9,923
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Topology optimization for metal additive manufacturing: current trends, challenges, and future outlook

, , , , , , , , & show all
Article: e2181192 | Received 05 Nov 2022, Accepted 12 Feb 2023, Published online: 09 Mar 2023

References

  • Aage, N., E. Andreassen, and B. S. Lazarov. 2015. “Topology Optimization Using PETSc: An Easy-to-Use, Fully Parallel, Open Source Topology Optimization Framework.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 51 (3): 565–572. doi:10.1007/s00158-014-1157-0.
  • Abdi, M., I. Ashcroft, and R. D. Wildman. 2018. “Design Optimization for an Additively Manufactured Automotive Component.” International Journal of Powertrains 7 (1–3): 142–161. doi:10.1504/IJPT.2018.090371.
  • Abdulaziz, A., A. Tamimi, H. Almeida, and P. Bartolo. 2020. “Structural Optimisation for Medical Implants Through Additive Manufacturing.” Progress in Additive Manufacturing 0123456789, doi:10.1007/s40964-020-00109-7.
  • Abueidda, D. W., S. Koric, and N. A. Sobh. 2020. “Topology Optimization of 2D Structures with Nonlinearities Using Deep Learning.” Computers & Structures 237: 106283. doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2020.106283.
  • Ahn, D.-G. 2016. “Direct Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes and Their Sustainable Applications for Green Technology: A Review.” International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology 3 (4): 381–395. doi:10.1007/s40684-016-0048-9.
  • Ahn, H., M. B. Gingerich, R. Hahnlen, M. J. Dapino, and F. Pourboghrat. 2021. “Numerical Modeling of Mechanical Properties of UAM Reinforced Aluminum Hat Sections for Automotive Applications.” International Journal of Material Forming 14 (5): 917–928. doi:10.1007/s12289-020-01607-3.
  • Airworthiness Certification. 2022. “Airworthiness Certification.” Federal Aviation Administration. Accessed December 25, 2022. https://www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_cert/airworthiness_certification#:~:text=Amended type certificates typically take, between 5 and 9 years.
  • Al-Ali, M. A., M. A. Al-Ali, A. Takezawa, and M. Kitamura. 2017. “Topology Optimization and Fatigue Analysis of Temporomandibular Joint Prosthesis.” World Journal of Mechanics 7 (12): 323–339. doi:10.4236/wjm.2017.712025.
  • Al-Tamimi, A. A., P. R. A. Fernandes, C. Peach, G. Cooper, C. Diver, and P. J. Bartolo. 2017. “Metallic Bone Fixation Implants: A Novel Design Approach for Reducing the Stress Shielding Phenomenon.” Virtual and Physical Prototyping 12 (2): 141–151. doi:10.1080/17452759.2017.1307769.
  • Al-Tamimi, A. A., B. Huang, C. Vyas, M. Hernandez, C. Peach, and P. Bartolo. 2019. “Topology Optimised Metallic Bone Plates Produced by Electron Beam Melting: A Mechanical and Biological Study.” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 104 (1–4): 195–210. doi:10.1007/s00170-019-03866-0.
  • Al-Tamimi, A. A., C. Peach, and P. Bartolo. 2018. “Topology Optimization of Metallic Locking Compression Plates Produced Using Electron Beam Melting.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Progress in Additive Manufacturing 2018-May: 364–369. doi:10.25341/D41G66.
  • Alexandersen, J., O. Sigmund, and N. Aage. 2016. “Large Scale Three-Dimensional Topology Optimisation of Heat Sinks Cooled by Natural Convection.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 100: 876–891. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.05.013.
  • Alexandersen, J., O. Sigmund, K. E. Meyer, and B. S. Lazarov. 2018. “Design of Passive Coolers for Light-Emitting Diode Lamps Using Topology Optimisation.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122: 138–149. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.01.103.
  • Alkebsi, E. A. A., H. Ameddah, T. Outtas, and A. Almutawakel. 2021. “Design of Graded Lattice Structures in Turbine Blades Using Topology Optimization.” International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 34 (4): 370–384. doi:10.1080/0951192X.2021.1872106.
  • Allaire, G., M. Bihr, and B. Bogosel. 2020. “Support Optimization in Additive Manufacturing for Geometric and Thermo-Mechanical Constraints.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 61 (6): 2377–2399. doi:10.1007/s00158-020-02551-1.
  • Allaire, G., and B. Bogosel. 2018. “Optimizing Supports for Additive Manufacturing.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 58 (6): 2493–2515. doi:10.1007/s00158-018-2125-x.
  • Allaire, G., C. Dapogny, R. Estevez, A. Faure, and G. Michailidis. 2017. “Structural Optimization Under Overhang Constraints Imposed by Additive Manufacturing Technologies.” Journal of Computational Physics 351: 295–328. doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2017.09.041.
  • Allaire, G., and L. Jakabčin. 2018. “Taking into Account Thermal Residual Stresses in Topology Optimization of Structures Built by Additive Manufacturing.” Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 28 (12): 2313–2366. doi:10.1142/s0218202518500501.
  • Allaire, G., F. Jouve, and A.-M. Toader. 2004. “Structural Optimization Using Sensitivity Analysis and a Level-Set Method.” Journal of Computational Physics 194 (1): 363–393. doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2003.09.032.
  • Alnæs, M., J. Blechta, J. Hake, A. Johansson, B. Kehlet, A. Logg, C. Richardson, J. Ring, M. Rognes, and G. N. Wells. 2015. “The FEniCS Project Version 1.5.” Archive of Numerical Software 3 (100). doi:10.11588/ans.2015.100.20553.
  • Alonso, D. H., L. F. N. de Sá, J. S. R. Saenz, and E. C. N. Silva. 2019. “Topology Optimization Based on a Two-Dimensional Swirl Flow Model of Tesla-Type Pump Devices.” Computers & Mathematics with Applications (1987) 77 (9): 2499–2533. doi:10.1016/j.camwa.2018.12.035.
  • Altair Engineering. 2021a. “Altair Optistruct.” Version 20.2 [Software]. Accessed February 7, 2023. [Online]. https://www.altair.com/optistruct.
  • Altair Engineering. 2021b. “Altair Inspire.” Version 2021.2 [Software]. Accessed February 7, 2023. [Online]. https://www.altair.com/inspire.
  • Alzahrani, M., S.-K. Choi, and D. W. Rosen. 2015. “Design of Truss-Like Cellular Structures Using Relative Density Mapping Method.” Materials and Design 85: 349–360. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.180.
  • Amir, E., and O. Amir. 2021. “Concurrent High-Resolution Topology Optimization of Structures and Their Supports for Additive Manufacturing.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 63 (6): 2589–2612. doi:10.1007/s00158-020-02835-6.
  • Anderson, R., et al. 2021. “MFEM: A Modular Finite Element Methods Library.” Computers & Mathematics with Applications (1987) 81 (C): 42–74. doi:10.1016/j.camwa.2020.06.009.
  • Andreassen, E., A. Clausen, M. Schevenels, B. S. Lazarov, and O. Sigmund. 2011. “Efficient Topology Optimization in MATLAB Using 88 Lines of Code.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 43 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1007/s00158-010-0594-7.
  • Ansys Inc. 2022. “ANSYS Mechanical.” Version 2021 R21 [Software]. Accessed February 7, 2023. [Online]. https://www.ansys.com/products/structures/ansys-mechanical.
  • Aranda, E., J. C. Bellido, and A. Donoso. 2020. “Toptimiz3D: A Topology Optimization Software Using Unstructured Meshes.” Advances in Engineering Software (1992) 148: 102875. doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2020.102875.
  • Aremu, A. O., et al. 2017. “A Voxel-Based Method of Constructing and Skinning Conformal and Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Suitable for Additive Manufacturing.” Addit Manuf 13: 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2016.10.006.
  • Arndt, D., et al. 2021. “The Deal.II Library, Version 9.3.” Journal of Numerical Mathematics, doi:10.1515/jnma-2021-0081.
  • Arora, R., et al. 2019. “Volumetric Michell Trusses for Parametric Design & Fabrication.” Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Computational Fabrication, Art. no. 6.
  • Autodesk. 2022. “Fusion 360.” Version 2.0.13162 [Software]. Accessed February 7, 2023. [Online]. https://www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360.
  • Bacciaglia, A., A. Ceruti, and A. Liverani. 2019. “A Systematic Review of Voxelization Method in Additive Manufacturing.” Mechanics & Industry 20 (6): 630. doi:10.1051/meca/2019058.
  • Bacciaglia, A., A. Ceruti, and A. Liverani. 2020. “Additive Manufacturing Challenges and Future Developments in the Next Ten Years.” Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, 891–902. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31154-4_76.
  • Balay, S., et al. 2021. PETSC/TAO Users Manual. Argonne: Argonne National Laboratory.
  • Bandyopadhyay, A., and K. D. Traxel. 2018. “Invited Review Article: Metal-Additive Manufacturing – Modeling Strategies for Application-Optimized Designs.” Addit Manuf 22: 758–774. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2018.06.024.
  • Banga, S., L. Gehani, H. Bhilare, S. Patel, and S. Kara, 2018. “3D Topology Optimization Using Convolutional Neural Networks.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.07440, doi:10.1063/pt.5.028530.
  • Barbieri, S. G., M. Giacopini, V. Mangeruga, and S. Mantovani. 2017. “A Design Strategy Based on Topology Optimization Techniques for an Additive Manufactured High Performance Engine Piston.” Procedia Manuf 11: 641–649. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.162.
  • Barbieri, S. G., M. Giacopini, V. Mangeruga, and S. Mantovani. 2018. “Design of an Additive Manufactured Steel Piston for a High Performance Engine: Developing of a Numerical Methodology Based on Topology Optimization Techniques.” SAE Int J Engines 11 (6): 1139–1150. doi:10.4271/2018-01-1385.
  • Barnes, J. E. 2021a. “Speed is Relative in AM: A Data-Driven Comparison of Multi-Laser Powder Bed Fusion and Binder Jet Processing.” Additive Manufacturing Magazine. Accessed December 19, 2021. https://www.additivemanufacturing.media/articles/speed-is-relative-in-am-a-data-driven-comparison-of-multi-laser-powder-bed-fusion-and-binder-jet-processing.
  • Barnes, J. E. 2021b. “Making a Slow Decision on a Fast Technology: Evaluating the Business Case for Multi-Laser Powder Bed Fusion.” Additive Manufacturing Magazine. Accessed December 19, 2021. https://www.additivemanufacturing.media/articles/making-a-slow-decision-on-a-fast-technology-evaluating-the-business-case-for-multi-laser-powder-bed-fusion.
  • Barreiro, P., A. Bronner, J. Hoffmeister, and J. Hermes. 2019. “New Improvement Opportunities Through Applying Topology Optimization Combined with 3D Printing to the Construction of Gearbox Housings.” Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 83 (3): 669–681. doi:10.1007/s10010-019-00374-1.
  • Barroqueiro, B., A. Andrade-Campos, and R. A. F. Valente. 2019. “Designing Self Supported SLM Structures via Topology Optimization.” Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3 (3): 68. doi:10.3390/jmmp3030068.
  • Bartsch, K., F. Lange, M. Gralow, and C. Emmelmann. 2019. “Novel Approach to Optimized Support Structures in Laser Beam Melting by Combining Process Simulation with Topology Optimization.” Journal of Laser Applications 31 (2): 22302. doi:10.2351/1.5096096.
  • Bastian, P., et al. 2021. “The Dune Framework: Basic Concepts and Recent Developments.” Computers & Mathematics with Applications 81: 75–112. doi:10.1016/j.camwa.2020.06.007.
  • Bayat, M., W. Dong, J. Thorborg, A. C. To, and J. H. Hattel. 2021. “A Review of Multi-Scale and Multi-Physics Simulations of Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes with Focus on Modeling Strategies.” Addit Manuf 47: 102278. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102278.
  • Bendsøe, M. P., and N. Kikuchi. 1988. “Generating Optimal Topologies in Structural Design Using a Homogenization Method.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 71 (2): 197–224. doi:10.1016/0045-7825(88)90086-2.
  • Bendsøe, M. P., O. Sigmund, M. P. Bendsoe, O. Sigmund, M. P. Bendsøe, and O. Sigmund. 2011. Topology Optimization: Theory, Methods, and Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Bergmann, G., A. Bender, J. Dymke, G. Duda, and P. Damm. 2016. “Standardized Loads Acting in Hip Implants.” PLoS One 11 (5): e0155612–e0155612. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155612.
