Ruminal fatty acid outflow in dry cows fed different sources of linoleic acid: reticulum and omasum as alternative sampling sites to abomasum

References

• AbuGhazaleh AA, Schingoethe DJ, Hippen AR, Kalscheur KF. 2004. Conjugated linoleic acid increases in milk when cows fed fish meal and extruded soybeans for an extended period of time. J Dairy Sci. 87:1758─1766.
   Google Scholar
• Ahvenjärvi S, Skiba B, Huhtanen P. 2001. Effect of heterogeneous digesta chemical composition on the accuracy of measurements of fiber flow in dairy cows. J Anim Sci. 79:1611─1620.
   Google Scholar
• Ahvenjärvi S, Vanhatalo A, Huhtanen P, Varvikko T. 2000. Determination of reticulo-rumen and whole-stomach digestion in lactating cows by omasal canal or duodenal sampling. Br J Nutr. 83:67─77.
   Google Scholar
• Ahvenjärvi S, Vanhatalo A, Shingfield KJ, Huhtanen P. 2003. Determination of digesta flow entering the omasal canal of dairy cows using different marker systems. Br J Nutr. 90:41─52.
   Google Scholar
• Allen MS. 2000. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 83:1598─1624.
   Google Scholar
• AOAC International. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th. Gaithersburg (MD): AOAC International.
   Google Scholar
• Ash RW. 1962. Gastro-intestinal re-entrant cannulae for studies of digestion in sheep. Anim Prod. 4:309─311.
   Google Scholar
• Barletta RV, Gandra JR, Bettero VP, Araujo CE, Del Valle TA, Almeida GF, Ferreira de Jesus E, Mingoti RD, Benevento BC, Freitas Junior JE, et al. 2016. Ruminal biohydrogenation and abomasal flow of fatty acids in lactating cows: oilseed provides ruminal protection for fatty acids. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 219:111─121.
   Google Scholar
• Bettero VP, Del Valle TA, Barletta RV, Araújo CE, Ferreira de Jesus E, Almeida GF, Takiya CS, Zanferari F, Paiva PG, Freitas Júnior JE, et al. 2017. Protected fat sources reduce fatty acid biohydrogenation and improve abomasal flow in dry dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 224:30─38.
   Google Scholar
• Broderick GA, Kang JH. 1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino-acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. J Dairy Sci. 63:64─75.
   Google Scholar
• Casali AO, Detmann E, Valadares Filho SC, Pereira JC, Henriques LT, Freitas SG, Paulino MF. 2008. Influence of incubation time and particles size on indigestible compounds contents in cattle feeds and feces obtained by in situ procedures. Rev Bras Zootec. 37:335─342.
   Google Scholar
• Erwin ES, Marco GJ, Emery EM. 1961. Volatile fatty acid analyses of blood and rumen fluid by gas chromatography. J Dairy Sci. 44:1768–1777.
   Google Scholar
• Faciola AP, Broderick GA. 2014. Effects of feeding lauric acid or coconut oil on ruminal protozoa numbers, fermentation pattern, digestion, omasal nutrient flow, and milk production in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 97:5088─5100.
   Google Scholar
• Fatehi F, Krizsan SJ, Gidlund K, Huhtanen P. 2015. A comparison of ruminal or reticular digesta sampling as an alternative to sampling from the omasum of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 98:3274─3283.
   Google Scholar
• Ferlay A, Doreau M. 1992. Influence of method of administration of rapeseed oil in dairy cows. 1. Digestion of nonlipid components. J Dairy Sci. 75:2320–2327.
   Google Scholar
• Ferlay A, Doreau M. 1993. Effect of lipid supply in the diet of cows on calcium and magnesium pools in the rumen. Proc Nutr Soc. 52:151A.
   Google Scholar
• Folch J, Lees M, Stanley GHS. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 226:497─509.
   Google Scholar
• France J, Siddons RC. 1986. Determination of digesta flow by continuous marker infusion. J Theor Biol. 121:105─120.
