Influence of urban density on energy retrofit of building stock: case study of Spain

References

• Ahmadian, E., Sodagar, B., Mills, G., & Bingham, C. (2019). Correlation of urban built form, density and energy performance. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1343(1), 012005. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1343/1/012005
   Google Scholar
• Almeida-Costa, A., & Benta, A. (2016). Economic and environmental impact study of warm mix asphalt compared to hot mix asphalt. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 2308–2317. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Palau, E. J., Martí-Henneberg, J., & Solanas-Jiménez, J. (2019). Urban growth and long-term transformations in Spanish cities since the mid-nineteenth century: A methodology to determine changes in urban density. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(24), 6948. doi:10.3390/SU11246948
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basbagill, J., Flager, F., Lepech, M., & Fischer, M. (2013). Application of life-cycle assessment to early stage building design for reduced embodied environmental impacts. Building and Environment, 60, 81–92. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beccali, M., Cellura, M., Fontana, M., Longo, S., & Mistretta, M. (2013). Energy retrofit of a single-family house: Life cycle net energy saving and environmental benefits. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 27, 283–293. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buyle, M., Braet, J., & Audenaert, A. (2013). Life cycle assessment in the construction sector: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26(October), 379–388. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.001
   Google Scholar
• Cabeza, L. F., Barreneche, C., Miró, L., Morera, J. M., Bartolí, E., & Inés Fernández, a. (2013). Low carbon and low embodied energy materials in buildings: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23, 536–542. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campolongo, F., Cariboni, J., & Saltelli, A. (2007). An effective screening design for sensitivity analysis of large models. Environmental Modelling & Software, 22, 1509–1518. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Commission to the European Parliament. (2020). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions.
   Google Scholar
• D’Angelo, J., Harm, E., Bartoszek, J., Baumgardner, G., Corrigan, M., Cowsert, J., … Yeaton, B. (2008). Warm-Mix Asphalt: European Practice.
   Google Scholar
• Ding, G. (2004). The development of a multi-criteria approach for the measurement of sustainable performance for built projects and facilities (PhD thesis). Sydney: University of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Domingo, D., van Vliet, J., & Hersperger, A. M. (2023). Long-term changes in 3D urban form in four Spanish cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 230, 104624. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ecoinvent. (2019). Ecoinvent.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2011). Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament. (2018). Directive (EU) 2018/844 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency.
   Google Scholar
• Fattahi Tabasi, S., Rafizadeh, H. R., Andaji Garmaroudi, A., & Banihashemi, S. (2023). Optimizing urban layouts through computational generative design: Density distribution and shape optimization. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 1–21. doi:10.1080/17452007.2023.2243272
   Google Scholar
• Gago, E. J., Roldan, J., Pacheco-Torres, R., & Ordóñez, J. (2013). The city and urban heat islands: A review of strategies to mitigate adverse effects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 749–758. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gálvez Ruiz, D., Diaz Cuevas, P., Braçe, O., & Garrido-Cumbrera, M. (2018). Developing an index to measure sub-municipal level urban sprawl. Social Indicators Research, 140(3), 929–952. doi:10.1007/s11205-017-1801-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gascón Alvarez, E., Feickert, K., Ismail, M. A., Mueller, C. T., & Norford, L. K. (2023). Integrated urban heat sinks for low-carbon neighbourhoods: Dissipating heat to the ground and sky through building structures. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 1–21. doi:10.1080/19401493.2023.2265335
   Google Scholar
• Hammond, G., & Jones, C. (2011). Inventory of carbon and energy (ICE) version 2.0. (2.0).
   Google Scholar
• Heiselberg, P., Brohus, H., Hesselholt, A., Rasmussen, H., Seinre, E., & Thomas, S. (2009). Application of sensitivity analysis in design of sustainable buildings. Renewable Energy, 34, 2030–2036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo, Y., Choudhary, R., & Augenbroe, G. A. (2012). Calibration of building energy models for retrofit analysis under uncertainty. Energy and Buildings, 47, 550–560. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.12.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, P. J., Huang, S. L., & Marcotullio, P. J. (2019). Relationships between CO2 emissions and embodied energy in building construction: A historical analysis of Taipei. Building and Environment, 155, 360–375. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.03.059
   Google Scholar
• IDAE Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía. (2019). SPAHOUSEC II: Análisis estadístico del consumo de gas natural en las viviendas principales con calefacción individual.