  • Berrocal, L., et al. 2019. “Topology Optimization and Additive Manufacturing for Aerospace Components.” Progress in Additive Manufacturing 4 (2): 83–95. doi:10.1007/s40964-018-0061-3.
  • Bhavar, V., P. Kattire, V. Patil, S. Khot, K. Gujar, and R. Singh. 2017. “A Review on Powder Bed Fusion Technology of Metal Additive Manufacturing.” Additive Manufacturing Handbook. CRC Press, 251–253. doi:10.1201/9781315119106-15.
  • Bi, M., P. Tran, and Y. M. Xie. 2020. “Topology Optimization of 3D Continuum Structures Under Geometric Self-Supporting Constraint.” Addit Manuf 36 (May): 101422. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2020.101422.
  • Bici, M., G. B. Broggiato, and F. Campana. 2016. “Topological Optimization in Concept Design: Starting Approach and a Validation Case Study.” Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 289–299. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45781-9_30.
  • Bikas, H., J. Stavridis, P. Stavropoulos, and G. Chryssolouris. 2016a. “A Design Framework to Replace Conventional Manufacturing Processes with Additive Manufacturing for Structural Components: A Formula Student Case Study.” Procedia CIRP 57: 710–715. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.11.123.
  • Bikas, H., P. Stavropoulos, and G. Chryssolouris. 2016b. “Additive Manufacturing Methods and Modeling Approaches: A Critical Review.” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 83 (1–4): 389–405. doi:10.1007/s00170-015-7576-2.
  • Bin Masood, T., et al. 2021. “An Overview of the Topology ToolKit.” Topological Methods in Data Analysis and Visualization VI, 327–342.
  • Bittredge, O., et al. 2022. “Fabrication and Optimisation of Ti-6Al-4V Lattice-Structured Total Shoulder Implants Using Laser Additive Manufacturing.” Materials (Basel) 15 (9): 3095. doi:10.3390/ma15093095.
  • Blakey-Milner, B., et al. 2021. “Metal Additive Manufacturing in Aerospace: A Review.” Materials and Design 209: 110008. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110008.
  • Bogomolny, M. 2018. “Paramatters Releases CogniCAD 2.0 Topology Optimiser for Lightweighting.” Metal AM Magazine. [Online]. https://www.metal-am.com/paramatters-releases-cognicad-2-0-topology-optimiser-for-lightweighting/.
  • Bohrer, R., and I. Y. Kim. 2021. “Multi-material Topology Optimization Considering Isotropic and Anisotropic Materials Combination.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 64 (3): 1567. doi:10.1007/s00158-021-02941-z.
  • Boissier, M., G. Allaire, and C. Tournier. 2020. “Additive Manufacturing Scanning Paths Optimization Using Shape Optimization Tools.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 61 (6): 2437–2466. doi:10.1007/s00158-020-02614-3.
  • Borrvall, T., and J. Petersson. 2001. “Large-Scale Topology Optimization in 3D Using Parallel Computing.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 190 (46–47): 6201–6229. doi:10.1016/s0045-7825(01)00216-x.
  • Bose, S., S. Vahabzadeh, and A. Bandyopadhyay. 2013. “Bone Tissue Engineering Using 3D Printing.” Materials Today 16 (12): 496–504. doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2013.11.017.
  • Bourell, D., et al. 2017. “Materials for Additive Manufacturing.” CIRP Annals 66 (2): 659–681. doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2017.05.009.
  • Bruns, T. E. 2007. “Topology Optimization of Convection-Dominated, Steady-State Heat Transfer Problems.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 50 (15–16): 2859–2873. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.01.039.
  • Bujny, M., M. Olhofer, N. Aulig, and F. Duddeck. 2021. “Topology Optimization of 3D-Printed Joints Under Crash Loads Using Evolutionary Algorithms.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 64 (6): 4181–4206. doi:10.1007/s00158-021-03053-4.
  • Bungartz, H.-J., et al. 2016. “preCICE – a Fully Parallel Library for Multi-Physics Surface Coupling.” Computers & Fluids 141: 250–258. doi:10.1016/j.compfluid.2016.04.003.
  • Cacace, S., E. Cristiani, and L. Rocchi. 2017. “A Level Set Based Method for Fixing Overhangs in 3D Printing.” Applied Mathematical Modelling 44: 446–455. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2017.02.004.
  • CAESS. 2022. “ProTOp.” Version 6.2 [Software]. Accessed February 7, 2023. [Online]. https://caess.eu/.
  • Caivano, R., et al. 2022. “Defect-Driven Topology Optimisation: TopFat Algorithm Validation via 3D Components re-Design for Real Industrial Applications.” Procedia Structural Integrity 39: 81–88. doi:10.1016/j.prostr.2022.03.075.
  • Calignano, F. 2014. “Design Optimization of Supports for Overhanging Structures in Aluminum and Titanium Alloys by Selective Laser Melting.” Materials and Design 64: 203–213. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.043.
  • Carnicero, A., A. Peláez, A. Restoy-Lozano, I. Jacquott, and R. Perera. 2021. “Improvement of an Additively Manufactured Subperiosteal Implant Structure Design by Finite Elements Based Topological Optimization.” Scientific Reports 11 (1): 15390. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94980-1.
  • Carraturo, M., J. Jomo, S. Kollmannsberger, A. Reali, F. Auricchio, and E. Rank. 2020. “Modeling and Experimental Validation of an Immersed Thermo-Mechanical Part-Scale Analysis for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processes.” Addit Manuf 36: 101498. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2020.101498.
  • Carstensen, J. V., and J. K. Guest. 2013. “Improved Two-Phase Projection Topology Optimization.” In Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 1–8. Orlando, FL.
  • Carstensen, J. v., and J. K. Guest. 2018. “Projection-Based Two-Phase Minimum and Maximum Length Scale Control in Topology Optimization.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 58 (5): 1845–1860. doi:10.1007/s00158-018-2066-4.
  • Cecchel, S. 2020. “Materials and Technologies for Lightweighting of Structural Parts for Automotive Applications: A Review.” SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 14 (1), doi:10.4271/05-14-01-0007.
  • Chandrasekhar, A., and K. Suresh. 2021. “Multi-Material Topology Optimization Using Neural Networks.” CAD Computer Aided Design 136: 1135–1149. doi:10.1016/j.cad.2021.103017.
  • Chen, Q., et al. 2021a. “Island Scanning Pattern Optimization for Residual Deformation Mitigation in Laser Powder bed Fusion via Sequential Inherent Strain Method and Sensitivity Analysis.” Addit Manuf 46: 102116. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102116.
  • Chen, Y., et al. 2021b. “Topology Optimization Design and Experimental Research of a 3D-Printed Metal Aerospace Bracket Considering Fatigue Performance.” Applied Sciences 11 (15): 6671. doi:10.3390/app11156671.
  • Cheng, B., and K. Chou. 2020. “A Numerical Investigation of Support Structure Designs for Overhangs in Powder bed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing.” Journal of Manufacturing Processes 49: 187–195. doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.11.018.
  • Cheng, L., X. Liang, J. Bai, Q. Chen, J. Lemon, and A. To. 2019a. “On Utilizing Topology Optimization to Design Support Structure to Prevent Residual Stress Induced Build Failure in Laser Powder bed Metal Additive Manufacturing.” Addit Manuf 27: 290–304. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.03.001.
  • Cheng, K., Y. Liu, C. Yao, W. Zhao, and X. Xu. 2019b. “A Personalized Mandibular Implant with Supporting and Porous Structures Designed with Topology Optimization – a Case Study of Canine.” Rapid Prototyping Journal 25 (2): 417–426. doi:10.1108/rpj-11-2017-0231.
  • Cheng, L., and A. To. 2019. “Part-scale Build Orientation Optimization for Minimizing Residual Stress and Support Volume for Metal Additive Manufacturing: Theory and Experimental Validation.” Computer-Aided Design 113: 1–23. doi:10.1016/j.cad.2019.03.004.
  • Cheng, L., P. Zhang, E. Biyikli, J. Bai, J. Robbins, and A. To. 2017. “Efficient Design Optimization of Variable-Density Cellular Structures for Additive Manufacturing: Theory and Experimental Validation.” Rapid Prototyping Journal 23 (4): 660–677. doi:10.1108/RPJ-04-2016-0069.
  • Colosimo, B. M., M. Grasso, F. Garghetti, and B. Rossi. 2022. “Complex Geometries in Additive Manufacturing: A New Solution for Lattice Structure Modeling and Monitoring.” Journal of Quality Technology 54 (4): 392–414. doi:10.1080/00224065.2021.1926377.
  • Cook, P. S., and A. B. Murphy. 2020. “Simulation of Melt Pool Behaviour During Additive Manufacturing: Underlying Physics and Progress.” Addit Manuf 31: 100909. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.100909.
  • Cooper, K., P. Steele, B. Cheng, and K. Chou. 2017. “Contact-Free Support Structures for Part Overhangs in Powder-Bed Metal Additive Manufacturing.” Inventions 3 (1): 2. doi:10.3390/inventions3010002.
  • Costa, G., and M. Montemurro. 2020. “Eigen-frequencies and Harmonic Responses in Topology Optimisation: A CAD-Compatible Algorithm.” Engineering Structures 214: 110602. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110602.
  • Costa, G., M. Montemurro, and J. Pailhès. 2021. “NURBS Hyper-Surfaces for 3D Topology Optimization Problems.” Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures 28 (7): 665–684. doi:10.1080/15376494.2019.1582826.
  • Costa, G., M. Montemurro, J. Pailhès, and N. Perry. 2019. “Maximum Length Scale Requirement in a Topology Optimisation Method Based on NURBS Hyper-Surfaces.” CIRP Annals 68 (1): 153–156. doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2019.04.048.
  • Creswell, A., T. White, V. Dumoulin, K. Arulkumaran, B. Sengupta, and A. A. Bharath. 2018. “Generative Adversarial Networks: An Overview.” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 35 (1): 53–65. doi:10.1109/msp.2017.2765202.
  • Cucinotta, F., M. Raffaele, and F. Salmeri. 2019. “A Topology Optimization of a Motorsport Safety Device.” Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 400–409. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31154-4_34.
  • da Silva, G. A., A. T. Beck, and O. Sigmund. 2019. “Stress-Constrained Topology Optimization Considering Uniform Manufacturing Uncertainties.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 344: 512–537. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2018.10.020.
  • Dagkolu, A., I. Gokdag, and O. Yilmaz. 2021. “Design and Additive Manufacturing of a Fatigue-Critical Aerospace Part Using Topology Optimization and L-PBF Process.” Procedia Manuf 54: 238–243. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2021.07.037.
  • Dai, N., et al. 2018. “Design of a Maxillofacial Prosthesis Based on Topology Optimization.” Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 18 (3): 1850024. doi:10.1142/s0219519418500240.
  • Dallago, M., S. Raghavendra, V. Luchin, G. Zappini, D. Pasini, and M. Benedetti. 2019. “Geometric Assessment of Lattice Materials Built via Selective Laser Melting.” Materials Today: Proceedings 7: 353–361. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2018.11.096.
  • Dalpadulo, E., F. Gherardini, F. Pini, and F. Leali. 2020b. “Integration of Topology Optimisation and Design Variants Selection for Additive Manufacturing-Based Systematic Product Redesign.” Applied Sciences 10 (21): 7841. doi:10.3390/app10217841.
  • Dalpadulo, E., F. Pini, and F. Leali. 2020a. “Integrated CAD Platform Approach for Design for Additive Manufacturing of High Performance Automotive Components.” International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) 14 (3): 899–909. doi:10.1007/s12008-020-00684-7.
  • Dalpadulo, E., F. Pini, and F. Leali. 2021a. “Optimization of an Engine Piston Through CAD Platforms and Additive Manufacturing Based Systematic Product Redesign.” Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 486–493. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91234-5_49.
  • Dalpadulo, E., F. Pini, and F. Leali. 2021b. “Design for Additive Manufacturing of a Topology Optimized Brake Caliper Through CAD-Platform-Based Systematic Approach.” Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 92–97. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_16.
  • Dalpadulo, E., F. Pini, and F. Leali. 2021c. “Assessment of Computer-Aided Design Tools for Topology Optimization of Additively Manufactured Automotive Components.” Applied Sciences 11 (22): 10980. doi:10.3390/app112210980.
