References
- Baker AC. 2003. Flexibility and specificity in coral algal symbiosis: Diversity, ecology, and biogeography of Symbiodinium. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 34:661–89. 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132417
- Banaszak AT, Lajeunesse TC, Trench RK. 2000. The synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) by cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 249:219–33. 10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00192-1
- Bastidas C, Bone D. 1996. Competitive strategies between Palythoa caribaeorum and Zoanthus sociatus (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) at a reef flat environment in Venezuela. Bulletin of Marine Science 59:543–55.
- Belford SG, Phillip DAT. 2012. Intertidal distribution of zoanthids compared to their scleractinian counterparts in the Southern Caribbean. International Journal of Oceanography and Marine Ecological System 1:67–75. 10.3923/ijomes.2012.67.75
- Birrell CL, McCook J, Willis BL. 2005. Effects of algal turfs and sedimentation on coral settlement. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:408–14. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.10.022
- Connell JH. 1972. Community interactions on marine rocky intertidal shores. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 3:169–92. 10.1146/annurev.es.03.110172.001125
- Dayton PK. 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organization: The provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 4:351–89. 10.2307/1948498
- Denovaro R, Fraschetti S. 2002. Meiofaunal vertical zonation on hard-bottoms: Comparison with soft-bottom meiofauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series 230:159–69. 10.3354/meps230159
- Echeverría CA, Pires DO, Medeiros MS, Castro CB. 1997. Cnidarians of the Atol das Rocas, Brazil. In: Lessios HA, Macintyre IG, editors. Proceedings of 8th International Coral Reef Symposium. Panama City, Panama: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and University of Panama 1:443–46.
- Emery KO. 1961. A simple method of measuring beach profiles. Limnology and Oceanography 6:90–93. 10.4319/lo.1961.6.1.0090
- Floeter SR, Krohling W, Gasparini JL, Ferreira CEL, Zalmon IR. 2007. Reef fish community structure on coastal islands of the southeastern Brazil: The influence of exposure and benthic cover. Environmental Biology of Fishes 78:147–60. 10.1007/s10641-006-9084-6
- Glynn PW. 1976. Some physical and biological determinants of coral community structure in the Eastern Pacific. Ecological Monographs 46:431–56. 10.2307/1942565
- Glynn PW, Mate JL, Baker AC, Calderon MO. 2001. Coral bleaching and mortality in Panamá and Ecuador during the 1997–1998 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event: Spatial/temporal patterns and comparisons with the 1982–1983 event. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:79–109.
- Herberts C. 1972. Contribution à l’étude écologique de quelques zoanthaires tempérés et tropicaux. Marine Biology 13:127–36. 10.1007/BF00366563
- Irei Y, Nozawa Y, Reimer JD. 2011. Distribution patterns of five zoanthid species at Okinawa Island, Japan. Zoological Studies 50:426–33.
- Karlson RH. 1983. Disturbance and monopolization of a spatial resource by Zoanthus sociatus (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). Bulletin of Marine Science 33:118–31.
- Karlson RH. 1988a. Growth and survivorship of clonal fragments in Zoanthus solanderi Lesueur. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 123:31–39. 10.1016/0022-0981(88)90107-4
- Karlson RH. 1988b. Size-dependent growth in two zoanthid species: A contrast in clonal strategies. Ecology 69:1219–32. 10.2307/1941277
- Karlson RH, Hugues TP, Karlson SR. 1996. Density-dependent dynamics of soft coral aggregations: The significance of clonal growth and form. Ecology 77:1592–99. 10.2307/2265554
- Kinzie RA, Takayama M, Santos SR, Coffroth MA. 2001. The adaptive bleaching hypothesis: Experimental tests of critical assumptions. The Biological Bulletin 200:51–58. 10.2307/1543084
- Koehl MAR. 1977. Water flow and the morphology of zoanthid colonies. Proceedings of 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium: 1:437–44.