   Google Scholar
• IDAE Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía. (2021a). Estructura sectorial del consumo de energía final.
   Google Scholar
• IDAE Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía. (2021b). Informe anual de consumos por usos del sector residencial.
   Google Scholar
• IEA International Energy Agency. (2021). 2021 Global status report for buildings and construction.
   Google Scholar
• Kohansal, M. E., Akaf, H. R., Gholami, J., & Moshari, S. (2022). Investigating the simultaneous effects of building orientation and thermal insulation on heating and cooling loads in different climate zones. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 18(4), 410–433. doi:10.1080/17452007.2021.1901220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lausselet, C., Borgnes, V., & Brattebø, H. (2019). LCA modelling for zero emission neighbourhoods in early stage planning. Building and Environment, 149(October 2018), 379–389. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.12.034
   Google Scholar
• Lotteau, M., Loubet, P., Pousse, M., Dufrasnes, E., & Sonnemann, G. (2015). Critical review of life cycle assessment (LCA) for the built environment at the neighborhood scale. Building and Environment, 93(P2), 165–178. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.06.029
   Google Scholar
• Lotteau, M., Loubet, P., & Sonnemann, G. (2017). An analysis to understand how the shape of a concrete residential building influences its embodied energy and embodied carbon. Energy and Buildings, 154, 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.08.048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manuel Naredo, J., Jiménez Romera Ángela Matesanz Parellada Juan Jesús González Báez Gabriela Sánchez Calvete, C., Álvarez Mora María Castrillo Romón Jose María Ezquiaga Fernando Gaja Díaz Luis Andrés Orive Juan Luis de las Rivas Sanz Luis Santos Ganges, A., del Rosario Alonso Ibáñez, M., Pozuelo Guilló, P., & Jiménez Romera, C. (2010). White paper on sustainability in Spanish Urban Planning Ministry of Housing Government of Spain Direction José Fariña Tojo Production and management Agustín Hernández Aja Coordination with Ministry of Housing.
   Google Scholar
• Meteorological State Agency. (2020). Weather Normal Values.
   Google Scholar
• Ministerio de Fomento. (2013). Orden FOM/1635/2013 de 10 de septiembre por la que se actualiza el DB-HE, del Código Técnico de la Edificación, aprobado por Real Decreto 314/2006.
   Google Scholar
• Ministerio de Fomento. (2017). Documento descriptivo climas de referencia. Available at https://www.codigotecnico.org/pdf/Documentos/HE/20170202-DOC-DB-HE-0-Climas%20de%20referencia.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mohammadpourkarbasi, H., & Sharples, S. (2013). Eco-retrofitting very old dwellings: Current and future energy and carbon performance for two UK cities. PLEA2013 – 29th conference, sustainable architecture for a renewable future, Munich, Germany, 10–12 September 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, M. D. (1991). Factorial sampling plans for preliminary computational experiments. Technometrics, 33(2), 161–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mostafavi, N., Heris, M. P., Gándara, F., & Hoque, S. (2021). The relationship between urban density and building energy consumption. Buildings, 11(10), 455. doi:10.3390/buildings11100455
   Google Scholar
• NBE-CT 79. (1979). Norma Básica de Edificación NBE-CT-79, sobre condiciones térmicas en los edificios.