  • Dassault Systemes. 2021. “Abaqus Simulia.” Version 2021 [Software]. Accessed February 7, 2023. [Online]. https://www.3ds.com/products-services/simulia/.
  • Daynes, S., S. Feih, W. F. Lu, and J. Wei. 2017. “Optimisation of Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Using Isostatic Lines.” Materials and Design 127: 215–223. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2017.04.082.
  • Dbouk, T. 2017. “A Review About the Engineering Design of Optimal Heat Transfer Systems Using Topology Optimization.” Applied Thermal Engineering 112: 841–854. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.10.134.
  • Deaton, J. D., and R. v. Grandhi. 2016. “Stress-Based Design of Thermal Structures via Topology Optimization.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 53 (2): 253–270. doi:10.1007/s00158-015-1331-z.
  • DeBoer, B., N. Nguyen, F. Diba, and A. Hosseini. 2021. “Additive, Subtractive, and Formative Manufacturing of Metal Components: A Life Cycle Assessment Comparison.” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 115 (1–2): 413–432. doi:10.1007/s00170-021-07173-5.
  • DebRoy, T., et al. 2018. “Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Components – Process, Structure and Properties.” Progress in Materials Science 92: 112–224. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.10.001.
  • DebRoy, T., T. Mukherjee, H. L. Wei, J. W. Elmer, and J. O. Milewski. 2021. “Metallurgy, Mechanistic Models and Machine Learning in Metal Printing.” Nat Rev Mater 6 (1): 48–68. doi:10.1038/s41578-020-00236-1.
  • Dede, E. M., S. N. Joshi, and F. Zhou. 2015. “Topology Optimization, Additive Layer Manufacturing, and Experimental Testing of an Air-Cooled Heat Sink.” Journal of Mechanical Design 137 (11), doi:10.1115/1.4030989.
  • Deng, H., P. S. Vulimiri, and A. C. To. 2021. “An Efficient 146-Line 3D Sensitivity Analysis Code of Stress-Based Topology Optimization Written in MATLAB.” Optimization and Engineering, doi:10.1007/s11081-021-09675-3.
  • Deng, X., Y. Wang, J. Yan, T. Liu, and S. Wang. 2015. “Topology Optimization of Total Femur Structure: Application of Parameterized Level Set Method Under Geometric Constraints.” Journal of Mechanical Design 138 (1), doi:10.1115/1.4031803.
  • Di Angelo, L., P. Di Stefano, and E. Guardiani. 2020. “Search for the Optimal Build Direction in Additive Manufacturing Technologies: A Review.” Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4 (3): 71. doi:10.3390/jmmp4030071.
  • Diegel, O., A. Nordin, and D. Motte. 2019. A Practical Guide to Design for Additive Manufacturing. Singapore: Springer Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8281-9.
  • Donofrio, M. 2016. “Topology Optimization and Advanced Manufacturing as a Means for the Design of Sustainable Building Components.” Procedia Engineering 145: 638–645. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.04.054.
  • du Plessis, A., et al. 2019. “Beautiful and Functional: A Review of Biomimetic Design in Additive Manufacturing.” Addit Manuf 27: 408–427. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.03.033.
  • du Plessis, A., I. Yadroitsava, and I. Yadroitsev. 2020. “Effects of Defects on Mechanical Properties in Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review Focusing on X-Ray Tomography Insights.” Materials and Design 187: 108385. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108385.
  • Dunbar, A. J. 2016. “Analysis of the Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Process Through Experimental Measurement and Finite Element Modeling.” Department of Mechanical Engineering Doctor of (May): 176.
  • el Khadiri, I., et al. 2022. “TPMS Lattice Structure Derived Using Topology Optimization for the Design of Additive Manufactured Components.” in 2022 8th International Conference on Optimization and Applications (ICOA), 1–4. doi:10.1109/ICOA55659.2022.9934649.
  • Fan, Y., et al. 2021. “Research and Experimental Verification on Topology-Optimization Design Method of Space Mirror Based on Additive-Manufacturing Technology.” Machines (MDPI) 9 (354), doi:10.3390/machines9120354.
  • Fang, Z.-C., Z.-L. Wu, C.-G. Huang, and C.-W. Wu. 2020. “Review on Residual Stress in Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing of Alloy Parts.” Optics & Laser Technology 129 (15): 106283. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106283.
  • Faskhutdinov, R. N., A. S. Dubrovskaya, K. A. Dongauzer, P. V. Maksimov, and N. A. Trufanov. 2017. “Topology Optimization of a Gas-Turbine Engine Part.” IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 177: 12077. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/177/1/012077.
  • Fayazfar, H., et al. 2018. “A Critical Review of Powder-Based Additive Manufacturing of Ferrous Alloys: Process Parameters, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties.” Materials and Design 144: 98–128. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2018.02.018.
  • Fernández, E., M. Collet, P. Alarcón, S. Bauduin, and P. Duysinx. 2019. “An Aggregation Strategy of Maximum Size Constraints in Density-Based Topology Optimization.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 60 (5): 2113–2130. doi:10.1007/s00158-019-02313-8.
  • Fernández, E., K. Yang, S. Koppen, P. Alarcón, S. Bauduin, and P. Duysinx. 2020. “Imposing Minimum and Maximum Member Size, Minimum Cavity Size, and Minimum Separation Distance Between Solid Members in Topology Optimization.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 368: 113157. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2020.113157.
  • Ferro, C., R. Grassi, C. Seclì, and P. Maggiore. 2016. “Additive Manufacturing Offers New Opportunities in UAV Research.” Procedia CIRP 41: 1004–1010. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2015.12.104.
  • Ferro, C. G., A. Mazza, D. Belmonte, C. Seclì, and P. Maggiore. 2017. “A Comparison Between 3D Printing and Milling Process for a Spar Cap Fitting (Wing-Fuselage) of UAV Aircraft.” Procedia CIRP 62: 487–493. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.06.028.
  • Fetisov, K. V., and P. V. Maksimov. 2018. “Topology Optimization and Laser Additive Manufacturing in Design Process of Efficiency Lightweight Aerospace Parts.” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1015: 52006. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1015/5/052006.
  • Flint, T. F., J. A. Francis, M. C. Smith, and A. N. Vasileiou. 2018. “Semi-Analytical Solutions for the Transient Temperature Fields Induced by a Moving Heat Source in an Orthogonal Domain.” International Journal of Thermal Sciences 123: 140–150. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2017.09.012.
  • Fraldi, M., L. Esposito, G. Perrella, A. Cutolo, and S. C. Cowin. 2010. “Topological Optimization in Hip Prosthesis Design.” Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology 9 (4): 389–402. doi:10.1007/s10237-009-0183-0.
  • Francois, M. M., et al. 2017. “Modeling of Additive Manufacturing Processes for Metals: Challenges and Opportunities.” Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science 21 (4): 198–206. doi:10.1016/j.cossms.2016.12.001.
  • Frazier, W. E. 2014. “Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review.” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 23 (6): 1917–1928. doi:10.1007/s11665-014-0958-z.
  • Galvao, J., P. Faria, A. Mateus, T. Pereira, and S. Fernandes. 2021. “Heatsinks to Cool Batteries for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.” Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 19: 327–332. doi:10.24084/repqj19.287.
  • Ganesh-Ram, A., Samarth Ramachandra, B. B. Ravichander, N. Swails, and A. Amerinatanzi. 2021. “Study on the Microstructural and Hardness Variations of Unsupported Overhangs Fabricated Using Selective Laser Melting.” Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials XV. SPIE, doi:10.1117/12.2585605.
  • Gao, W., et al. 2015. “The Status, Challenges, and Future of Additive Manufacturing in Engineering.” CAD Computer Aided Design 69: 65–89. doi:10.1016/j.cad.2015.04.001.
  • Gao, T., W. H. Zhang, J. H. Zhu, Y. J. Xu, and D. H. Bassir. 2008. “Topology Optimization of Heat Conduction Problem Involving Design-Dependent Heat Load Effect.” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 44 (14): 805–813. doi:10.1016/j.finel.2008.06.001.
  • Garaigordobil, A., R. Ansola, J. Santamaría, and I. F. de Bustos. 2018. “A New Overhang Constraint for Topology Optimization of Self-Supporting Structures in Additive Manufacturing.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 58 (5): 2003–2017. doi:10.1007/s00158-018-2010-7.
  • Garaigordobil, A., R. Ansola, E. Veguería, and I. Fernandez. 2019. “Overhang Constraint for Topology Optimization of Self-Supported Compliant Mechanisms Considering Additive Manufacturing.” Computer-Aided Design 109: 33–48. doi:10.1016/j.cad.2018.12.006.
  • Gardan, N., and A. Schneider. 2015. “Topological Optimization of Internal Patterns and Support in Additive Manufacturing.” Journal of Manufacturing Systems 37: 417–425. doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2014.07.003.
  • Gatsos, T., K. A. Elsayed, Y. Zhai, and D. A. Lados. 2019. “Review on Computational Modeling of Process–Microstructure–Property Relationships in Metal Additive Manufacturing.” JOM Journal of the Minerals Metals and Materials Society 72 (1): 403–419. doi:10.1007/s11837-019-03913-x.
  • Gaymann, A., F. Montomoli, and M. Pietropaoli. 2017. “Design for Additive Manufacturing: Valves Without Moving Parts.” Volume 2C: Turbomachinery. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, doi:10.1115/gt2017-64872.
  • Gaynor, A. T., and J. K. Guest. 2014. “Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing: Considering Maximum Overhang Constraint.” AIAA AVIATION 2014 – 15th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference, AIAA 2014-2036. doi:10.2514/6.2014-2036.
  • Gaynor, A. T., and J. K. Guest. 2016. “Topology Optimization Considering Overhang Constraints: Eliminating Sacrificial Support Material in Additive Manufacturing Through Design.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 54 (5): 1157–1172. doi:10.1007/s00158-016-1551-x.
  • Gebisa, A. W., and H. G. Lemu. 2017a. “A Case Study on Topology Optimized Design for Additive Manufacturing.” IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 276: 12026. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/276/1/012026.
  • Gebisa, A. W., and H. G. Lemu. 2017b. “Design for Manufacturing to Design for Additive Manufacturing: Analysis of Implications for Design Optimality and Product Sustainability.” Procedia Manuf 13: 724–731. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2017.09.120.
  • Geuzaine, C., and J.-F. Remacle. 2009. “Gmsh: A 3-D Finite Element Mesh Generator with Built- in Pre- and Post-Processing Facilities.” International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 79 (11): 1309–1331. doi:10.1002/nme.2579.
  • Gisario, A., M. Kazarian, F. Martina, and M. Mehrpouya. 2019. “Metal Additive Manufacturing in the Commercial Aviation Industry: A Review.” Journal of Manufacturing Systems 53: 124–149. doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2019.08.005.
  • Gleadall, A. 2021. “FullControl GCode Designer: Open-Source Software for Unconstrained Design in Additive Manufacturing.” Addit Manuf 46: 102109. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102109.
  • Goda, I., J. F. Ganghoffer, S. Czarnecki, R. Czubacki, and P. Wawruch. 2019. “Topology Optimization of Bone Using Cubic Material Design and Evolutionary Methods Based on Internal Remodeling.” Mechanics Research Communications 95: 52–60. doi:10.1016/j.mechrescom.2018.12.003.
  • Gómez Pérez, C. A., H. I. Medellín-Castillo, and R. Espinosa-Castañeda. 2017. “Computer Assisted Design and Structural Topology Optimization of Customized Craniofacial Implants.” Volume 3: Biomedical and Biotechnology Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers 3: 1–11. doi:10.1115/imece2017-72219.
  • Gralow, M., F. Weigand, D. Herzog, T. Wischeropp, and C. Emmelmann. 2020. “Biomimetic Design and Laser Additive Manufacturing – a Perfect Symbiosis?” Journal of Laser Applications 32 (2): 21201. doi:10.2351/1.5131642.
  • Gray, J. S., J. T. Hwang, J. R. R. A. Martins, K. T. Moore, and B. A. Naylor. 2019. “OpenMDAO: An Open-Source Framework for Multidisciplinary Design, Analysis, and Optimization.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 59 (4): 1075–1104. doi:10.1007/s00158-019-02211-z.
  • Großmann, A., P. Weis, C. Clemen, and C. Mittelstedt. 2020. “Optimization and re-Design of a Metallic Riveting Tool for Additive Manufacturing – a Case Study.” Addit Manuf 31: 100892. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.100892.
