240
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW ARTICLE

Unveiling commonalities in understudied habitats of boulder-reefs: life-history traits of the widespread invertebrate and algal inhabitants

ORCID Icon &
Pages 655-671 | Received 25 Jan 2017, Accepted 25 Jul 2018, Published online: 20 Sep 2018

References

  • Adey WH, Vassar JM. 1975. Colonization, succession and growth rates of tropical crustose coralline algae (Rhodophyta, Cryptonemiales). Phycologia. 14:55–69. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-14-2-55.1.
  • Airoldi L. 2000. Effects of disturbance, life histories, and overgrowth on coexistence of algal crusts and turfs. Ecology. 81:798–814. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0798:EODLHA]2.0.CO;2.
  • Alexander TJ. 2013. Cryptic invertebrates on subtidal rocky reefs vary with microhabitat structure and protection from fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 481:93–104. doi:10.3354/meps10263.
  • Anderson MJ. 1999. Distinguishing direct from indirect effects of grazers in intertidal estuarine assemblages. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 234:199–218. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00159-2.
  • Anderson MJ, Underwood AJ. 1994. Effects of substratum on the recruitment and development of an intertidal estuarine fouling assemblage. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 184:217–236. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(94)90006-X.
  • Anderson MJ, Underwood AJ. 1997. Effects of gastropod grazers on recruitment and succession of an estuarine assemblage: a mulivariate and univariate approach. Oecologia. 109:442–453. doi:10.1007/s004420050104.
  • Andrew N, Agatsuma Y, Ballesteros E, Bazhin A, Creaser E, Barnes D, Botsford L, Bradbury A, Campbell A, Dixon J, et al. 2003. Status and management of world sea urchin fisheries. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. 40:343–425.
  • Andrew NL. 1993. Spatial heterogeneity, sea urchin grazing, and habitat structure on reefs in temperate Australia. Ecology. 74:292–302. doi:10.2307/1939293.
  • Ayling AM. 1981. The role of biological disturbance in temperate subtidal encrusting communities. Ecology. 62:830–847. doi:10.2307/1937749.
  • Bailey JH. 1969. Spirorbinae (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from Chios (Aegean Sea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 48:363–385. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1969.tb00718.x.
  • Bailey JH, Harris MP. 1968. Spirorbinae (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) of the Galapagos Islands. Journal of Zoology. 155:161–184. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb03037.x.
  • Bailey-Brock JH, Knight-Jones P. 1977. Spirorbidae (Polychaeta) collected by R. V. “Vitjas” from abyssal depths of the Pacific Ocean. Journal of Zoology. 181:315–321. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb03246.x.
  • Banks SA, Skilleter GA. 2007. The importance of incorporating fine-scale habitat data into the design of an intertidal marine reserve system. Biological Conservation. 138:13–29. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.03.021.
  • Barnes DKA. 2000. Diversity, recruitment and competition on island shores at south-polar localities compared with lower latitudes: encrusting community examples. Hydrobiologia. 440:37–44. doi:10.1023/A:1004132608697.
  • Barnes DKA. 2006. Temporal–spatial stability of competition in marine boulder fields. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 314:15–23. doi:10.3354/meps314015.
  • Barnes DKA, Arnold RJ. 1999. Possible latitudinal clines in Antarctic intertidal and subtidal zone communities encrusting ephemeral hard substrata. Journal of Biogeography. 26:207–213. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00264.x.
  • Barnes DKA, Clarke A. 1995. Epibiotic communities on sublittoral macroinvertebrates at Signy Island, Antarctica. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 75:689–703. doi:10.1017/S0025315400039102.
  • Barnes DKA, Kuklinski P. 2003. High polar spatial competition: extreme hierarchies at extreme latitude. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 259:17–28. doi:10.3354/meps259017.
  • Barnes DKA, Kuklinski P. 2004. Scale-dependent variation in competitive ability among encrusting Arctic species. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 275:21–32. doi:10.3354/meps275021.
  • Barnes DKA, Rothery P, Clarke A. 1996. Colonisation and development in encrusting communities from the Antarctic intertidal and sublittoral. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 196:251–265. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(95)00132-8.
  • Barnes JR, Gonor JJ. 1973. The larval settling response of the lined chiton Tonicella lineata. Marine Biology. 20:259–281. doi:10.1007/BF00348991.
  • Bell JJ. 2007. The ecology of sponges in Lough Hyne Marine Nature Reserve (south-west Ireland): past, present and future perspectives. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 87:1655–1668. doi:10.1017/S0025315407058171.
  • Bell JJ, Carballo JL. 2008. Patterns of sponge biodiversity and abundance across different biogeographic regions. Marine Biology. 155:563–570. doi:10.1007/s00227-008-1036-6.
  • Benedetti-Cecchi L, Cinelli F. 1995. Habitat heterogeneity, sea urchin grazing and the distribution of algae in littoral rock pools on the west coast of Italy (western Mediterranean). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 126:203–212. doi:10.3354/meps126203.
  • Bishop P, Hughes M. 1989. Imbricate and fitted fabrics in coastal boulder deposits on the Australian east coast. Geology. 17:544–547. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0544:IAFFIC>2.3.CO;2.
  • Boyle PR. 1977. The physiology and behaviour of chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. 15:461–509. doi: 10.1002/iroh.19780630614
  • Breitburg DL. 1984. Residual effects of grazing: inhibition of competitor recruitment by encrusting coralline algae. Ecology 65:1136–1143. doi:10.2307/1938321.
