Effect of dietary phytate and phytase on proteolytic digestion and growth regulation of broilers

References

• Ahmed , S and Harvey , S . 2002 . Ghrelin: A hypothalamic GH-releasing factor in domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) . J Endocrinol , 172 : 117 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anson , M L . 1938 . The estimation of pepsin, trypsin, papain, and cathepsin with hemoglobin . J Gen Physiol , 22 : 79 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aponte , G , Leung , P , Gross , D and Yamada , T . 1984 . Effects of somatostatin on food intake in rats . Life Sci , 35 : 741 – 746 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) . 1990 . Official Methods of Analysis , 15th ed. , Arlington , VA : AOAC .
   Google Scholar
• Barnett , P . 2003 . Somatostatin and somatostatin receptor physiology . Endocrine , 20 : 255 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudet , M L and Harvey , S . 2003 . Ghrelin-induced GH secretion in domestic fowl in vivo and in vitro . J Endocrinol , 179 : 97 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd , K A , O'Donovan , D G , Doran , S , Wishart , J , Chapman , M , Horowitz , M and Feinle , C . 2003 . High-fat diet effects on gut motility, hormone, and appetite responses to duodenal lipid in healthy men . Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol , 284 : 188 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell , R A . 1992 . Effect of calcium and phytic acid on the activation of trypsinogen and the stability of trypsin . J Agri Food Chem , 40 : 43 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowieson , A J , Acamovic , T and Bedford , M R . 2004 . The effects of phytase and phytic acid on the loss of endogenous amino acids and minerals from chickens . Brit Poult Sci , 45 : 101 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowieson , A J and Ravindran , V . 2007 . Effect of phytic acid and microbial phytase on the flow and amino acid composition of endogenous protein at the terminal ileum of growing broiler chickens . Brit J Nutr , 98 : 745 – 752 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowieson , A J , Ravindran , V and Selle , P H . 2008 . Influence of dietary phytic acid and source of microbial phytase on ileal Endogenous amino acid flows in broiler chickens . Poult Sci , 87 : 2287 – 2299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dann , S G and Thomas , G . 2006 . The amino acid sensitive TOR pathway from yeast to mammals . FEBS Lett , 580 : 2821 – 2829 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denstadli , V , Skrede , A , Krogdahl , Å , Sahlstrøm , S and Storebakken , T . 2006 . Feed intake, growth, feed conversion, digestibility, enzyme activities and intestinal structure in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed graded levels of phytic acid . Aquaculture , 256 : 365 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dharmsathaphorn , K . 1985 . Intestinal somatostatin function . Adv Exp Med Biol , 188 : 463 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockray , G . 2004 . Gut endocrine secretions and their relevance to satiety . Curr Opin Pharmacol , 4 : 557 – 560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske , C H and Subbarow , Y . 1925 . The colorimetric determination of phosphorus . J Biol Chem , 66 : 375 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Hiroyuki , K , Mikiya , M , Kenji , K , Richard , E P and Suraj , U . 2008 . Ghrelin: A multifunctional hormone in non-mammalian vertebrates . Comp Biochem Physiol , 149 : 109 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huo , Y J , Wang , T , Xu , R J , Scot , M , Liu , G T and Shi , F X . 2006 . Dietary insulin affects leucine aminopeptidase, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I and insulin receptors in the intestinal mucosa of neonatal pigs . Biol Neonate , 89 : 265 – 273 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Im , W B , Sih , J C , Blakeman , D P and McGrath , J P . 1985 . Omeprazole, a specific inhibitor of gastric (H+-K+)-ATPase, is an H+-activated oxidizing agent of sulfhydryl groups . J Biol Chem , 260 : 4591 – 4597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khrehbiel , C R and Matthews , J C . 2003 . “ Absorption of amino acids and peptides ” . In Amino acids in animal nutrition , 2nd ed. , Wallingford , , UK : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• Knuckles , B E , Kuzmicky , D D and Betschart , A A . 1985 . Effect of phytate and partially hydrolyzed phytate on in vitro protein digestibility . J Food Sci , 50 : 1080 – 1082 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knuckles , B E , Kuzmicky , D D , Gumbmann , M R and Betschart , A A . 1989 . Effect of myo-inositol phosphate esters on in vitro and in vivo digestion of protein . J Food Sci , 54 : 1348 – 1350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstad , R I , Sylte , I , Mikalsen , S O , Seglen , P O , Berg , E and Winberg , J O . 