  • Gu, D. D., W. Meiners, K. Wissenbach, and R. Poprawe. 2012. “Laser Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Components: Materials, Processes and Mechanisms.” International Materials Reviews 57 (3): 133–164. doi:10.1179/1743280411y.0000000014.
  • Guan, X., and Y. F. Zhao. 2020. “Modeling of the Laser Powder–Based Directed Energy Deposition Process for Additive Manufacturing: A Review.” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 107 (5–6): 1959–1982. doi:10.1007/s00170-020-05027-0.
  • Guest, J. K. 2009a. “Topology Optimization with Multiple Phase Projection.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 199 (1): 123–135. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2009.09.023.
  • Guest, J. K. 2009b. “Imposing Maximum Length Scale in Topology Optimization.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 37 (5): 463–473. doi:10.1007/s00158-008-0250-7.
  • Guest, J. K., J. H. Prévost, and T. Belytschko. 2004. “Achieving Minimum Length Scale in Topology Optimization Using Nodal Design Variables and Projection Functions.” International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 61 (2): 238–254. doi:10.1002/nme.1064.
  • Guo, X. X., and Z. H. Chen. 2020. “Numerical Simulation of Laser Additive Manufacturing Process: A Review.” Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica 42 (10): 13. doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2020.24227.
  • Guo, X., Z. Du, C. Liu, and S. Tang. 2021. “A New Uncertainty Analysis-Based Framework for Data-Driven Computational Mechanics.” Journal of Applied Mechanics, Transactions ASME 88 (11): 1–6. doi:10.1115/1.4051594.
  • Guo, L. X., and J. Y. Yin. 2019. “Finite Element Analysis and Design of an Interspinous Device Using Topology Optimization.” Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 57 (1): 89–98. doi:10.1007/s11517-018-1838-8.
  • Guo, X., J. Zhou, W. Zhang, Z. Du, C. Liu, and Y. Liu. 2017. “Self-Supporting Structure Design in Additive Manufacturing Through Explicit Topology Optimization.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 323: 27–63. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2017.05.003.
  • Haase, K., and G. Rouhi. 2013. “Prediction of Stress Shielding Around an Orthopedic Screw: Using Stress and Strain Energy Density as Mechanical Stimuli.” Computers in Biology and Medicine 43 (11): 1748. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.07.032.
  • Hajializadeh, F., and A. Ince. 2019. “Short Review on Modeling Approaches for Metal Additive Manufacturing Process.” Material Design & Processing Communications 2 (2), doi:10.1002/mdp2.56.
  • Han, Q., H. Gu, S. Soe, R. Setchi, F. Lacan, and J. Hill. 2018. “Manufacturability of AlSi10Mg Overhang Structures Fabricated by Laser Powder bed Fusion.” Materials and Design 160: 1080–1095. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2018.10.043.
  • Hashemi, S. M., et al. 2021. “Computational Modelling of Process–Structure–Property–Performance Relationships in Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review.” International Materials Reviews, 1–46. doi:10.1080/09506608.2020.1868889.
  • Hayes, A. C., and G. L. Whiting. 2021. “Reducing the Structural Mass of Large Direct Drive Wind Turbine Generators Through Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Enabled by Hybrid Additive Manufacturing.” Clean Technologies 3 (1): 227–242. doi:10.3390/cleantechnol3010013.
  • He, Y., D. Burkhalter, D. Durocher, and J. M. Gilbert. 2018. “Solid-Lattice Hip Prosthesis Design: Applying Topology and Lattice Optimization to Reduce Stress Shielding from Hip Implants.” 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, doi:10.1115/dmd2018-6804.
  • Hennes, C. 2022. “FreeCAD.” Version 0.20.2 [Software]. Accessed February 7, 2023. [Online]. https://www.freecad.org/.
  • Herbin, P., D. Grzesiak, and M. A. Krolikowski. 2017. “Topology Optimisation Aimed at Additive – SLM Manufacturing of Metal Parts of ExoArm 7-DOF.” Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 533–541. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68619-6_51.
  • Herzog, H., et al. 2015. “Optical Fabrication of Lightweighted 3D Printed Mirrors.” Optomechanical Engineering 2015. SPIE, doi:10.1117/12.2188197.
  • Ho, J. Y., Y. S. See, K. C. Leong, and T. N. Wong. 2021. “An Experimental Investigation of a PCM-Based Heat Sink Enhanced with a Topology-Optimized Tree-Like Structure.” Energy Convers Manag 245: 114608. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114608.
  • Høghøj, L. C., D. R. Nørhave, J. Alexandersen, O. Sigmund, and C. S. Andreasen. 2020. “Topology Optimization of Two Fluid Heat Exchangers.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 163), doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120543.
  • Hu, R., et al. 2017. “Design Optimization Method for Additive Manufacturing of the Primary Mirror of a Large-Aperture Space Telescope.” Journal of Aerospace Engineering 30 (3): 4016093–4000000. doi:10.1061/(asce)as.1943-5525.0000690.
  • Hu, K., S. Jin, and C. C. L. Wang. 2015. “Support Slimming for Single Material Based Additive Manufacturing.” Computer-Aided Design 65: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.cad.2015.03.001.
  • Hu, J., S. Wang, B. Li, F. Li, Z. Luo, and L. Liu. 2022. “Efficient Representation and Optimization for TPMS-Based Porous Structures.” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 28 (7): 2615–2627. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2020.3037697.
  • Hu, J., J. H. Wang, R. Wang, X. B. Yu, Y. Liu, and D. A. Baur. 2019. “Analysis of Biomechanical Behavior of 3D Printed Mandibular Graft with Porous Scaffold Structure Designed by Topological Optimization.” 3D Print Med 5 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/s41205-019-0042-2.
  • Huang, Y., et al. 2019b. “Rapid Prediction of Real-Time Thermal Characteristics, Solidification Parameters and Microstructure in Laser Directed Energy Deposition (Powder-Fed Additive Manufacturing).” Journal of Materials Processing Technology 274: 116286. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116286.
  • Huang, S., X. Deng, and L. K. Lam. 2021. “Integrated Design Framework of 3D Printed Planar Stainless Tubular Joint: Modelling, Optimization, Manufacturing, and Experiment.” Thin-Walled Structures 169: 108463. doi:10.1016/j.tws.2021.108463.
  • Huang, Y., M. B. Khamesee, and E. Toyserkani. 2016. “A Comprehensive Analytical Model for Laser Powder-Fed Additive Manufacturing.” Addit Manuf 12: 90–99. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2016.07.001.
  • Huang, Y., M. B. Khamesee, and E. Toyserkani. 2019a. “A New Physics-Based Model for Laser Directed Energy Deposition (Powder-fed Additive Manufacturing): From Single-Track to Multi-Track and Multi-Layer.” Optics & Laser Technology 109: 584–599. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.08.015.
  • Hunar, M., L. Jancar, D. Krzikalla, D. Kaprinay, and D. Srnicek. 2020. “Comprehensive View on Racing Car Upright Design and Manufacturing.” Symmetry (Basel) 12 (6): 1020. doi:10.3390/sym12061020.
  • Hussein, A., L. Hao, C. Yan, R. Everson, and P. Young. 2013. “Advanced Lattice Support Structures for Metal Additive Manufacturing.” Journal of Materials Processing Technology 213 (7): 1019–1026. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.01.020.
  • Ibhadode, O., Z. Zhang, A. Bonakdar, and E. Toyserkani. 2021. “IbIPP for Topology Optimization – An Image-Based Initialization and Post-Processing Code Written in MATLAB.” SoftwareX 14: 100701. doi:10.1016/j.softx.2021.100701.
  • Iqbal, T., et al. 2019. “A General Multi-Objective Topology Optimization Methodology Developed for Customized Design of Pelvic Prostheses.” Medical Engineering & Physics 69: 8–16. doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.06.008.
  • Ishii, K., and S. Aomura. 2004. “Topology Optimization for the Extruded Three Dimensional Structure with Constant Cross Section.” JSME International Journal, Series A: Solid Mechanics and Material Engineering 47 (2): 198–206. doi:10.1299/jsmea.47.198.
  • Jankovics, D., H. Gohari, and A. Barari. 2018. “Constrained Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing of Structural Components in Ansys®”.
  • Jiang, L., S. Chen, C. Sadasivan, and X. Jiao. 2017. “Structural Topology Optimization for Generative Design of Personalized Aneurysm Implants: Design, Additive Manufacturing, and Experimental Validation.” 2017 IEEE Healthcare Innovations and Point of Care Technologies (HI-POCT). IEEE, doi:10.1109/hic.2017.8227572.
  • Jiang, J., X. Xu, and J. Stringer. 2018. “Support Structures for Additive Manufacturing: A Review.” Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 2 (4): 64. doi:10.3390/jmmp2040064.
  • Johnson, T. E., and A. T. Gaynor. 2018. “Three-dimensional Projection-Based Topology Optimization for Prescribed-Angle Self-Supporting Additively Manufactured Structures.” Addit Manuf 24: 667–686. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2018.06.011.
  • Jung, M., M. Oh, and J. Yoo. 2021. “Reaction–Diffusion Equation-Based Topology Optimization Code for Electromagnetic Wave Problems Using FreeFEM++.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, doi:10.1007/s00158-021-03032-9.
  • Junk, S., C. Fleig, and B. Fink. 2017. “Improvement of Sustainability Through the Application of Topology Optimization in the Additive Manufacturing of a Brake Mount.” Sustainable Design and Manufacturing 2017. Springer International Publishing, 151–161. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57078-5_15.
  • Kajima, Y., et al. 2018. “Effect of Adding Support Structures for Overhanging Part on Fatigue Strength in Selective Laser Melting.” Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 78: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.11.009.
  • Kambampati, S. et al., 2018. OpenLSTO: Open-Source Software for Level Set Topology Optimization. doi:10.2514/6.2018-3882.
  • Kang, H., J. P. Long, G. D. Urbiel Goldner, S. A. Goldstein, and S. J. Hollister. 2012. “A Paradigm for the Development and Evaluation of Novel Implant Topologies for Bone Fixation: Implant Design and Fabrication.” Journal of Biomechanics 45 (13): 2241–2247. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.06.011.
  • Kanyilmaz, A., F. Berto, I. Paoletti, R. J. Caringal, and S. Mora. 2020. “Nature-Inspired Optimization of Tubular Joints for Metal 3D Printing.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 63 (2): 767–787. doi:10.1007/s00158-020-02729-7.
  • Kazakov, M. 2022. “Open CASCADE.” Version 7.7.0 [Software]. Accessed February 7, 2023. [Online]. https://dev.opencascade.org/.
  • Kazemi, H., A. Vaziri, and J. A. Norato. 2020. “Multi-Material Topology Optimization of Lattice Structures Using Geometry Projection.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 363: 112895. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2020.112895.
  • Keller, N., and V. Ploshikhin. 2014. “New Method for Fast Predictions of Residual Stress and Distortion of AM Parts.” 25th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium — An Additive Manufacturing Conference, SFF 2014, 1229–1237. https://hdl.handle.net/2152/89269.
  • Keshavarzkermani, A., et al. 2019. “Controlling Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Hastelloy X by Altering Solidification Pattern During Laser Powder-bed Fusion.” Materials Science and Engineering: A 762: 138081. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2019.138081.
  • Khanoki, S. A., and D. Pasini. 2012. “Multiscale Design and Multiobjective Optimization of Orthopedic Hip Implants with Functionally Graded Cellular Material.” Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 134 (3): 31004. doi:10.1115/1.4006115.
  • Kim, C., M. Jung, T. Yamada, S. Nishiwaki, and J. Yoo. 2020. “FreeFEM++ Code for Reaction-Diffusion Equation–Based Topology Optimization: For High-Resolution Boundary Representation Using Adaptive Mesh Refinement.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 62 (1): 439–455. doi:10.1007/s00158-020-02498-3.
  • King, W., A. T. Anderson, R. M. Ferencz, N. E. Hodge, C. Kamath, and S. A. Khairallah. 2014. “Overview of Modelling and Simulation of Metal Powder Bed Fusion Process at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.” Materials Science and Technology 31 (8): 957–968. doi:10.1179/1743284714y.0000000728.
  • Kintel, M. 2022. “OpenSCAD.” Version 2021.01 [Software]. Accessed February 7, 2023. [Online]. https://openscad.org/.