  • Carreón-Palau L, Guzmán-del-Próo SA, Belmar-Pérez J, Carrillo-Laguna J, Herrera-Fragoso R. 2003. Microhabitat and associated biota of abalone juveniles, Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata, in Bahía Tortugas, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Ciencias Marinas. 29:325–341. doi:10.7773/cm.v29i3.153.
  • Chapman MG. 2002. Patterns of spatial and temporal variation of macrofauna under boulders in a sheltered boulder field. Austral Ecology. 27:211–228. doi:10.1046/j.1442-9993.2002.01172.x.
  • Chapman MG. 2017. Intertidal boulder-fields: a much neglected, but ecologically important, intertidal habitat. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. 55:35–53.
  • Chapman MG, Smoothey AF. 2014. Sea urchins provide habitat for rare chitons in intertidal boulder-fields. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 459:31–37. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2014.04.023.
  • Chapman MG, Underwood AJ. 1996. Experiments on effects of sampling biota under intertidal and shallow subtidal boulders. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 207:103–126. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02652-4.
  • Choi DR, Ginsburg RN. 1983. Distribution of coelobites (cavity-dwellers) in coral rubble across the Florida reef tract. Coral Reefs. 2:165–172. doi:10.1007/BF00336723.
  • Chung HC, Lee OO, Huang YL, Mok SY, Kolter R, Qian PY. 2010. Bacterial community succession and chemical profiles of subtidal biofilms in relation to larval settlement of the polychaete Hydroides elegans. The ISME Journal. 4:817–828. doi:10.1038/ismej.2009.157.
  • Conand C, Byrne M. 1993. A review of recent developments in the world sea cucumber fisheries. Marine Fisheries Review. 55:1–13.
  • Connell JH. 1972. Community interactions on marine rocky intertidal shores. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 3:169–192. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.03.110172.001125.
  • Connell JH. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science. 199:1302–1310. doi:10.1126/science.199.4335.1302.
  • Connell JH, Slatyer RO. 1977. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. The American Naturalist. 111:1119–1144. doi:10.1086/283241.
  • Connell SD. 2003. The monopolization of understorey habitat by subtidal encrusting coralline algae: a test of the combined effects of canopy-mediated light and sedimentation. Marine Biology. 142:1065–1071. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1021-z.
  • Creese RG. 1985. Brooding behaviour and larval development in the New Zealand chiton, Onithochiton neglectus de Rochebrune (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 13:83–91. doi:10.1080/03014223.1986.10422648.
  • Crisp DJ. 1974. Factors influencing the settlement of marine invertebrate larvae. In: Grant PT, Mackie AM, editors. Chemoreception in marine organisms. New York: Academic Press; p. 177–265.
  • da Rocha RM. 1995. Abundance and distribution of sessile invertebrates under intertidal boulders (São Paulo, Brazil). Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico. 43:71–88. doi:10.1590/S0373-55241995000100006.
  • Daly JM. 1978. The annual cycle and the short term periodicity of breeding in a Northumberland population of Spirorbis spirorbis (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 58:161–176. doi:10.1017/S0025315400024474.
  • Daume S, Brand-Gardner S, Woelkerling WJ. 1999. Community structure of nongeniculate coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in three boulder habitats in southern Australia. Phycologia. 38:138–148. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-38-2-138.1.
  • Davis AN, Wilce RT. 1987a. Algal diversity in relation to physical disturbance: a mosaic of successional stages in a subtidal cobble habitat. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 37:229–237. doi:10.3354/meps037229.
  • Davis AN, Wilce RT. 1987b. Floristics, phenology, and ecology of the sublittoral marine algae in an unstable cobble habitat (Plum Cove, Cape Ann, Massachusetts, USA). Phycologia. 26:23–34. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-26-1-23.1.
  • Day E, Branch GM. 2002. Effects of sea urchins (Parechinus angulosus) on recruits and juveniles of abalone (Haliotis midae). Ecological Monographs. 72:133–149. doi:10.2307/3100089.
  • Dayton PK. 1985. Ecology of kelp communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 16:215–245. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.001243.
  • Denitto F, Licciano M. 2006. Recruitment of Serpuloidea (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a marine cave of the Ionian Sea (Italy, central Mediterranean). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 86:1373–1380. doi:10.1017/S0025315406014408.
  • Dethier MN. 1994. The ecology of intertidal crusts: variation within a functional group. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 177:37–71. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(94)90143-0.
  • Dethier MN, Duggins DO. 1984. An “indirect commensalism” between marine herbivores and the importance of competitive hierarchies. The American Naturalist. 124:205–219. doi:10.1086/284264.
  • Dethier MN, Steneck RS. 2001. Growth and persistence of diverse intertidal crusts: survival of the slow in a fast-paced world. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 223:89–100. doi:10.3354/meps223089.
  • Dirnberger JM. 1993. Dispersal of larvae with a short planktonic phase in the polychaete Spirorbis spirillum (Linnaeus). Bulletin of Marine Science. 52:898–910.
  • Džeroski S, Drumm D. 2003. Using regression trees to identify the habitat preference of the sea cucumber (Holothuria leucospilota) on Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Ecological Modelling. 170:219–226. doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00229-1.
  • Ebeling AW, Laur DR, Rowley RJ. 1985. Severe storm disturbance and reversal of community structure in a southern California kelp forest. Marine Biology. 84:287–294. doi:10.1007/BF00392498.