   Google Scholar
• Freitas Jr. JE, Takiya CS, Del Valle TA, Barletta RV, Venturelli BC, Vendramini THA, Mingoti RD, Calomeni GD, Gardinal R, Gandra JR, et al. 2018. Ruminal biohydrogenation and abomasal flow of fatty acids in lactating cows fed diets supplemented with soybean oil, whole soybeans, or calcium salts of fatty acids. J Dairy Sci. 101:7881─7891.
   Google Scholar
• Gandra JR, Barletta RV, Mingoti RD, Verdurico LC, Freitas Jr. JE, Oliveira LJ, Takiya CS, Kfoury JR, Wiltbank MC, Rennó FP. 2016a. Effects of whole flaxseed, raw soybeans, and calcium salts of fatty acids on measures of cellular immune function of transition cows. J Dairy Sci. 99:4590─4606.
   Google Scholar
• Gandra JR, Mingoti RD, Barletta RV, Takiya CS, Verdurico LC, Freitas Jr. JE, Paiva PG, Jesus EF, Calomeni GD, Rennó FP. 2016b. Effects of flaxseed, raw soybeans and calcium salts of fatty acids on apparent total tract digestibility, energy balance and milk fatty acid profile of transition cows. Animal. 10:1303─1310.
   Google Scholar
• Gandra JR, Verdurico LC, Mingoti RD, Takiya CS, Gardinal R, Vendramini THA, Barletta RV, Visintin JA, Rennó FP. 2017. Whole flaxseed, raw soybeans, and calcium salts of fatty acids supplementation for transition cows: follicle development and embryo quality. Italian J Anim Sci. 16:538─545.
   Google Scholar
• Gardinal R, Calomeni GD, Vendramini THA, Takiya CS, Del Valle TA, Rennó FP. 2018b. Different durations of whole raw soybean supplementation during the prepartum period: milk fatty acid profile and oocyte and embryo quality of early-lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 101:661─674.
   Google Scholar
• Gardinal R, Calomeni GD, Zanferari F, Vendramini THA, Takiya CS, Bertagnon HG, Batista CF, Della Libera AMMP, Rennó FP. 2018a. Different durations of whole raw soybean supplementation during the prepartum period: measures of cellular immune function in transition cows. J Dairy Sci. 101:661─674.
   Google Scholar
• Grummer RR, Hatfield ML, Dentine MR. 1990. Acceptability of Fat Supplements in Four Dairy Herds. J Dairy Sci. 73:852─857.
   Google Scholar
• Hall MB. 2000. Calculation of non-structural carbohydrate content of feeds that contain non-protein nitrogen. Gainesville: University of Florida. p. A-25 (Bulletin, 339).
   Google Scholar
• Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Vanhatalo A, Toivonen V, Heikkila T, Lee MRF, Shingfield KJ. 2013. Effect of replacing grass silage with red clover silage on ruminal lipid metabolism in lactating cows fed diets containing a 60:40 forage-to-concentrate ratio. J Dairy Sci. 96:5882─5900.
   Google Scholar
• Harvatine KJ, Allen MS. 2006. Fat supplements affect fractional rates of ruminal fatty acid biohydrogenation and passage in dairy cows. J Nutr. 136:677─685.
   Google Scholar
• Hristov AN, Ivan M, McAllister TA. 2004. In vitro effects of individual fatty acids on protozoal numbers and on fermentation products in ruminal fluid from cattle fed a high-concentrate, barley-based diet. J Anim Sci. 82:2693─2704.
   Google Scholar
• Huhtanen P, Brotz PG, Satter LD. 1997. Omasal sampling technique for assessing fermentative digestion in the forestomach of dairy cows. J Anim Sci. 75:1380─1392.
   Google Scholar
• Huhtanen P, Jaakkola S. 1993. The effects of the forage preservation method and the proportion of concentrate on digestion of cell wall carbohydrates and rumen digesta pool size in cattle. Grass Forage Sci. 48:155─165.
   Google Scholar
• Ivan M, Johnston DW. 1981. Reetrant cannulation of the small intestine in sheep: cannula and surgical method. J Anim Sci. 52:849─856.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins TC. 2013. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. J Dairy Sci. 76:3851─3863.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins TC, Bridges WC. 2007. Protection of fatty acids against ruminal biohydrogenation in cattle. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 109:778─789.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer JKG, Fellner V, Dugan MER, Sauer FD, Mossoba MM, Yurawecz MP. 1997. Evaluating acid and base catalysts in the methylation of milk and rumen FA with special emphasis on conjugated dienes and total trans fatty acids. Lipids. 32:1219─1228.