  • Kirk, B. S., J. W. Peterson, R. H. Stogner, and G. F. Carey. 2006. “libMesh: A C++ Library for Parallel Adaptive Mesh Refinement/Coarsening Simulations.” Engineering With Computers 22 (3): 237–254. doi:10.1007/s00366-006-0049-3.
  • Kok, Y., et al. 2018. “Anisotropy and Heterogeneity of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Critical Review.” Materials and Design 139: 565–586. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.021.
  • Kouraytem, N., X. Li, W. Tan, B. Kappes, and A. D. Spear. 2021. “Modeling Process–Structure–Property Relationships in Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review on Physics-Driven Versus Data-Driven Approaches.” Journal of Physics: Materials 4 (3): 32002. doi:10.1088/2515-7639/abca7b.
  • Körner, C., M. Markl, and J. A. Koepf. 2020. “Modeling and Simulation of Microstructure Evolution for Additive Manufacturing of Metals: A Critical Review.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 51 (10): 4970–4983. doi:10.1007/s11661-020-05946-3.
  • Kuo, Y.-H., and C.-C. Cheng. 2019. “Self-supporting Structure Design for Additive Manufacturing by Using a Logistic Aggregate Function.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 60: 1–13. doi:10.1007/s00158-019-02261-3.
  • Lang, J. J., et al. 2021. “Improving Mandibular Reconstruction by Using Topology Optimization, Patient Specific Design and Additive Manufacturing? – a Biomechanical Comparison Against Miniplates on Human Specimen.” PLoS One 16 (6): e0253002–e0253002. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253002.
  • Langelaar, M. 2016a. “Topology Optimization of 3D Self-Supporting Structures for Additive Manufacturing.” Addit Manuf 12: 60–70. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2016.06.010.
  • Langelaar, M. 2016b. “An Additive Manufacturing Filter for Topology Optimization of Print-Ready Designs.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 55 (3): 871–883. doi:10.1007/s00158-016-1522-2.
  • Langelaar, M. 2018. “Combined Optimization of Part Topology, Support Structure Layout and Build Orientation for Additive Manufacturing.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 57 (5): 1985–2004. doi:10.1007/s00158-017-1877-z.
  • Langelaar, M. 2019. “Integrated Component-Support Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing with Post-Machining.” Rapid Prototyping Journal 25 (2): 255–265. doi:10.1108/RPJ-12-2017-0246.
  • Laurain, A. 2018. “A Level Set-Based Structural Optimization Code Using FEniCS.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 58 (3): 1311–1334. doi:10.1007/s00158-018-1950-2.
  • Lazarov, B. S., O. Sigmund, K. E. Meyer, and J. Alexandersen. 2018. “Experimental Validation of Additively Manufactured Optimized Shapes for Passive Cooling.” Applied Energy 226: 330–339. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.106.
  • Lazarov, B. S., and F. Wang. 2017. “Maximum Length Scale in Density Based Topology Optimization.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 318: 826–844. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2017.02.018.
  • le Hyaric, A., P. Jolivet, and S. Garnotel. 2022. “FreeFEM.” Version 4.12 [Software]. Accessed February 7, 2023. [Online]. https://freefem.org/.
  • Leary, M. 2018. “Design of Titanium Implants for Additive Manufacturing.” In Titanium in Medical and Dental Applications, edited by F. H. Froes and M. Qian. Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-812456-7.00009-3.
  • Leary, M., D. Downing, B. Lozanovski, and J. Harris. 2021. “Design Principles.” Fundamentals of Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Metals. Elsevier, 119–154. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824090-8.00013-5.
  • Leary, M., T. Maconachie, A. Sarker, O. Faruque, and M. Brandt. 2019. “Mechanical and Thermal Characterisation of AlSi10Mg SLM Block Support Structures.” Materials and Design 183: 108138. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108138.
  • Leary, M., L. Merli, F. Torti, M. Mazur, and M. Brandt. 2014. “Optimal Topology for Additive Manufacture: A Method for Enabling Additive Manufacture of Support-Free Optimal Structures.” Materials and Design 63: 678–690. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2014.06.015.
  • Lei, X., C. Liu, Z. Du, W. Zhang, and X. Guo. 2019. “Machine Learning-Driven Real-Time Topology Optimization Under Moving Morphable Component-Based Framework.” Journal of Applied Mechanics, Transactions ASME 86 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1115/1.4041319.
  • Lewandowski, J. J., and M. Seifi. 2016. “Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Mechanical Properties.” Annual Review of Materials Research 46 (1): 151–186. doi:10.1146/annurev-matsci-070115-032024.
  • Li, H., et al. 2021. “Full-scale 3D Structural Topology Optimization Using Adaptive Mesh Refinement Based on the Level-Set Method.” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 194: 103561. doi:10.1016/j.finel.2021.103561.
  • Li, H., et al. 2022. “Three-Dimensional Topology Optimization of a Fluid–Structure System Using Body-Fitted Mesh Adaption Based on the Level-Set Method.” Applied Mathematical Modelling 101: 276–308. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2021.08.021.
  • Li, C., and A. Chen. 2018. “Numerical Methods for Fractional Partial Differential Equations.” International Journal of Computer Mathematics 95 (6–7): 1048–1099. doi:10.1080/00207160.2017.1343941.
  • Li, Q., W. Chen, S. Liu, and L. Tong. 2016a. “Structural Topology Optimization Considering Connectivity Constraint.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 54 (4): 971–984. doi:10.1007/s00158-016-1459-5.
  • Li, J., C. Duan, M. Zhao, and X. Luo. 2019. “A Review of Metal Additive Manufacturing Application and Numerical Simulation.” IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 252: 22036. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/252/2/022036.
  • Li, C., C. H. Fu, Y. B. Guo, and F. Z. Fang. 2016b. “A Multiscale Modeling Approach for Fast Prediction of Part Distortion in Selective Laser Melting.” Journal of Materials Processing Technology 229: 703–712. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.10.022.
  • Li, C.-H., C.-H. Wu, and C.-L. Lin. 2020a. “Design of a Patient-Specific Mandible Reconstruction Implant with Dental Prosthesis for Metal 3D Printing Using Integrated Weighted Topology Optimization and Finite Element Analysis.” Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 105: 103700. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103700.
  • Li, Z., D. Z. Zhang, P. Dong, and I. Kucukkoc. 2016c. “A Lightweight and Support-Free Design Method for Selective Laser Melting.” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 90 (9–12): 2943–2953. doi:10.1007/s00170-016-9509-0.
  • Li, J., X. Zhou, M. Brochu, N. Provatas, and Y. F. Zhao. 2020c. “Solidification Microstructure Simulation of Ti-6Al-4V in Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review.” Addit Manuf 31: 100989. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.100989.
  • Lin, C.-L., Y.-T. Wang, C.-M. Chang, C.-H. Wu, and W.-H. Tsai. 2021. “Design Criteria for Patient-Specific Mandibular Continuity Defect Reconstructed Implant with Lightweight Structure Using Weighted Topology Optimization and Validated with Biomechanical Fatigue Testing.” Int J Bioprint 8 (1): 437. doi:10.18063/ijb.v8i1.437.
  • Lin, C.-Y., T. Wirtz, F. LaMarca, and S. J. Hollister. 2007. “Structural and Mechanical Evaluations of a Topology Optimized Titanium Interbody Fusion Cage Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting Process.” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 83A (2): 272–279. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.31231.
  • Liu, J., et al. 2018a. “Current and Future Trends in Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 57 (6): 2457–2483. doi:10.1007/s00158-018-1994-3.
  • Liu, W., et al. 2021a. “Review on Scanning Pattern Evaluation in Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing.” Optical Engineering 60 (7): 1–18. doi:10.1117/1.OE.60.7.070901.
  • Liu, R., Y. Chen, Y. Liu, Z. Yan, and Y.-X. Wang. 2021b. “Topological Design of a Trabecular Bone Structure With Morphology and Mechanics Control for Additive Manufacturing.” IEEE Access 9: 11123–11133. doi:10.1109/access.2021.3050745.
  • Liu, W., L. Chen, G. Mai, and L. Song. 2020a. “Toolpath Planning for Additive Manufacturing Using Sliced Model Decomposition and Metaheuristic Algorithms.” Advances in Engineering Software 149: 102906. doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2020.102906.
  • Liu, Y.-F., Y.-Y. Fan, X.-F. Jiang, and D. A. Baur. 2017. “A Customized Fixation Plate with Novel Structure Designed by Topological Optimization for Mandibular Angle Fracture Based on Finite Element Analysis.” Biomedical Engineering Online 16 (1): 131. doi:10.1186/s12938-017-0422-z.
  • Liu, J., B. Jalalahmadi, Y. B. Guo, M. P. Sealy, and N. Bolander. 2018b. “A Review of Computational Modeling in Powder-Based Additive Manufacturing for Metallic Part Qualification.” Rapid Prototyping Journal 24 (8): 1245–1264. doi:10.1108/rpj-04-2017-0058.
  • Liu, H. C., J. S. Jiang, and C. L. Lin. 2020b. “Biomechanical Investigation of a Novel Hybrid Dorsal Double Plating for Distal Radius Fractures by Integrating Topology Optimization and Finite Element Analysis.” Injury 51 (6): 1271–1280. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2020.03.011.
  • Liu, S., Q. Li, W. Chen, L. Tong, and G. Cheng. 2015. “An Identification Method for Enclosed Voids Restriction in Manufacturability Design for Additive Manufacturing Structures.” Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 10 (2): 126–137. doi:10.1007/s11465-015-0340-3.
  • Liu, J., and A. C. To. 2017. “Deposition Path Planning-Integrated Structural Topology Optimization for 3D Additive Manufacturing Subject to Self-Support Constraint.” Computer-Aided Design 91: 27–45. doi:10.1016/j.cad.2017.05.003.
  • Liu, J., and H. Yu. 2020. “Self-Support Topology Optimization with Horizontal Overhangs for Additive Manufacturing.” Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 142 (September), doi:10.1115/1.4047352.
  • Liu, J., Y. Zheng, R. Ahmad, J. Tang, and Y. Ma. 2019. “Minimum Length Scale Constraints in Multi-Scale Topology Optimisation for Additive Manufacturing.” Virtual and Physical Prototyping 14 (3): 229–241. doi:10.1080/17452759.2019.1584944.
  • Lohan, D. J., E. M. Dede, and J. T. Allison. 2019. “A Study on Practical Objectives and Constraints for Heat Conduction Topology Optimization.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 61 (2): 475–489. doi:10.1007/s00158-019-02369-6.
  • López-Castro, J. D., A. Marchal, L. González, and J. Botana. 2017. “Topological Optimization and Manufacturing by Direct Metal Laser Sintering of an Aeronautical Part in 15-5PH Stainless Steel.” Procedia Manuf 13: 818–824. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2017.09.121.
  • Luo, Y., O. Sigmund, Q. Li, and S. Liu. 2020. “Additive Manufacturing Oriented Topology Optimization of Structures with Self-Supported Enclosed Voids.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 372: 113385. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2020.113385.
  • Luo, Z., and Y. Zhao. 2018. “A Survey of Finite Element Analysis of Temperature and Thermal Stress Fields in Powder bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing.” Addit Manuf 21: 318–332. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2018.03.022.
  • Lynch, M. E., et al. 2013. “Design and Topology/Shape Structural Optimisation for Additively Manufactured Cold Sprayed Components.” Virtual and Physical Prototyping 8 (3): 213–231. doi:10.1080/17452759.2013.837629.
  • Lynch, M. E., S. Sarkar, and K. Maute. 2019. “Machine Learning to Aid Tuning of Numerical Parameters in Topology Optimization.” Journal of Mechanical Design 141 (11), doi:10.1115/1.4044228.
  • Magerramova, L., B. Vasilyev, and V. Kinzburskiy. 2016. “Novel Designs of Turbine Blades for Additive Manufacturing.” Volume 5C: Heat Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, doi:10.1115/gt2016-56084.
  • Mahadevan, V., I. Grindeanu, R. Jain, P. Wilson, and P. Shriwise. 2022. “MeshKit.” Version MOAB 5.4.0 [Software]. Accessed February 7, 2023. [Online]. https://sigma.mcs.anl.gov/.