- Lajeunesse TC. 2001. Investigating the biodiversity, ecology, and phylogeny of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium using the ITS region: In search of a ‘species’ level marker. Journal of Phycology 37:866–80. 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.01031.x
- Lajeunesse TC. 2002. Diversity and community structure of symbiotic dinoflagellates from Caribbean coral reefs. Marine Biology 141:387–400. 10.1007/s00227-002-0829-2
- Lajeunesse TC, Reyes-Bonilla H, Warner ME, Wills M, Schmidt GW, Fitt WK. 2008. Specificity and stability in high latitude eastern Pacific coral-algal symbioses. Limnology and Oceanography 53:719–27. 10.4319/lo.2008.53.2.0719
- Little C, Williams GA, Trowbridge CD. 2010. The Biology of Rocky Shores. New York: Oxford University Press. 356 pages.
- Magalon H, Flot JF, Baudry E. 2007. Molecular identification of symbiotic dinoflagellates in Pacific corals in the genus Pocillopora. Coral Reefs 26:551–58. 10.1007/s00338-007-0215-0
- Matthews-Cascon H, Lotufo TMC. 2006. Biota Marinha da Costa Oeste do Ceará. Brasília: Ministério do Meio Ambiente. 247 pages.
- Neale PJ, Banaszak AT, Jarriel CR. 1998. Ultraviolet sunscreens in Gymnodinium sanguineum (Dinophyceae): Mycosporine-like amino acids protect against inhibition of photosynthesis. Journal of Phycology 34:928–38. 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1998.340928.x
- Oigman-Pszczol SS, Figueiredo MAO, Creed JC. 2004. Distribution of benthic communities on the tropical rocky subtidal of Armacao dos Buzios, Southeastern Brazil. Marine Ecology 25:173–90. 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2004.00018.x
- Rabelo EF. 2012. Diversidade de Micro-organismos Associados à Zoantídeos (Cnidaria, Zoanthidae). Doctoral Thesis. Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza: Departamento de Biologia. 182 pages.
- Rabelo EF, Soares MO, Matthews-Cascon H. 2013. Competitive interactions among zoanthids (Cnidaria: Zoanthidae) in an intertidal zone of Northeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 61:35–42. 10.1590/S1679-87592013000100004
- Raffaelli D, Hawkins S. 1999. Intertidal Ecology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 365 pages.
- Reimer JD, Ono S, Tsukahara J, Takishita K, Maruyama T. 2007. Non-seasonal clade-specificity and subclade microvariation in symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) in Zoanthus sansibaricus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) at Kagoshima Bay, Japan. Phycological Research 55:58–65. 10.1111/j.1440-1835.2006.00446.x
- Sebens KP. 1982. Intertidal distribution of zoanthids on the Caribbean coast of Panama: Effects of predation and desiccation. Bulletin of Marine Science 32:316–35.
- Segal B, Castro CB. 2011. Coral community structure and sedimentation at different distances from the coast of the Abrolhos Bank, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 59:119–29. 10.1590/S1679-87592011000200001
- Shiroma E, Reimer JD. 2010. Investigations into the reproductive patterns, ecology, and morphology in the zoanthid genus Palythoa (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) in Okinawa, Japan. Zoological Studies 49:182–94.
- Suchanek TH, Green DJ. 1981. Interspecific competition between Palythoa caribaeorum and other sessile invertebrates on St. Croix reefs, U.S. Virgin Islands. Proceedings of the 4rd International Coral Reef Symposium 2:680–84.
- Tanner JE. 1995. Competition between scleractinian corals and macroalgae: An experimental investigation of coral growth, survival and reproduction. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 190:151–68. 10.1016/0022-0981(95)00027-O
- Tanner JE. 1997. The effects of density on the zoanthid Palythoa caesia. Journal of Animal Ecology 66:793–810. 10.2307/5996
- Villaça R, Pitombo FB. 1997. Benthic communities of shallow-water reefs of Abrolhos, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia 45:35–43. 10.1590/S1413-77391997000100004