   Google Scholar
• Nematchoua, M. K., Asadi, S., & Reiter, S. (2022). Estimation, analysis and comparison of carbon emissions and construction cost of the two tallest buildings located in United States and China. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(10), 9313–9328. doi:10.1007/s13762-021-03799-w
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, A. T., & Reiter, S. (2015). A performance comparison of sensitivity analysis methods for building energy models. Building Simulation, 8(6), 651–664. doi:10.1007/s12273-015-0245-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco-Torres, R. (2014). Evaluación y propuesta de modelo para el cálculo de la demanda energética en edificios residenciales a partir del estudio de la altura y la integración de sistemas de energía solar fotovoltaica (Doctoral dissertation, in Spanish). University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
   Google Scholar
• Pacheco-Torres, R., Heo, Y., & Choudhary, R. (2016). Efficient energy modelling of heterogeneous building portfolios. Sustainable Cities and Society, 27, 49–64. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2016.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, F. N., Birkved, M., & Birgisdóttir, H. (2020). Low-carbon design strategies for new residential buildings–lessons from architectural practice. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 16(5), 374–390. doi:10.1080/17452007.2020.1747385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resch, E., André, R., Kvamsdal, T., & Lohne, J. (2016). Impact of urban density and building height on energy use in cities. Energy Procedia, 96(1876), 800–814. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.142
   Google Scholar
• Rey, E., Lufkin, S., Renaud, P., & Perret, L. (2013). The influence of centrality on the global energy consumption in Swiss neighborhoods. Energy and Buildings, 60, 75–82. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.01.002
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, C., & Freire, F. (2014). Integrated life-cycle assessment and thermal dynamic simulation of alternative scenarios for the roof retrofit of a house. Building and Environment, 81, 204–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roldán-Fontana, J., Pacheco-Torres, R., Jadraque-Gago, E., & Ordóñez, J. (2015). Optimization of CO2 emissions in the design phases of urban planning, based on geometric characteristics: A case study of a low-density urban area in Spain. Sustainability Science, 12, 65–85. doi:10.1007/s11625-015-0342-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, J., Bressi, S., Cerezo, V., Lo, D., & Dauvergne, M. (2018). Life cycle assessment of low temperature asphalt mixtures for road pavement surfaces : A comparative analysis. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 138(August), 283–297. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.07.012
   Google Scholar
• Sartori, T., & Calmon, J. L. (2019). Analysis of the impacts of retrofit actions on the life cycle energy consumption of typical neighbourhood dwellings. Journal of Building Engineering, 21(May 2018), 158–172. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2018.10.009
   Google Scholar
• SIMLAB. V2.2. (2011). Simulation environment for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Developed by the Joint Research Center of the European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Solís-Guzmán, J., Marrero, M., & Ramírez-de-Arellano, A. (2013). Methodology for determining the ecological footprint of the construction of residential buildings in Andalusia (Spain). Ecological Indicators, 25, 239–249. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.10.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spentzou, E., Cook, M. J., & Emmitt, S. (2022). Low-energy cooling and ventilation refurbishments for buildings in a Mediterranean climate. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 18(4), 473–494. doi:10.1080/17452007.2021.1926898
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, A., Crawford, R. H., & De Myttenaere, K. (2013). Multi-scale life cycle energy analysis of a low-density suburban neighbourhood in Melbourne, Australia. Building and Environment, 68, 35–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thormark, C. (2002). A low energy building in a life cycle — Its embodied energy, energy need for operation and recycling potential. Building and Environment, 37, 429–435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian, W. (2013). A review of sensitivity analysis methods in building energy analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 411–419. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Typology Approach for Building Stock Energy Assessment – IEE Project TABULA. (2012). TABULA web tool.
   Google Scholar
• Vilches, A., Garcia-Martinez, A., & Sanchez-Montañes, B. (2017). Life cycle assessment (LCA) of building refurbishment: A literature review. Energy and Buildings, 135, 286–301. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.11.042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabalza Bribián, I., Aranda Usón, A., & Scarpellini, S. (2009). Life cycle assessment in buildings: State-of-the-art and simplified LCA methodology as a complement for building certification. Building and Environment, 44(12), 2510–2520. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y., Tam, V. W., & Le, K. N. (2023). Sensitivity analysis of design variables in life-cycle environmental impacts of buildings. Journal of Building Engineering, 65, 105749. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105749
   Google Scholar