  • Edwards KF, Stachowicz JJ. 2010. Multivariate trade-off’s, succession, and phenological differentiation in a guild of colonial invertebrates. Ecology. 91:3146–3152. doi:10.1890/10-0440.1.
  • Eernisse DJ. 1988. Reproductive patterns in six species of Lepidochitona (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the Pacific coast of North America. Biological Bulletin. 174:287–302. doi:10.2307/1541955.
  • Emparanza EJM. 2007. Patterns of distribution of dominant porcelain crabs (Decapoda: Porcellanidae) under boulders in the intertidal of northern Chile. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 87:523–531. doi:10.1017/S0025315407053611.
  • Evans J, Attrill MJ, Borg JA, Cotton PA, Schembri PJ. 2018. Hidden in plain sight: species richness and habitat characterisation of sublittoral pebble beds. Marine Biology. 165. doi:10.1007/s00227-00018-03292-00224.
  • Filbee-Dexter K, Scheibling RE. 2014. Sea urchin barrens as alternative stable states of collapsed kelp ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 495:1–25. doi:10.3354/meps10573.
  • Fletcher WJ. 1987. Interactions among subtidal Australian sea urchins, gastropods, and algae: effects of experimental removals. Ecological Monographs. 57:89–109. doi: 10.2307/1942640
  • Floerl O, Inglis GJ, Marsh HM. 2005. Selectivity in vector management: an investigation of the effectiveness of measures used to prevent transport of non-indigenous species. Biological Invasions. 7:459–475. doi:10.1007/s10530-004-4863-5.
  • Foster MS. 2001. Rhodoliths: between rocks and soft places. Journal of Phycology. 37:659–667. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.00195.x.
  • Freeman AS, Byers JE. 2006. Divergent induced responses to an invasive predator in marine mussel populations. Science. 313:831–833. doi:10.1126/science.1125485.
  • Garland CD, Cooke SL, Grant JF, McMeekin TA. 1985. Ingestion of the bacteria on and the cuticle of crustose (non-articulated) coralline algae by post-larval and juvenile abalone (Haliotis ruber Leach) from Tasmanian waters. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 91:137–149. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(85)90226-6.
  • Garrabou J, Ballesteros E. 2000. Growth of Mesophyllum alternans and Lithophyllum frondosum (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in the northwestern Mediterranean. European Journal of Phycology. 35:1–10. doi:10.1080/09670260010001735571.
  • Gee JM. 1965. Chemical stimulation of settlement of larvae of Spirorbis rupestris (Serpulidae). Animal Behaviour. 13:181–186. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(65)90090-4.
  • Glasby TM. 1998. Estimating spatial variability in developing assemblages of epibiota on subtidal hard substrata. Marine and Freshwater Research. 49:429–437. doi:10.1071/MF98008.
  • Gribben PE, Simpson M, Wright JT. 2015. Relationships between an invasive crab, habitat availability and intertidal community structure at biogeographic scales. Marine Environmental Research. 110:124–131. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.08.006.
  • Grime JP. 1988. The CSR model of primary plant strategies—origins, implications and tests. In: Gottlieb LD, Jain SK, editors. Plant evolutionary biology. Dordrecht: Springer; p. 371–393.
  • Grosberg RK. 1981. Competitive ability influences habitat choice in marine invertebrates. Nature. 290:700–702. doi:10.1038/290700a0.
  • Grosholz ED. 2005. Recent biological invasion may hasten invasional meltdown by accelerating historical introductions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 102:1088–1091. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308547102.
  • Hadfield MG. 2011. Biofilms and marine invertebrate larvae: what bacteria produce that larvae use to choose settlement sites. Annual Review of Marine Science. 3:453–470. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142753.
  • Hamamoto K, Mukai H. 1999. Effects of larval settlement and post settlement mortality on the distribution pattern and abundance of the spirorbid tube worm Neodexiospira brasiliensis (Grube) (Polychaeta) living on seagrass leaves. Marine Ecology. 20:251–272. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0485.1999.2034075.x.
  • Harris T. 1968. Spirorbis species (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Isles of Scilly, including descriptions of two new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 48:593–602. doi:10.1017/S0025315400019172.
  • Harrold C, Reed DC. 1985. Food availability, sea urchin grazing, and kelp forest community structure. Ecology. 66:1160–1169. doi:10.2307/1939168.
  • Hernández JC, Russell MP. 2010. Substratum cavities affect growth-plasticity, allometry, movement and feeding rates in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Journal of Experimental Biology. 213:520–525. doi:10.1242/jeb.029959.
  • Hirata T. 1987. Succession of sessile organisms on experimental plates immersed in Nabeta Bay, Izu Peninsula, Japan. II. Succession of invertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 38:25–35. doi:10.3354/meps038025.
  • Holmes NJ, Harriott VJ, Banks SA. 1997. Latitudinal variation in patterns of colonisation of cryptic calcareous marine organisms. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 155:103–113. doi:10.3354/meps155103.
  • Hurd CL. 2017. Shaken and stirred: the fundamental role of water motion in resource acquisition and seaweed productivity. Perspectives in Phycology. 4:73–81. doi:10.1127/pip/2017/0072.
  • Irving AD, Connell SD, Elsdon TS. 2004. Effects of kelp canopies on bleaching and photosynthetic activity of encrusting coralline algae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 310:1–12. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2004.03.020.