   Google Scholar
• Krizsan SJ, Ahvenjärvi S, Volden H, Broderick GA. 2010. Estimation of rumen outflow in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets by use of reticular sampling as an alternative to sampling from the omasal canal. J Dairy Sci. 93:1138─1147.
   Google Scholar
• Leão MI, Coelho Da Silva JF, 1980. Técnica de fistulação de abomaso em bezerros. In: Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, 17, 1980, Fortaleza. Proceedings.. Fortaleza: SBZ, p. 37. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
   Google Scholar
• Lock AL, Bauman DE. 2004. Modifying milk fat composition of dairy cows to enhance fatty acids beneficial to human health. Lipids. 39:1197–1206.
   Google Scholar
• Lundy FP, Block E, Bridges Jr. WC, Bertrand JA, Jenkins TC. 2004. Ruminal biohydrogenation in Holstein cows fed soybean fatty acids as amides or calcium salts. J Dairy Sci. 87:1038─1046.
   Google Scholar
• Maia MRG, Chaudhary LC, Bestwick CS, Richardson AJ, McKain N, Larson TR, Graham IA, Wallace RJ. 2010. Toxicity of unsaturated fatty acids to the biohydrogenating ruminal bacterium Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. BMC Microbiol. 10:52–61.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th rev. Washington (DC): National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oba M, Allen MS. 2003. Effects of corn grain conservation method on ruminal digestion kinetics for lactating dairy cows at two dietary starch concentrations. J Dairy Sci. 86:184─194.
   Google Scholar
• Oldick BS, Firkins JL, Kohn RA. 2000. Compartmental modeling with nitrogen-15 to determine effects of degree of fat saturation on intraruminal N recycling. J Anim Sci. 78:2421─2430.
   Google Scholar
• Onetti SG, Grummer RR. 2004. Response of lactating cows to three supplemental fat sources as affected by forage in the diet and stage of lactation: A meta-analysis of literature. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 115:65─82.
   Google Scholar
• Pappritz J, Lebzien P, Meyer U, Jahreis G, Kramer R, Flachowsky G, Dänicke S. 2011. Duodenal availability of conjugated linoleic acids after supplementation to dairy cow diets. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 113:1443─1455.
   Google Scholar
• Reveneau C, Ribeiro CVDM, Eastridge ML, Firkins JL. 2012. Interaction of unsaturated fat or coconut oil with monensin in lactating dairy cows fed 12 times daily. II. Fatty acid flow to the omasum and milk fatty acid profile. J Dairy Sci. 95:2061─2069.
   Google Scholar
• Roman-Garcia Y, White RR, Firkins JL. 2016. Meta-analysis of post-ruminal microbial nitrogen flows in dairy cattle. I. Derivation of equations. J Dairy Sci. 99:1─14.
   Google Scholar
• Rotta PP, Valadares Filho SC, Detmann E, Costa E Silva LF, Paulino MF, Marcondes MI, Lobo AAG, Villadiego FAC. 2014. Digesta sampling site and maker methods for estimation of ruminal outflow in bulls fed different proportions of corn silage or sugarcane. J Anim Sci. 92:2996–3006.
   Google Scholar
• Sterk A, Vlaeminck B, van Vuuren AM, Hendriks WH, Dijkstra J. 2012. Effects of feeding different linseed sources on omasal fatty acid flows and fatty acid profiles of plasma and milk fat in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 95:3149─3165.
   Google Scholar
• Udén P, Colucci PE, Van Soest PJ. 1980. Investigation of chromium, cerium and cobalt as markers in digesta: rate of passage studies. J Sci Food Agric. 31:625–632.
   Google Scholar
• Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci. 74:3583─3597.
   Google Scholar
• Weld KA, Armentano LE. 2017. The effects of adding fat to diets of lactating dairy cows on total-tract neutral detergent fiber digestibility: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci. 100:1766─1779.
   Google Scholar