  • Mantovani, S., G. A. Campo, and A. Ferrari. 2020. “Additive Manufacturing and Topology Optimization: A Design Strategy for a Steering Column Mounting Bracket Considering Overhang Constraints.” Proc Inst Mech Eng C J Mech Eng Sci 235 (10): 1703–1723. doi:10.1177/0954406220917717.
  • Marchesi, T. R., et al. 2015. “Topologically Optimized Diesel Engine Support Manufactured with Additive Manufacturing.” IFAC-PapersOnLine 48 (3): 2333–2338. doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.436.
  • Markl, M., and C. Körner. 2016. “Multiscale Modeling of Powder Bed-Based Additive Manufacturing.” Annual Review of Materials Research 46: 93–123. doi:10.1146/annurev-matsci-070115-032158.
  • Mass, Y., and O. Amir. 2017. “Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing: Accounting for Overhang Limitations Using a Virtual Skeleton.” Addit Manuf 18: 58–73. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2017.08.001.
  • McEwen, I., D. Cooper, J. Warnett, N. Kourra, M. Williams, and G. Gibbons. 2018. “Design & Manufacture of a High-Performance Bicycle Crank by Additive Manufacturing.” Applied Sciences 8 (8): 1360. doi:10.3390/app8081360.
  • McGregor, D. J., S. Tawfick, and W. P. King. 2019. “Automated Metrology and Geometric Analysis of Additively Manufactured Lattice Structures.” Addit Manuf 28 (May): 535–545. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.05.026.
  • Megahed, M., et al. 2016. “Metal Additive-Manufacturing Process and Residual Stress Modeling.” Integr Mater Manuf Innov 5 (1): 61–93. doi:10.1186/s40192-016-0047-2.
  • Meng, L., et al. 2019. “From Topology Optimization Design to Additive Manufacturing: Today’s Success and Tomorrow’s Roadmap.” Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 27 (3): 805–830. doi:10.1007/s11831-019-09331-1.
  • Meng, X., Z. Li, D. Zhang, and G. E. Karniadakis. 2020. “PPINN: Parareal Physics-Informed Neural Network for Time-Dependent PDEs.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 370: 113250. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2020.113250.
  • Mercelis, P., and J.-P. J. P. Kruth. 2006. “Residual Stresses in Selective Laser Sintering and Selective Laser Melting.” Rapid Prototyping Journal 12 (5): 254–265. doi:10.1108/13552540610707013.
  • Mesicek, J., et al. 2021. “Comprehensive View of Topological Optimization Scooter Frame Design and Manufacturing.” Symmetry (Basel) 13 (7): 1201. doi:10.3390/sym13071201.
  • Mezzadri, F., V. Bouriakov, and X. Qian. 2018. “Topology Optimization of Self-Supporting Support Structures for Additive Manufacturing.” Addit Manuf 21: 666–682. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2018.04.016.
  • Mezzadri, F., and X. Qian. 2020. “A Second-Order Measure of Boundary Oscillations for Overhang Control in Topology Optimization.” Journal of Computational Physics 410: 109365. doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2020.109365.
  • Mhapsekar, K., M. McConaha, and S. Anand. 2018. “Additive Manufacturing Constraints in Topology Optimization for Improved Manufacturability.” Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 140 (5): 51017. doi:10.1115/1.4039198.
  • Michopoulos, J., et al. 2021. “Multiphysics Integrated Computational Materials Engineering Linking Additive Manufacturing Process Parameters with Part Performance.” Advances in Computers and Information in Engineering Research, Volume 2. ASME, 293–338. doi:10.1115/1.862025_ch10.
  • Miki, T., and S. Nishiwaki. 2022. “Topology Optimization of the Support Structure for Heat Dissipation in Additive Manufacturing.” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 203: 103708. doi:10.1016/j.finel.2021.103708.
  • Miki, T., and T. Yamada. 2021. “Topology Optimization Considering the Distortion in Additive Manufacturing.” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 193: 103558. doi:10.1016/j.finel.2021.103558.
  • Min, Z., et al. 2017. “Research on 3D Modeling Technology of Craniofacial Implants Based on Topology Optimization Method.” 2017 International Conference on Virtual Reality and Visualization (ICVRV). IEEE, doi:10.1109/icvrv.2017.00036.
  • Mirkoohi, E., J. R. Dobbs, and S. Y. Liang. 2020a. “Analytical Modeling of Residual Stress in Direct Metal Deposition Considering Scan Strategy.” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 106 (9–10): 4105–4121. doi:10.1007/s00170-019-04919-0.
  • Mirkoohi, E., D. Li, H. Garmestani, and S. Y. Liang. 2021. “Residual Stress Modeling Considering Microstructure Evolution in Metal Additive Manufacturing.” Journal of Manufacturing Processes 68: 383–397. doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.04.041.
  • Mirkoohi, E., J. Ning, P. Bocchini, O. Fergani, K.-N. Chiang, and S. Liang. 2018. “Thermal Modeling of Temperature Distribution in Metal Additive Manufacturing Considering Effects of Build Layers, Latent Heat, and Temperature-Sensitivity of Material Properties.” Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 2 (3): 63. doi:10.3390/jmmp2030063.
  • Mirkoohi, E., D. E. Sievers, H. Garmestani, and S. Y. Liang. 2020b. “Thermo-mechanical Modeling of Thermal Stress in Metal Additive Manufacturing Considering Elastoplastic Hardening.” CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol 28: 52–67. doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2020.01.002.
  • Mirzendehdel, A. M., M. Behandish, and S. Nelaturi. 2022. “Topology Optimization for Manufacturing with Accessible Support Structures.” Computer-Aided Design 142: 103117. doi:10.1016/j.cad.2021.103117.
  • Mirzendehdel, A. M., and K. Suresh. 2016. “Support Structure Constrained Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing.” Computer-Aided Design 81: 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.cad.2016.08.006.
  • Misiun, G., et al. 2021. “Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing with Distortion Constraints.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 386: 114095. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2021.114095.
  • Misiun, G. 2021. “Topology Optimization with Additive Manufacturing Constraints.” PhD Thesis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, doi:10.3990/1.9789036551496.
  • Moerman, K. M. 2018. “GIBBON: The Geometry and Image-Based Bioengineering Add-On.” J Open Source Softw 3 (22): 506. doi:10.21105/joss.00506.
  • Montemurro, M., and K. Refai. 2021. “A Topology Optimization Method Based on Non-Uniform Rational Basis Spline Hyper-Surfaces for Heat Conduction Problems.” Symmetry (Basel) 13 (5): 888. doi:10.3390/sym13050888.
  • Moran, T. P., D. H. Warner, and N. Phan. 2021. “Scan-by-Scan Part-Scale Thermal Modelling for Defect Prediction in Metal Additive Manufacturing.” Addit Manuf 37: 101667. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2020.101667.
  • Morand, L. M. 2021. “Development of Guidelines for Support Structure Design and Placement in Metal Additive Manufacturing.” M.Sc Thesis, Clemson University.
  • Morse, M. J., A. Rahimian, and D. Zorin. 2021. “A Robust Solver for Elliptic PDEs in 3D Complex Geometries.” Journal of Computational Physics 442: 110511. doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2021.110511.
  • Moussa, A., S. Rahman, M. Xu, M. Tanzer, and D. Pasini. 2020. “Topology Optimization of 3D-Printed Structurally Porous Cage for Acetabular Reinforcement in Total hip Arthroplasty.” Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 105: 103705. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103705.
  • Muir, M. J., et al. 2013. “The Use of MDO and Advanced Manufacturing to Demonstrate Rapid, Agile Construction of a Mission Optimized UAV.” 54th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, doi:10.2514/6.2013-1675.
  • Munk, D. J., D. J. Auld, G. P. Steven, and G. A. Vio. 2019. “On the Benefits of Applying Topology Optimization to Structural Design of Aircraft Components.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 60 (3): 1245–1266. doi:10.1007/s00158-019-02250-6.
  • Munk, D. J., and J. D. Miller. 2022. “Topology Optimization of Aircraft Components for Increased Sustainability.” AIAA Journal 60 (1): 445–460. doi:10.2514/1.J060259.
  • Naik, A., T. Sujan, S. Desai, and S. Shanmugam. 2019. “Light-Weighting of Additive Manufactured Automotive Fixtures Through Topology Optimization Techniques.” SAE Technical Paper Series. SAE International, doi:10.4271/2019-28-2544.
  • Naresh, D. M. R., S. Iyer, Amir M Mirzendehdel, Sathyanarayanan Raghavan, Yang Jiao, Erva Ulu, Morad Behandish, and Saigopal Nelaturi. 2021. “PATO: Producibility-Aware Topology Optimization using Deep Learning for Metal Additive Manufacturing.” arXiv:2112.04552.
  • Ngim, D. B., J.-S. Liu, and R. C. Soar. 2007. “Design Optimization for Manufacturability of Axisymmetric Continuum Structures Using Metamorphic Development.” International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2): 685–704. doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.05.016.
  • Ning, J., E. Mirkoohi, Y. Dong, D. E. Sievers, H. Garmestani, and S. Y. Liang. 2019. “Analytical Modeling of 3D Temperature Distribution in Selective Laser Melting of Ti-6Al-4V Considering Part Boundary Conditions.” Journal of Manufacturing Processes 44: 319–326. doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.06.013.
  • Ninpetch, P., P. Kowitwarangkul, S. Mahathanabodee, P. Chalermkarnnon, and P. Ratanadecho. 2020. “A Review of Computer Simulations of Metal 3D Printing.” The Second Materials Research Society of Thailand International Conference. AIP Publishing, doi:10.1063/5.0022974.
  • Noronha, J., M. Leary, M. Qian, E. Kyriakou, and M. Brandt. 2022. “Geometrical Parameters and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4 V Hollow-Walled Lattices.” Materials Science and Engineering A 840 (October 2021): 142667. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2022.142667.
  • Nourbakhsh, M., N. Morris, M. Bergin, F. Iorio, and D. Grandi. 2016. “Embedded Sensors and Feedback Loops for Iterative Improvement in Design Synthesis for Additive Manufacturing.” Volume 1A: 36th Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, doi:10.1115/detc2016-59627.
  • Nsiempba, K. M., M. Wang, and M. Vlasea. 2021. “Geometrical Degrees of Freedom for Cellular Structures Generation: A New Classification Paradigm.” Applied Sciences 11 (9): 3845. doi:10.3390/app11093845.
  • nTopology. 2023. “nTopology.” Version 3.41 [Software]. Accessed February 7, 2023. [Online]. https://ntopology.com/.
  • OpenCFD and ESI Group. 2021. “OpenFOAM.” Version 10 [Software]. Accessed February 7, 2023. [Online]. https://www.openfoam.com/.
  • Orme, M. E., M. Gschweitl, M. Ferrari, I. Madera, and F. Mouriaux. 2017. “Designing for Additive Manufacturing: Lightweighting Through Topology Optimization Enables Lunar Spacecraft.” Journal of Mechanical Design 139 (10), doi:10.1115/1.4037304.
  • Osanov, M., and J. K. Guest. 2017. “Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing Considering Layer-Based Minimum Feature Sizes.” In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, 1–8. doi:10.1115/DETC2017-68383.
  • Pan, T., et al. 2020a. “Investigation of Significant Factors on Deformation with Powder Bed Fusion System.” Proc Inst Mech Eng B J Eng Manuf 235 (5): 902–911. doi:10.1177/0954405420970088.
  • Pan, T., S. Karnati, and F. Liou. 2020b. “General Rules for Pre-Process Planning in Powder Bed Fusion System – A Review,” Solid Freeform Fabrication 2018: Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – an Additive Manufacturing Conference, SFF 2018, 1161–1173.
  • Pandey, P. M., K. Thrimurthulu, and N. V. Reddy*. 2004. “Optimal Part Deposition Orientation in FDM by Using a Multicriteria Genetic Algorithm.” International Journal of Production Research 42 (19): 4069–4089. doi:10.1080/00207540410001708470.
  • Park, J., D. Lee, and A. Sutradhar. 2019. “Topology Optimization of Fixed Complete Denture Framework.” International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 35 (6), doi:10.1002/cnm.3193.
  • Park, J., A. Sutradhar, J. J. Shah, and G. H. Paulino. 2018. “Design of Complex Bone Internal Structure Using Topology Optimization with Perimeter Control.” Computers in Biology and Medicine 94 (January): 74–84. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.01.001.