2005 . Pancreatic trypsin activates human promatrix metalloproteinase-2 . J Mol Biol , 350 : 682 – 698 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , N , Liu , G H , Li , F D , Sands , J S , Zhang , S , Zheng , A J and Ru , Y J . 2007 . Efficacy of phytases on egg production and nutrient digestibility in laying hens fed reduced phosphorus diets . Poult Sci , 86 : 2337 – 2342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , N , Ru , Y J , Cowieson , A J , Li , F D and Cheng , X CH . 2008a . Effects of phytate and phytase on the performance and immune function of broilers fed nutritionally marginal diets . Poult Sci , 87 : 1105 – 1111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , N , Ru , Y J , Li , F D and Cowieson , A J . 2008b . Effect of diet containing phytate and phytase on the activity and mRNA expression of carbohydrase and transporter in chickens . J Anim Sci , 86 : 3432 – 3439 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry , O H , Rosebrough , N J , Farr , A L and Randall , R J . 1951 . Protein measurement with the folin-phenol reagent . J Biol Chem , 193 : 265 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manary , M J , Hotz , C , Krebs , N F , Gibson , R S , Westcott , J E , Arnold , T , Broadhead , R L and Hambidge , K M . 2000 . Dietary phytate reduction improves zinc absorption in Malawian children recovering from tuberculosis but not in well children . J Nutr , 130 : 2959 – 2964 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks , V . 1985 . How our food affects our hormones . Clin Biochem , 18 : 149 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez , M M , Hill , G M , Link , J E , Raney , N E , Tempelman , R J and Ernst , C W . 2004 . Pharmacological zinc and phytase additive enhance metallothionein mRNA abundance and protein concentration in newly weaned pigs . J Nutr , 134 : 538 – 544 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakazato , M , Murakami , N , Date , Y , Kojima , M , Matsuo , H , Kangawa , K and Matsukura , S . 2001 . A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding . Nature , 409 : 194 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nävert , B , Sandsteraöm , B and Cederblad , Å . 1985 . Reduction of the phytate content of bran by leavening in bread and its effect on zinc absorption in man . Brit J Nutr , 53 : 47 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preiser , H , Schmitz , J , Maestracci , D and Crane , R K . 1975 . Modification of an assay for trypsin and its application for the estimation of enteropeptidase . Clini Chim Acta , 59 : 169 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde , J , Heitman , J and Cardenas , M E . 2001 . The TOR kinases link nutrient sensing to cell growth . J Biol Chem , 276 : 9583 – 9586 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roncari , G and Zuber , H . 1969 . Thermophilic aminopeptidases from Bacillus stearothermophilus. I. Isolation, specificity, and general properties of the thermostable aminopeptidase I . Int J Protein Res , 1 : 45 – 61 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sajjadi , M and Carter , C G . 2004 . Effect of phytic acid and phytase on feed intake, growth, digestibility and trypsin activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) . Aquaculture Nutr , 10 : 135 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute . 2002 . SAS User's Guide: Statistics Version 9.0 , Cary, NC , , USA : SAS Institute Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Selle , P , Ravindran , V , Caldwell , R and Bryden , W . 2000 . Phytate and phytase: Consequences for protein utilisation . Nutr Res Rev , 13 : 255 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selle , P H and Ravindran , V . 2008 . Phytate-degrading enzymes in pig nutrition . Livest Sci , 113 : 99 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , M and Krikorian , A D . 1982 . Inhibition of trypsin activity in vitro by phytate . J Agri Food Chem , 30 : 799 – 800 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svanberg , E , Ohlsson , C , Hyltander , A and Lundholm , K G . 1999 . The role of diet components, gastrointestinal factors, and muscle innervation on activation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscles following oral refeeding . Nutrition , 15 : 257 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaintraub , I A and Bulmaga , V P . 1991 . Effect of phytate on the in vitro activity of digestive proteinases . J Agri Food Chem , 39 : 859 – 861 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wullschleger , S , Loewith , R and Hall , M N . 2006 . TOR signaling in growth and metabolism . Cell , 124 : 471 – 484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , X , Yang , C , Farberman , A , Rideout , T C , de Lange , C FM , France , J and Fan , M Z . 2008 . The mammalian target of rapamycin-signaling pathway in regulating metabolism and growth . J Anim Sci , 86 ( Suppl ) : E36 – 50 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar