, December 21). The Washington Post, Retrieved December 20, 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraq-confirms-arrest-of-ministers-bodyguards/2012/12/21/df60b1c6-4b9f-11e2-9a42-d1ce6d0ed278_story.html?utm_term=.18ef1d9b3e0e
- Sisk, T. D. 2016. Power sharing and international mediation in ethnic conflicts. US Institute of Peace.
- Sissons, M., & al-Saiedi, A. (2013). Iraq a bitter legacy: Lessons of de-baathification in Iraq. International Center for Transitional Justice. Retrieved May 26, 2019, from https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Report-Iraq-De-Baathification-2013-ENG.pdf
- Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction. (2011, July 30). Quarterly report and semiannual report to the United States Congress. Retrieved May 26, 2019, from https://cybercemetery.unt.edu/archive/sigir/20131001094140/http://www.sigir.mil/files/quarterlyreports/July2011/Report_-_July_2011.pdf#view=fit
- Stansfield, G. (2014). The Islamic State, the kurdistan region and the future of Iraq: Assessing UK policy options. International Affairs, 90(6), 1329–1350. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12167
- Stansfield, G. (2016). Iraq: People, history, politics. John Wiley & Sons.
- Taylor, R. (2009). The promise of consociational theory. In R. Taylor (Ed.), Consociational theory: McGarry & O’Leary and the Northern Ireland conflict. Routledge. doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203962565
- The Guardian. (2014). Iraq: Kurdish President Proposes Independence Referendum, 3 July 2014.
- Transitional Administrative Law (TAL) (Law of 2004 of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period) (2004). Coalition Provisional Authority, Retrieved March 8, 2004 from http://www.refworld.org/docid/45263d612.html
- Vandeginste, S. (2015). Burundi’s electoral crisis-back to power-sharing politics as usual? African Affairs, 114(457), 624–636. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adv045
- Vohra, A. (2017, October 18). Iraq’s Shiite Militias are just getting started. Foreign Policy, Retrieved January 1, 2017, from http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/10/18/iraqs-shiite-militias-are-just-getting-started/
- Walsh, D. (2018). Territorial self-government as a conflict management tool. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Walter. B. (2002). Committing to peace: The successful settlement of civil wars. Princeton University Press.
- Weisman, S. R. (2005, January 9). U.S. is haunted by initial plan for Iraq voting. The New York Times, Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/09/world/middleeast/us-is-haunted-by-initial-plan-for-iraq-voting.html
- Younis, N. (2011). Set up to fail: Consociational political structure in post-war Iraq 2003–2010. Contemporary Arab Affairs, 4(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2011.543780
- Zeidel, R. (2015). Between Aqalliya and Mukawin: Understanding Sunni political attitudes in post-Saddam Iraq. In B. Isakhan (Ed.), Legacy of Iraq: From the 2003 war to the Islamic State (pp. 97–109). Edinburgh University Press.