  • Ivin VV. 1997. Seasonal dynamics of intensity of fertility and reproduction in Circeis armoricana (Saint-Joseph, 1894) (Polychaeta). Bulletin of Marine Science. 60:543–546.
  • Jackson AC, Murphy RJ, Underwood AJ. 2009. Patiriella exigua: grazing by a starfish in an overgrazed intertidal system. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 376:153–163. doi:10.3354/meps07807.
  • Jackson JBC. 1977. Competition on marine hard substrata: the adaptive significance of solitary and colonial strategies. The American Naturalist. 111:743–767. doi:10.1086/283203.
  • James RJ, Underwood AJ. 1994. Influence of colour of substratum on recruitment of spirorbid tubeworms to different types of intertidal boulders. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 181:105–115. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(94)90107-4.
  • Jänes H, Kotta J, Pärnoja M, Crowe TP, Rindi F, Orav-Kotta H. 2017. Functional traits of marine macrophytes predict primary production. Functional Ecology. 31:975–986. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12798.
  • Johnson CR, Mann KH. 1986. The crustose coralline alga, Phymatolithon Foslie, inhibits the overgrowth of seaweeds without relying on herbivores. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 96:127–146. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(86)90238-8.
  • Johnston EL, Keough MJ. 2003. Competition modifies the response of organisms to toxic disturbance. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 251:15–26. doi:10.3354/meps251015.
  • Jörger KM, Meyer R, Wehrtmann IS. 2008. Species composition and vertical distribution of chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in a rocky intertidal zone of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 88:807–816. doi:10.1017/S0025315408001203.
  • Kangas M, Shepherd SA. 1984. Distribution and feeding of chitons in a boulder habitat at West Island, South Australia. Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia. 6:101–111. doi:10.1080/00852988.1984.10673963.
  • Keats DW, Knight MA, Pueschel CM. 1997. Antifouling effects of epithallial shedding in three crustose coralline algae (Rhodophyta, Coralinales) on a coral reef. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 213:281–293. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02771-2.
  • Keesing JK. 2001. The ecology of Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science. 32:261–270. doi:10.1016/S0167-9309(01)80017-X.
  • Keough MJ. 1983. Patterns of recruitment of sessile invertebrates in two subtidal habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 66:213–245. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(83)90162-4.
  • Keough MJ. 1984. Dynamics of the epifauna of the bivalve Pinna bicolor: interactions among recruitment, predation, and competition. Ecology. 65:677–688. doi:10.2307/1938040.
  • Keough MJ, Dartnall AJ. 1977. A new species of viviparous Asterinid Asteroid from Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum. 17:407–416.
  • Kerr AM, Stoffel EM, Yoon RL. 1993. Abundance and distribution of holothuroids (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) on a windward and leeward fringing coral reef, Guam, Mariana Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science. 52:780–791.
  • Kerr B, Riley MA, Feldman MW, Bohannan BJ. 2002. Local dispersal promotes biodiversity in a real-life game of rock–paper–scissors. Nature. 418:171–174. doi:10.1038/nature00823.
  • Kirchman D, Graham S, Reish D, Mitchell R. 1981. Bacteria induce settlement and metamorphosis of Janua (Dexiospira) brasiliensis Grube (Polychaeta: Spirorbidae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 56:153–163. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(81)90186-6.
  • Kitamura M, Koyama T, Nakano Y, Uemura D. 2007. Characterization of a natural inducer of coral larval metamorphosis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 340:96–102. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2006.08.012.
  • Knight-Jones EW, Knight-Jones P. 2002. Four new species of Eisothistos (Anthuridea: Isopoda) from tubes of Spirorbidae (Serpuloidea: Polychaeta). Journal of Natural History. 36:1397–1419. doi:10.1080/00222930110052454.
  • Knight-Jones EW, Knight-Jones P, Llewellyn LC. 1974. Spirorbinae (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from southeastern Australia. Notes on their taxonomy, ecology, and distribution. Records of the Australian Museum. 29:106–151. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.29.1974.230.
  • Knight-Jones P, Knight-Jones EW. 1974. Spirorbinae (Serpulidae: Polychaeta) from South Africa, including three new species. Marine Biology. 25:253–261. doi:10.1007/BF00394971.
  • Konar B. 2013. Lack of recovery from disturbance in high-Arctic boulder communities. Polar Biology. 36:1205–1214. doi:10.1007/s00300-013-1340-6.
  • Konar B, Iken K. 2005. Competitive dominance among sessile marine organisms in a high Arctic boulder community. Polar Biology. 29:61–64. doi:10.1007/s00300-005-0055-8.
  • Konar B, Riosmena-Rodriguez R, Iken K. 2006. Rhodolith bed: a newly discovered habitat in the North Pacific Ocean. Botanica Marina. 49:355–359. doi:10.1515/BOT.2006.044.
  • Kotta J, Ojaveer H. 2012. Rapid establishment of the alien crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) in the Gulf of Riga. Estonian Journal of Ecology. 61:293–298. doi:10.3176/eco.2012.4.04.
  • Kotta J, Wernberg T, Jänes H, Kotta I, Nurkse K, Pärnoja M, Orav-Kotta H. 2018. Novel crab predator causes marine ecosystem regime shift. Scientific Reports. 8:4956. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23282-w.
  • Kristensen LD, Støttrup J, Svendsen JC, Stenberg C, Højbjerg Hansen OK, Grønkjær P. 2017. Behavioural changes of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) after marine boulder reef restoration: implications for coastal habitat management and Natura 2000 areas. Fisheries Management and Ecology. 24:353–360. doi:10.1111/fme.12235.