  • Park, J., T. Zobaer, and A. Sutradhar. 2021. “A Two-Scale Multi-Resolution Topologically Optimized Multi-Material Design of 3D Printed Craniofacial Bone Implants.” Micromachines (Basel) 12 (2), doi:10.3390/mi12020101.
  • Pellens, J., G. Lombaert, B. Lazarov, and M. Schevenels. 2018. “Combined Length Scale and Overhang Angle Control in Minimum Compliance Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 59 (6): 2005–2022. doi:10.1007/s00158-018-2168-z.
  • Pellens, J., G. Lombaert, M. Michiels, T. Craeghs, and M. Schevenels. 2020. “Topology Optimization of Support Structure Layout in Metal-Based Additive Manufacturing Accounting for Thermal Deformations.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 61 (6): 2291–2303. doi:10.1007/s00158-020-02512-8.
  • Pilagatti, A. N., G. Piscopo, E. Atzeni, L. Iuliano, and A. Salmi. 2021. “Design of Additive Manufactured Passive Heat Sinks for Electronics.” Journal of Manufacturing Processes 64: 878–888. doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.01.035.
  • Plocher, J., and A. Panesar. 2019. “Review on Design and Structural Optimisation in Additive Manufacturing: Towards Next-Generation Lightweight Structures.” Materials and Design 183: 108164. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108164.
  • Priarone, P. C., M. Robiglio, G. Ingarao, and L. Settineri. 2017. “Assessment of Cost and Energy Requirements of Electron Beam Melting (EBM) and Machining Processes.” Sustainable Design and Manufacturing 2017, 723–735. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57078-5_68.
  • Project, T. C. 2021. CGAL User and Reference Manual, 5.3. CGAL Editorial Board.
  • Qian, X. 2017. “Undercut and Overhang Angle Control in Topology Optimization: A Density Gradient Based Integral Approach.” International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 111 (3): 247–272. doi:10.1002/nme.5461.
  • Rathore, J. S., C. Mang, C. Vienne, Y. Quinsat, and C. Tournier. 2021. “A Methodology for Computed Tomography-Based Nondestructive Geometrical Evaluations of Lattice Structures by Holistic Strut Measurement Approach.” Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Transactions of the ASME 143 (5): 1–12. doi:10.1115/1.4049492.
  • Rawat, M. H., and S., Shen. 2018. “A Novel Topology Design Approach Using an Integrated Deep Learning Network Architecture.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.02334.
  • Raz, K., Z. Chval, and M. Stepanek. 2022. “Topological Optimization of the Milling Head.” Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 171–177. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9632-9_19.
  • Reddy, S. N., K. I. Ferguson, M. Frecker, T. W. Simpson, and C. J. Dickman. 2016a. “Topology Optimization Software for Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Current Capabilities and a Real-World Example.” Volume 2A: 42nd Design Automation Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, doi:10.1115/detc2016-59718.
  • Reddy, S. N., K. V. Maranan, T. W. Simpson, T. Palmer, and C. J. Dickman. 2016b. “Application of Topology Optimization and Design for Additive Manufacturing Guidelines on an Automotive Component.” Volume 2A: 42nd Design Automation Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, doi:10.1115/detc2016-59719.
  • Reinhart, G., and S. Teufelhart. 2011. “Load-Adapted Design of Generative Manufactured Lattice Structures.” Physics Procedia 12 (PART 1): 385–392. doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2011.03.049.
  • Reinhart, G., and S. Teufelhart. 2013. “Optimization of Mechanical Loaded Lattice Structures by Orientating Their Struts Along the Flux of Force.” Procedia CIRP 12: 175–180. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2013.09.031.
  • Ren, F., et al. 2021. “Transition Boundaries and Stiffness Optimal Design for Multi-TPMS Lattices.” Materials and Design 210: 110062. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110062.
  • Ribeiro, T. P., L. F. A. Bernardo, and J. M. A. Andrade. 2021. “Topology Optimisation in Structural Steel Design for Additive Manufacturing.” Applied Sciences 11 (5): 2112. doi:10.3390/app11052112.
  • Rodgers, T. M., et al. 2021. “Simulation of Powder Bed Metal Additive Manufacturing Microstructures with Coupled Finite Difference-Monte Carlo Method.” Addit Manuf 41: 101953. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.101953.
  • Rozvany, G. I. N. 2008. “A Critical Review of Established Methods of Structural Topology Optimization.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 37 (3): 217–237. doi:10.1007/s00158-007-0217-0.
  • Sahoo, S., and K. Chou. 2014. “Review on Phase-Field Modeling of Microstructure Evolutions: Application to Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing.” Volume 2: Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, doi:10.1115/msec2014-3901.
  • Saudan, H., et al. 2018. “Compliant Mechanisms and Space Grade Product Redesign Based on Additive Manufacturing.” Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation III. SPIE, doi:10.1117/12.2312087.
  • Sá, L. F. N., C. M. Okubo, and E. C. N. Silva. 2021. “Topology Optimization of Subsonic Compressible Flows.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 64 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1007/s00158-021-02903-5.
  • Schneck, M., M. Horn, M. Schmitt, C. Seidel, G. Schlick, and G. Reinhart. 2021. “Review on Additive Hybrid- and Multi-Material-Manufacturing of Metals by Powder bed Fusion: State of Technology and Development Potential.” Progress in Additive Manufacturing, doi:10.1007/s40964-021-00205-2.
  • Schoinochoritis, B., D. Chantzis, and K. Salonitis. 2016. “Simulation of Metallic Powder Bed Additive Manufacturing Processes with the Finite Element Method: A Critical Review.” Proc Inst Mech Eng B J Eng Manuf 231 (1): 96–117. doi:10.1177/0954405414567522.
  • Schuh, G., G. Bergweiler, K. Lichtenthäler, F. Fiedler, and S. de la Puente Rebollo. 2020. “Topology Optimisation and Metal Based Additive Manufacturing of Welding Jig Elements.” Procedia CIRP 93: 62–67. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2020.04.066.
  • Schwerdtfeger, J., et al. 2011. “Design of Auxetic Structures via Mathematical Optimization.” Advanced Materials 23 (22–23): 2650–2654. doi:10.1002/adma.201004090.
  • Seabra, M., et al. 2016. “Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Topology Optimization for Lighter Aerospace Componentes.” Procedia Structural Integrity 1: 289–296. doi:10.1016/j.prostr.2016.02.039.
  • See, Y. S., J. Y. Ho, K. C. Leong, and T. N. Wong. 2022. “Experimental Investigation of a Topology-Optimized Phase Change Heat Sink Optimized for Natural Convection.” Applied Energy 314: 118984. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118984.
  • Seebach, M., C. Fritz, J. Kerschreiter, and M. F. Zaeh. 2020. “Shape Accuracy and Surface Quality of Additively Manufactured, Optimized, Patient-Specific Bone Plates.” Journal of Medical Devices 15 (2), doi:10.1115/1.4049193.
  • Seebach, M., F. Theurer, P. Foehr, C. von Deimling, R. Burgkart, and M. F. Zaeh. 2017. “Design of Bone Plates for Mandibular Reconstruction Using Topology and Shape Optimization.” Advances in Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. Springer International Publishing, 2086–2096. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67988-4_154.
  • Senck, S., et al. 2020. “Additive Manufacturing and Non-Destructive Testing of Topology-Optimised Aluminium Components.” Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation 35 (3): 315–327. doi:10.1080/10589759.2020.1774582.
  • Sha, W., M. Xiao, L. Gao, and Y. Zhang. 2021. “A New Level Set Based Multi-Material Topology Optimization Method Using Alternating Active-Phase Algorithm.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 377: 113674. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2021.113674.
  • Shidid, D., M. Leary, P. Choong, and M. Brandt. 2016. “Just-in-Time Design and Additive Manufacture of Patient-Specific Medical Implants.” Physics Procedia 83: 4–14. doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.002.
  • Si, H. 2015. “TetGen, a Delaunay-Based Quality Tetrahedral Mesh Generator.” ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 41 (2), doi:10.1145/2629697.
  • Siewert, M., F. Neugebauer, J. Epp, and V. Ploshikhin. 2019. “Validation of Mechanical Layer Equivalent Method for Simulation of Residual Stresses in Additive Manufactured Components.” Computers & Mathematics with Applications 78 (7): 2407–2416. doi:10.1016/j.camwa.2018.08.016.
  • Sigmund, O. 2001. “A 99 Line Topology Optimization Code Written in Matlab.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 21 (2): 120–127. doi:10.1007/s001580050176.
  • Singamneni, S., Y. Lv, A. Hewitt, R. Chalk, W. Thomas, and D. Jordison. 2019. “Additive Manufacturing for the Aircraft Industry: A Review.” Journal of Aeronautics & Aerospace Engineering 8 (1): 13. doi:10.4172/2329-6542.1000214.
  • Smith, C. J., M. Gilbert, I. Todd, and F. Derguti. 2016. “Application of Layout Optimization to the Design of Additively Manufactured Metallic Components.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 54 (5): 1297–1313. doi:10.1007/s00158-016-1426-1.
  • Smith, H., and J. A. Norato. 2020. “A MATLAB Code for Topology Optimization Using the Geometry Projection Method.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 62 (3): 1579–1594. doi:10.1007/s00158-020-02552-0.
  • Song, L., et al. 2021. “An All-Movable Rudder Designed by Thermo-Elastic Topology Optimization and Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing.” Computers & Structures 243: 106405. doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2020.106405.
  • Sosnovik, I., and I. Oseledets. 2019. “Neural Networks for Topology Optimization.” Russian Journal of Numerical Analysis and Mathematical Modelling 34 (4): 215–223. doi:10.1515/rnam-2019-0018.
  • Srivastava, S., et al. 2020b. “Multi-Physics Continuum Modelling Approaches for Metal Powder Additive Manufacturing: A Review.” Rapid Prototyping Journal 26 (4): 737–764. doi:10.1108/rpj-07-2019-0189.
  • Srivastava, S., R. K. Garg, V. S. Sharma, and A. Sachdeva. 2020a. “Measurement and Mitigation of Residual Stress in Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Macro-Scale Continuum Modelling Approach.” Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 28 (5): 3491–3515. doi:10.1007/s11831-020-09511-4.
  • Stavropoulos, P., and P. Foteinopoulos. 2018. “Modelling of Additive Manufacturing Processes: A Review and Classification.” Manuf Rev (Les Ulis) 5: 2. doi:10.1051/mfreview/2017014.
  • Steuben, J. C., A. J. Birnbaum, J. G. Michopoulos, and A. P. Iliopoulos. 2019. “Enriched Analytical Solutions for Additive Manufacturing Modeling and Simulation.” Addit Manuf 25: 437–447. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2018.10.017.
  • Steuben, J. C., J. G. Michopoulos, A. P. Iliopoulos, and A. J. Birnbaum. 2017. “Functional Performance Tailoring of Additively Manufactured Components via Topology Optimization.” Volume 1: 37th Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, doi:10.1115/detc2017-67600.
  • Strano, G., L. Hao, R. M. Everson, and K. E. Evans. 2012. “A New Approach to the Design and Optimisation of Support Structures in Additive Manufacturing.” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 66 (9–12): 1247–1254. doi:10.1007/s00170-012-4403-x.
  • Strömberg, N. 2022. “A New Multi-Scale Topology Optimization Framework for Optimal Combinations of Macro-Layouts and Local Gradings of TPMS-Based Lattice Structures.” Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 1–18. doi:10.1080/15397734.2022.2107538.
  • Suárez, A., F. Veiga, T. Bhujangrao, and E. Aldalur. 2022. “Study of the Mechanical Behavior of Topologically Optimized Arc Wire Direct Energy Deposition Aerospace Fixtures.” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, doi:10.1007/s11665-022-06702-x.
  • Subedi, S. C., C. S. Verma, and K. Suresh. 2020. “A Review of Methods for the Geometric Post-Processing of Topology Optimized Models.” Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 20 (6), doi:10.1115/1.4047429.
  • Sun, S., P. Liebersbach, and X. Qian. 2020. “3D Topology Optimization of Heat Sinks for Liquid Cooling.” Applied Thermal Engineering 178 (C): 115540. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115540.
  • Sun, W., Y. E. Ma, W. Zhang, X. Qian, W. Huang, and Z. Wang. 2021. “Effects of the Build Direction on Mechanical Performance of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4 V Under Different Loadings.” Advanced Engineering Materials, 2100611. doi:10.1002/adem.202100611.