  • Kuklinski P. 2009. Ecology of stone-encrusting organisms in the Greenland Sea – a review. Polar Research. 28:222–237. doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2009.00105.x.
  • Kuklinski P, Balazy P, Krzemińska M, Bielecka L. 2017. Species pool structure explains patterns of Antarctic rock-encrusting organism recruitment. Polar Biology. 40:2475–2487. doi:10.1007/s00300-017-2159-3.
  • Kupriyanova EK, Nishi E, Ten Hove HA, Rzhavsky AV. 2001. Life-history patterns in serpulimorph polychaetes: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. 39:1–101.
  • Lam C, Harder T, Qian PY. 2005. Induction of larval settlement in the polychaete Hydroides elegans by extracellular polymers of benthic diatoms. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 286:145–154. doi:10.3354/meps286145.
  • Lamare MD, Barker MF. 2001. Settlement and recruitment of the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 218:153–166. doi:10.3354/meps218153.
  • Latyshev NA, Khardin AS, Kasyanov SP, Ivanova MB. 2003. A study on the feeding ecology of chitons using analysis of gut content and fatty acid markers. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 70:225–230. doi:10.1093/mollus/70.3.225.
  • Lau SC, Qian PY. 1997. Phlorotannins and related compounds as larval settlement inhibitors of the tube-building polychaete Hydroides elegans. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 159:219–227. doi:10.3354/meps159219.
  • Leclerc JC. 2018. Patterns of spatial variability between contrasting substrata: a boulder-field study. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 597:23–38. doi:10.3354/meps12585.
  • Le Hir M, Hily C. 2005. Macrofaunal diversity and habitat structure in intertidal boulder fields. Biodiversity and Conservation. 14:233–250. doi:10.1007/s10531-005-5046-0.
  • Leukart P. 1994. Field and laboratory studies on depth dependence, seasonality and light requirement of growth in three species of crustose coralline algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta). Phycologia. 33:281–290. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-33-4-281.1.
  • Littler MM, Littler DS. 1984. Relationships between macroalgal functional form groups and substrata stability in a subtropical rocky-intertidal system. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 74:13–34. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(84)90035-2.
  • Littler MM, Littler DS, Taylor PR. 1995. Selective herbivore increases biomass of its prey: a chiton-coralline reef-building association. Ecology. 76:1666–1681. doi:10.2307/1938167.
  • Liversage K. 2012. Ecology of cryptic habitats under intertidal boulders. Sydney: University of Sydney.
  • Liversage K. 2015. Habitat associations of a rare South Australian sea star (Parvulastra parvivipara) and a co-occurring chiton (Ischnochiton variegatus): implications for conservation. Pacific Conservation Biology. 21:234–242. doi:10.1071/PC15017.
  • Liversage K. 2016. The influence of boulder shape on the spatial distribution of crustose coralline algae (Corallinales. Rhodophyta). Marine Ecology. 37:459–462. doi:10.1111/maec.12299.
  • Liversage K. 2017. First evidence of biogenic habitat from tubeworms providing a near-absolute habitat requirement for high-intertidal Ulva macroalgae. PLoS One. 12:0176952. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176952.
  • Liversage K, Benkendorff K. 2013. A preliminary investigation of diversity, abundance, and distributional patterns of chitons in intertidal boulder fields of differing rock type in South Australia. Molluscan Research. 33:24–33. doi:10.1080/13235818.2012.754145.
  • Liversage K, Benkendorff K. 2017. The first observations of Ischnochiton (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) movement behaviour, with comparison between habitats differing in complexity. PeerJ. 5:e4180. doi:10.7717/peerj.4180.
  • Liversage K, Cole V, Coleman R, McQuaid C. 2017. Availability of microhabitats explains a widespread pattern and informs theory on ecological engineering of boulder reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 489:36–42. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2017.01.013.
  • Liversage K, Cole VJ, McQuaid CD, Coleman RA. 2012. Intercontinental tests of the effects of habitat patch type on the distribution of chitons within and among patches in intertidal boulder field landscapes. Marine Biology. 159:2777–2786. doi:10.1007/s00227-012-2038-y.
  • Lohrer AM, Fukui Y, Wada K, Whitlatch RB. 2000. Structural complexity and vertical zonation of intertidal crabs, with focus on habitat requirements of the invasive Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus (de Haan). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 244:203–217. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00139-2.
  • Lopez Gappa JJ. 1989. Overgrowth competition in an assemblage of encrusting bryozoans settled on artificial substrata. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 51:121–130. doi:10.3354/meps051121.
  • Matsuda S. 1989. Succession and growth rates of encrusting crustose coralline algae (Rhodophyta, Cryptonemiales) in the upper fore-reef environment off Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands. Coral Reefs. 7:185–195. doi:10.1007/BF00301597.
  • Maughan BC, Barnes DKA. 2000. Seasonality of competition in early development of subtidal encrusting communities. Marine Ecology. 21:205–220. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0485.2000.00703.x.
  • McClintock JB, Angus RA, McClintock FE. 2007. Abundance, diversity and fidelity of macroinvertebrates sheltering beneath rocks during tidal emersion in an intertidal cobble field: does the intermediate disturbance hypothesis hold for less exposed shores with smaller rocks? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 352:351–360. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.08.007.
  • McCoy SJ, Pfister CA. 2014. Historical comparisons reveal altered competitive interactions in a guild of crustose coralline algae. Ecology Letters. 17:475–483. doi:10.1111/ele.12247.
  • McGuinness KA. 1987. Disturbance and organisms on boulders. II. Causes of patterns in diversity and abundance. Oecologia. 71:420–430. doi:10.1007/BF00378716.
  • McGuinness KA. 1988. Short-term effects of sessile organisms on colonization of intertidal boulders. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 116:159–175. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(88)90053-6.
  • McGuinness KA, Underwood AJ. 1986. Habitat structure and the nature of communities on intertidal boulders. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 104:97–123. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(86)90099-7.
  • Melville AJ, Connell SD. 2001. Experimental effects of kelp canopies on subtidal coralline algae. Austral Ecology. 26:102–108. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01089.pp.x.
  • Mendonça V, Vinagre C, Boaventura D, Cabral H, Silva ACF. 2016. Chitons’ apparent camouflage does not reduce predation by green crabs Carcinus maenas. Marine Biology Research. 12:125–132. doi:10.1080/17451000.2015.1088951.
  • Menge BA. 1995. Indirect effects in marine rocky intertidal interaction webs – patterns and importance. Ecological Monographs. 65:21–74. doi:10.2307/2937158.
  • Menge BA, Sutherland JP. 1976. Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition, and temporal heterogeneity. American Naturalist. 110:351–369. doi:10.1086/283073.
  • Meyer KS, Sweetman AK, Kuklinski P, Leopold P, Vogedes D, Berge J, Griffiths C, Young CM, Renaud PE. 2017. Recruitment of benthic invertebrates in high Arctic fjords: relation to temperature, depth, and season. Limnology and Oceanography. 62:2732–2744. doi:10.1002/lno.10602.
  • Miller RJ, Nolan SC. 2008. Management methods for a sea urchin dive fishery with individual fishing zones. Journal of Shellfish Research. 27:929–938. doi:10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[929:MMFASU]2.0.CO;2.
  • Mohammad MB. 1975. Competitive relationship between Balanus amphitrite amphitrite and Pomatoleios kraussi with special reference to their larval settlement. Hydrobiologia. 46:1–15. doi:10.1007/BF00038722.
  • Morse ANC, Morse DE. 1984. GABA-mimetic molecules from Porphyra (Rhodophyta) induce metamorphosis of Hafotis (Gastropods) larvae. Hydrobiologia. 116:155–158. doi:10.1007/BF00027656.
  • Morse DE, Duncan H, Hooker N, Baloun A, Young G. 1980. GABA induces behavioral and developmental metamorphosis in planktonic molluscan larvae. Federation Proceedings. 39:3237–3241.
  • Nandakumar K. 1996. Importance of timing of panel exposure on the competitive outcome and succession of sessile organisms. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 131:191–203. doi:10.3354/meps131191.
  • Naylor JR, McShane PE. 2001. Mortality of post-settlement abalone Haliotis iris caused by conspecific adults and wave exposure. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 35:363–369. doi:10.1080/00288330.2001.9517006.
  • Nurkse K, Kotta J, Orav-Kotta H, Pärnoja M, Kuprijanov I. 2015. Laboratory analysis of the habitat occupancy of the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) in an invaded ecosystem: The north-eastern Baltic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 154:152–157. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2014.12.046.
  • O'Connor RJ, Lamont P. 1978. The spatial organization of an intertidal Spirorbis community. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 32:143–169. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(78)90112-0.
  • Pacheco AS, Laudien J, Thiel M, Heilmayer O, Oliva M. 2010. Hard-bottom succession of subtidal epibenthic communities colonizing hidden and exposed surfaces off northern Chile. Scientia Marina. 74:147–154. doi:10.3989/scimar.2010.74n1147.
  • Padilla DK. 1984. The importance of form: differences in competitive ability, resistance to consumers and environmental stress in an assemblage of coralline algae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 79:105–127. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(84)90213-2.
  • Paine RT, Vadas RL. 1969. The effects of grazing by sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus spp., on benthic algal populations. Limnology and Oceanography. 14:710–719. doi:10.4319/lo.1969.14.5.0710.
  • Platt WJ, Connell JH. 2003. Natural disturbances and directional replacement of species. Ecological Monographs. 73:507–522. doi:10.1890/01-0552.
  • Polis GA, Holt RD, Menge BA, Winemiller K. 1995. Time, space and life history: influences on food webs. In: Polis GA, Winewiller K, editors. Food webs: integration of patterns and dynamics. New York: Chapman & Hall; p. 435–460.
  • Purcell SW, Simutoga M. 2008. Spatio-temporal and size-dependent variation in the success of releasing cultured sea cucumbers in the wild. Reviews in Fisheries Science. 16:204–214. doi:10.1080/10641260701686895.
  • Quinn JF. 1982. Competitive hierarchies in marine benthic communities. Oecologia. 54:129–135. doi:10.1007/BF00541119.
  • Raynolds JA, Wilen JE. 2000. The sea urchin fishery: harvesting, processing and the market. Marine Resource Economics. 15:115–126. doi:10.1086/mre.15.2.42629295.
  • Richards RA. 1992. Habitat selection and predator avoidance: ontogenetic shifts in habitat use by the Jonah crab Cancer borealis (Stimpson). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 156:187–197. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(92)90245-6.
  • Roberts RD, Kaspar HF, Barker RJ. 2004. Settlement of abalone (Haliotis iris) larvae in response to five species of coralline algae. Journal of Shellfish Research. 23:975–987.
  • Rubin JA. 1985. Mortality and avoidance of competitive overgrowth in encrusting Bryozoa. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 23:291–299. doi:10.3354/meps023291.
  • Salomon AK, Ruesink JL, DeWreede RE. 2006. Population viability, ecological processes and biodiversity: valuing sites for reserve selection. Biological Conservation. 128:79–92. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.018.
  • Saunders GW, Hommersand MH. 2004. Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data. American Journal of Botany. 91:1494–1507. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1494.
  • Saunders RJ, Connell SD. 2001. Interactive effects of shade and surface orientation on the recruitment of spirorbid polychaetes. Austral Ecology. 26:109–115. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01090.pp.x.
  • Scheibling RE. 1994. Molluscan grazing and macroalgal zonation on a rocky intertidal platform at Perth, Western Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology. 19:141–149. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1994.tb00477.x.
  • Scheibling RE, Hamm J. 1991. Interactions between sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) and their predators in field and laboratory experiments. Marine Biology. 110:105–116. doi:10.1007/BF01313097.
  • Scheibling RE, Hennigar AW, Balch T. 1999. Destructive grazing, epiphytism, and disease: the dynamics of sea urchin-kelp interactions in Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 56:2300–2314. doi:10.1139/f99-163.
  • Scheibling RE, Kelly NE, Raymond BG. 2009. Herbivory and community organization on a subtidal cobble bed. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 382:113–128. doi:10.3354/meps07965.
  • Scheibling RE, Raymond BG. 1990. Community dynamics on a subtidal cobble bed following mass mortalities of sea urchins. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 63:127–145. doi:10.3354/meps063127.
  • Scheibling RE, Robinson MC. 2008. Settlement behaviour and early post-settlement predation of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 365:59–66. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2008.07.041.
  • Searles RB. 1980. The strategy of the red algal life history. The American Naturalist. 115:113–120. doi:10.1086/283548.
  • Seed R, Harris S. 1980. The epifauna of the fronds of Laminaria digitata Lamour in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Section B: Biological. Geological, and Chemical Science. 80:91–106.
  • Shanks AL, Wright WG. 1986. Adding teeth to wave action: the destructive effects of wave-borne rocks on intertidal organisms. Oecologia. 69:420–428. doi:10.1007/BF00377065.
  • Shepherd SA, Turner JA. 1985. Studies on southern Australian abalone (genus Haliotis). VI. Habitat preference, abundance and predators of juveniles. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 93:285–298. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(85)90245-X.
  • Silva D. 1967. Studies on the biology of Spirorbinae (Polychaeta). Journal of Zoology. 152:269–279. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb01643.x.
  • Sloan NA. 1979. Microhabitat and resource utilization in cryptic rocky intertidal echinoderms at Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles. Marine Biology. 54:269–279. doi:10.1007/BF00395789.
  • Smale DA, Barnes DKA, Barnes RSK, Smith DJ, Suggett DJ. 2012. Spatial variability in the structure of intertidal crab and gastropod assemblages within the Seychelles Archipelago (Indian Ocean). Journal of Sea Research. 69:8–15. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2012.01.002.
  • Smith KA, Otway NM. 1997. Spatial and temporal patterns of abundance and the effects of disturbance on under-boulder chitons. Molluscan Research. 18:43–57. doi:10.1080/13235818.1997.10673680.
  • Sonnenholzner J. 2003. Seasonal variation in the food composition of Holothuria theeli (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida) with observations on density and distribution patterns at the central coast of Ecuador. Bulletin of Marine Science. 73:527–543.
  • Sousa WP. 1979. Disturbance in marine intertidal boulder fields: the nonequilibrium maintenance of species diversity. Ecology. 60:1225–1239. doi:10.2307/1936969.
  • Sousa WP. 1980. The response of a community to disturbance: the importance of successional age and species’ life histories. Oecologia. 45:72–81. doi:10.1007/BF00346709.
  • Sousa WP, Schroeter SC, Gaines SD. 1981. Latitudinal variation in intertidal algal community structure: the influence of grazing and vegetative propagation. Oecologia. 48:297–307. doi:10.1007/BF00346486.
  • Stearns SC. 1989. Trade-offs in life-history evolution. Functional Ecology. 3:259–268. doi:10.2307/2389364.
  • Steneck RS, Dethier MN. 1994. A functional group approach to the structure of algal-dominated communities. Oikos. 69:476–498. doi:10.2307/3545860.
  • Steneck RS, Graham MH, Bourque BJ, Corbett D, Erlandson J, Estes JA, Tegner MJ. 2002. Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future. Environmental Conservation. 29:436–459. doi:10.1017/S0376892902000322.
  • Steneck RS, Watling L. 1982. Feeding capabilities and limitation of herbivorous molluscs: a functional group approach. Marine Biology. 68:299–319. doi:10.1007/BF00409596.
  • Stephens EG, Bertness MD. 1991. Mussel facilitation of barnacle survival in a sheltered bay habitat. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 145:33–48. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(91)90004-G.
  • Takada Y. 1999. Influence of shade and number of boulder layers on mobile organisms on a warm temperate boulder shore. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 189:171–179. doi:10.3354/meps189171.
  • Tebben J, Motti CA, Siboni N, Tapiolas DM, Negri AP, Schupp PJ, Kitamura M, Hatta M, Steinberg PD, Harder T. 2015. Chemical mediation of coral larval settlement by crustose coralline algae. Scientific Reports. 5:10803. doi:10.1038/srep10803.
  • Thompson RC, Crowe TP, Hawkins SJ. 2002. Rocky intertidal communities: past environmental changes, present status and predictions for the next 25 years. Environmental Conservation. 29:168–191. doi:10.1017/S0376892902000115.
  • Tillier S, Ponder WF. 1992. New species of Smeagol from Australia and New Zealand, with a discussion of the affinities of the genus (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Journal of Molluscan Studies. 58:135–155. doi:10.1093/mollus/58.2.135.
  • Todd CD, Turner SJ. 1986. Ecology of intertidal and sublittoral cryptic epifaunal assemblages. I. Experimental rationale and the analysis of larval settlement. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 99:199–231. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(86)90224-8.
  • Toonen RJ, Pawlik JR. 1996. Settlement of the tube worm Hydroides dianthus (Polychaeta: Serpulidae): cues for gregarious settlement. Marine Biology. 126:725–733. doi:10.1007/BF00351339.
  • Trowbridge CD, Kachmarik K, Plowman CQ, Little C, Stirling P, McAllen R. 2017. Biodiversity of shallow subtidal, under-rock invertebrates in Europe's first marine reserve: effects of physical factors and scientific sampling. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 187:43–52. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2016.12.022.
  • Tucker L, Griffiths CL, Schroeter F, Vetter HD. 2017. Boulder shores in South Africa – a distinct but poorly documented coastal habitat type. African Journal of Marine Science. 39:193–202. doi:10.2989/1814232X.2017.1329167.
  • Tyrrell B, Johansen HW. 1995. Reproductive and regenerative strategies of Lithothrix aspergillum (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in southern California. Phycologia. 34:39–44. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-34-1-39.1.
  • Unabia CRC, Hadfield MG. 1999. Role of bacteria in larval settlement and metamorphosis of the polychaete Hydroides elegans. Marine Biology. 133:55–64. doi:10.1007/s002270050442.
  • Underwood AJ. 1990. Experiments in ecology and management: their logics, functions and interpretations. Australian Journal of Ecology. 15:365–389. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1990.tb01464.x.
  • Underwood AJ. 2000. Experimental ecology of rocky intertidal habitats: what are we learning? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 250:51–76. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00179-9.
  • Underwood AJ, Anderson MJ. 1994. Seasonal and temporal aspects of recruitment and succession in an intertidal estuarine fouling assemblage. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 74:563–584. doi:10.1017/S0025315400047676.
  • Underwood AJ, Fairweather PG. 1989. Supply-side ecology and benthic marine assemblages. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 4:16–20. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(89)90008-6.
  • Valentine JP, Johnson CR. 2005. Persistence of sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) barrens on the east coast of Tasmania: inhibition of macroalgal recovery in the absence of high densities of sea urchins. Botanica Marina. 48:106–115. doi:10.1515/BOT.2005.025.
  • van Noordwijk AJ, de Jong G. 1986. Acquisition and allocation of resources: their influence on variation in life history tactics. The American Naturalist. 128:137–142. doi:10.1086/284547.
  • van Tamelen PG. 1996. Algal zonation in tidepools: experimental evaluation of the roles of physical disturbance, herbivory and competition. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 201:197–231. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(95)00182-4.
  • Vine PJ. 1974. Effects of algal grazing and aggressive behaviour of the fishes Pomacentrus lividus and Acanthurus sohal on coral-reef ecology. Marine Biology. 24:131–136. doi:10.1007/BF00389347.
  • Vine PJ, Bailey-Brock JH. 1984. Taxonomy and ecology of coral reef tube worms (Serpulidae, Spirorbidae) in the Sudanese Red Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 80:135–156. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb01969.x.
  • Vine PJ, Bailey-Brock JH, Straughan D. 1972. Spirorbinae (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) from the Hawaiian chain part 2. Pacific Science. 26:150–182.
  • Wai T, Williams GA. 2006. Effect of grazing on coralline algae in seasonal, tropical, low-shore rock pools: spatio-temporal variation in settlement and persistence. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 326:99–113. doi:10.3354/meps326099.
  • Watanabe JM, Harrold C. 1991. Destructive grazing by sea urchins Strongylocentrotus spp. in a central California kelp forest: potential roles of recruitment, depth, and predation. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 71:125–141. doi:10.3354/meps071125.
  • Wentworth CK. 1922. A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments. The Journal of Geology. 30:377–392. doi:10.1086/622910.
  • Wright JT, Gribben PE. 2017. Disturbance-mediated facilitation by an intertidal ecosystem engineer. Ecology. 98:2425–2436. doi:10.1002/ecy.1932.
  • Wright JT, Gribben PE, Latzel S. 2016. Native ecosystem engineer facilitates recruitment of invasive crab and native invertebrates. Biological Invasions. 18:3163–3173. doi:10.1007/s10530-016-1206-2.
  • Young DK. 1969. Okadaia elegans, a tube-boring nudibranch mollusc from the central and west Pacific. American Zoologist. 9:903–907. doi:10.1093/icb/9.3.903.
  • Zamora LN, Dollimore J, Jeffs AG. 2014. Feasibility of co-culture of the Australasian sea cucumber (Australostichopus mollis) with the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 48:394–404. doi:10.1080/00288330.2014.901232.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.