  • Sutradhar, A., J. Park, D. Carrau, T. H. Nguyen, M. J. Miller, and G. H. Paulino. 2015. “Designing Patient-Specific 3D Printed Craniofacial Implants Using a Novel Topology Optimization Method.” Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 54 (7): 1123–1135. doi:10.1007/s11517-015-1418-0.
  • Sutradhar, A., G. H. Paulino, M. J. Miller, and T. H. Nguyen. 2010. “Topological Optimization for Designing Patient-Specific Large Craniofacial Segmental Bone Replacements.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (30): 13222–13227. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001208107.
  • Süß, M., C. Schöne, R. Stelzer, B. Klöden, A. Kirchner, and T. Weißgärber. 2016. “Aerospace Case Study on Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing.” DDMC 2016 Proceedings March 2016: 6.
  • Takezawa, A., et al. 2020. “Sensitivity Analysis and Lattice Density Optimization for Sequential Inherent Strain Method Used in Additive Manufacturing Process.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 370: 113231. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2020.113231.
  • Takezawa, A., Q. Chen, and A. C. To. 2021. “Optimally Variable Density Lattice to Reduce Warping Thermal Distortion of Laser Powder bed Fusion.” Addit Manuf 48: 102422. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102422.
  • Takezawa, A., H. Guo, R. Kobayashi, Q. Chen, and A. C. To. 2022. “Simultaneous Optimization of Hatching Orientations and Lattice Density Distribution for Residual Warpage Reduction in Laser Powder bed Fusion Considering Layerwise Residual Stress Stacking.” Addit Manuf 60: 103194. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2022.103194.
  • Takezawa, A., Y. Koizumi, and M. Kobashi. 2017. “High-stiffness and Strength Porous Maraging Steel via Topology Optimization and Selective Laser Melting.” Addit Manuf 18: 194–202. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2017.10.004.
  • Takezawa, A., X. Zhang, M. Kato, and M. Kitamura. 2019. “Method to Optimize an Additively-Manufactured Functionally-Graded Lattice Structure for Effective Liquid Cooling.” Addit Manuf 28: 285–298. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.04.004.
  • Talischi, C., G. H. Paulino, A. Pereira, and I. F. M. Menezes. 2012. “PolyTop: A Matlab Implementation of a General Topology Optimization Framework Using Unstructured Polygonal Finite Element Meshes.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 45 (3): 329–357. doi:10.1007/s00158-011-0696-x.
  • Tan, J. H. K., S. L. Sing, and W. Y. Yeong. 2019. “Microstructure Modelling for Metallic Additive Manufacturing: A Review.” Virtual and Physical Prototyping 15 (1): 87–105. doi:10.1080/17452759.2019.1677345.
  • Tang, Y., A. Kurtz, and Y. F. Zhao. 2015. “Bidirectional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (BESO) Based Design Method for Lattice Structure to be Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing.” Computer-Aided Design 69: 91–101. doi:10.1016/j.cad.2015.06.001.
  • Tang, Y., K. Mak, and Y. F. Zhao. 2016. “A Framework to Reduce Product Environmental Impact Through Design Optimization for Additive Manufacturing.” Journal of Cleaner Production 137: 1560–1572. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.037.
  • Thomas, D. S., and S. W. Gilbert. 2014. Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Additive Manufacturing. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). doi:10.6028/NIST.SP.1176.
  • Thore, C.-J., H. A. Grundström, B. Torstenfelt, and A. Klarbring. 2019. “Penalty Regulation of Overhang in Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 60 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1007/s00158-019-02194-x.
  • Torigaki, T., and K. Fujitani. 2000. “Power of a Voxel Approach to Structural Analysis and Topology-Shape Optimization in Automobile Industries.” Japan Journal Of industrial and Applied Mathematics 17 (1): 129–147. doi:10.1007/bf03167341.
  • Townsend, A., N. Senin, L. Blunt, R. K. Leach, and J. S. Taylor. 2016. “Surface Texture Metrology for Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review.” Precis Eng 46: 34–47. doi:10.1016/j.precisioneng.2016.06.001.
  • Toyserkani, E., D. Sarker, O. O. Ibhadode, F. Liravi, P. Russo, and K. Taherkhani. 2021. Metal Additive Manufacturing. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. [Online]. https://books.google.ca/books?id=_ScQswEACAAJ.
  • Tyflopoulos, E., M. Lien, and M. Steinert. 2021. “Optimization of Brake Calipers Using Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing.” Applied Sciences 11 (4): 1437. doi:10.3390/app11041437.
  • Ueda, Y., Y. C. Kim, and M. G. Yuan. 1988. “A Predicting Method of Welding Residual Stress Using Source of Residual Stress.” Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society 6 (1): 59–64. doi:10.2207/qjjws.6.59.
  • Ueno, A., H. Guo, A. Takezawa, R. Moritoyo, and M. Kitamura. 2021. “Temperature Distribution Design Based on Variable Lattice Density Optimization and Metal Additive Manufacturing.” Symmetry (Basel) 13 (7): 1194. doi:10.3390/sym13071194.
  • van Belle, L., G. Vansteenkiste, and J. C. Boyer. 2013. “Investigation of Residual Stresses Induced During the Selective Laser Melting Process.” Key Engineering Materials 554–557: 1828–1834. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.1828.
  • van de Ven, E., R. Maas, C. Ayas, M. Langelaar, and F. van Keulen. 2018. “Continuous Front Propagation-Based Overhang Control for Topology Optimization with Additive Manufacturing.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 57 (5): 2075–2091. doi:10.1007/s00158-017-1880-4.
  • van de Ven, E., R. Maas, C. Ayas, M. Langelaar, and F. van Keulen. 2020. “Overhang Control Based on Front Propagation in 3D Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 369: 113169. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2020.113169.
  • van Dijk, N. P., K. Maute, M. Langelaar, and F. Van Keulen. 2013. “Level-set Methods for Structural Topology Optimization: A Review.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 48 (3): 437–472. doi:10.1007/s00158-013-0912-y.
  • Vatanabe, S. L., T. N. Lippi, C. R. de Lima, G. H. Paulino, and E. C. N. Silva. 2016. “Topology Optimization with Manufacturing Constraints: A Unified Projection-Based Approach.” Advances in Engineering Software 100: 97–112. doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.07.002.
  • Vaverka, O., D. Koutny, and D. Palousek. 2019. “Topologically Optimized Axle Carrier for Formula Student Produced by Selective Laser Melting.” Rapid Prototyping Journal 25 (9): 1545–1551. doi:10.1108/rpj-07-2018-0171.
  • Vogiatzis, P., S. Chen, and C. Zhou. 2017. “An Open Source Framework for Integrated Additive Manufacturing and Level-Set-Based Topology Optimization.” Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 17 (4), doi:10.1115/1.4037738.
  • Vouga, E., M. Höbinger, J. Wallner, and H. Pottmann. 2012. “Design of Self-Supporting Surfaces.” Acm Transactions. on Graphics 31 (4): 1–11. doi:10.1145/2185520.2185583.
  • Vrancken, B., V. Cain, R. Knutsen, and J. Van Humbeeck. 2014. “Residual Stress via the Contour Method in Compact Tension Specimens Produced via Selective Laser Melting.” Scripta Materialia 87: 29–32. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.05.016.
  • Walton, D., and H. Moztarzadeh. 2017. “Design and Development of an Additive Manufactured Component by Topology Optimisation.” Procedia CIRP 60: 205–210. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2017.03.027.
  • Wang, X., et al. 2016. “Topological Design and Additive Manufacturing of Porous Metals for Bone Scaffolds and Orthopaedic Implants: A Review.” Biomaterials 83: 127–141. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.012.
  • Wang, H., et al. 2020a. “Porous Fusion Cage Design via Integrated Global-Local Topology Optimization and Biomechanical Analysis of Performance.” Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 112: 103982. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103982.
  • Wang, C. 2021a. “Topology Optimization of Self-Supported Enclosed Voids for Additive Manufacturing.” Volume 2: 41st Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (CIE), doi:10.1115/DETC2021-68785.
  • Wang, S., et al. 2022. “Efficient Representation and Optimization of TPMS-Based Porous Structures for 3D Heat Dissipation.” Computer-Aided Design 142: 103123. doi:10.1016/j.cad.2021.103123.
  • Wang, Y., J. Gao, and Z. Kang. 2018a. “Level Set-Based Topology Optimization with Overhang Constraint: Towards Support-Free Additive Manufacturing.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 339: 591–614. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2018.04.040.
  • Wang, W., D. Munro, C. C. L. Wang, F. van Keulen, and J. Wu. 2020b. “Space-Time Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 61 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1007/s00158-019-02420-6.
  • Wang, C., and X. Qian. 2020. “Optimizing Support for Heat Dissipation in Additive Manufacturing.” Volume 9: 40th Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (CIE). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, doi:10.1115/detc2020-22198.
  • Wang, X., C. Zhang, and T. Liu. 2018b. “A Topology Optimization Algorithm Based on the Overhang Sensitivity Analysis for Additive Manufacturing.” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 382 (3): 32036. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/382/3/032036.
  • Wang, C., W. Zhang, L. Zhou, T. Gao, and J. Zhu. 2021b. “Topology Optimization of Self-Supporting Structures for Additive Manufacturing with B-Spline Parameterization.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 374: 113599. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2020.113599.
  • Wang, C., Z. Zhao, M. Zhou, O. Sigmund, and X. S. Zhang. 2021c. “A Comprehensive Review of Educational Articles on Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 64 (5): 2827–2880. doi:10.1007/s00158-021-03050-7.
  • Wei, H. L., et al. 2021. “Mechanistic Models for Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Components.” Progress in Materials Science 116: 100703. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100703.
  • Wei, C., Z. Sun, Q. Chen, Z. Liu, and L. Li. 2019. “Additive Manufacturing of Horizontal and 3D Functionally Graded 316L/Cu10Sn Components via Multiple Material Selective Laser Melting.” Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 141 (8), doi:10.1115/1.4043983.
  • Wein, F., P. D. Dunning, and J. A. Norato. 2020. “A Review on Feature-Mapping Methods for Structural Optimization.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 62 (4): 1597–1638. doi:10.1007/s00158-020-02649-6.
  • Weinans, H., D. R. Sumner, R. Igloria, and R. N. Natarajan. 2000. “Sensitivity of Periprosthetic Stress-Shielding to Load and the Bone Density-Modulus Relationship in Subject-Specific Finite Element Models.” Journal of Biomechanics 33 (7): 809–817. doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(00)00036-1.
  • Weiss, B. M., J. M. Hamel, M. A. Ganter, and D. W. Storti. 2021. “Data-Driven Additive Manufacturing Constraints for Topology Optimization.” Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 143 (2): 1–10. doi:10.1115/1.4048264.
  • White, D. A., Y. Choi, and J. Kudo. 2020. “A Dual Mesh Method with Adaptivity for Stress-Constrained Topology Optimization.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 61 (2): 749–762. doi:10.1007/s00158-019-02393-6.
  • White, D. A., M. L. Stowell, and D. A. Tortorelli. 2018. “Toplogical Optimization of Structures Using Fourier Representations.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 58 (3): 1205–1220. doi:10.1007/s00158-018-1962-y.
  • Wildman, R. A., and A. T. Gaynor. 2017. “Topology Optimization for Reducing Additive Manufacturing Processing Distortions.” Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, United States, 1–32. [Online]. https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1043622.
  • Willner, R., et al. 2020. “Potential and Challenges of Additive Manufacturing for Topology Optimized Spacecraft Structures.” Journal of Laser Applications 32 (3): 32012. doi:10.2351/7.0000111.
  • Woldseth, R. V., N. Aage, J. A. Bærentzen, and O. Sigmund. 2022. “On the use of Artificial Neural Networks in Topology Optimisation.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 65 (10): 294. doi:10.1007/s00158-022-03347-1.
  • Wu, J., N. Aage, R. Westermann, and O. Sigmund. 2018. “Infill Optimization for Additive Manufacturing – Approaching Bone-Like Porous Structures.” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 24 (2): 1127–1140. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2017.2655523.
  • Wu, T., S. A. Jahan, Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, H. Elmounayri, and A. Tovar. 2017. “Design Optimization of Plastic Injection Tooling for Additive Manufacturing.” Procedia Manuf 10: 923–934. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.082.
  • Wu, J., W. Wang, and X. Gao. 2019. “Design and Optimization of Conforming Lattice Structures.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.02902.
  • Xia, L., Q. Xia, X. Huang, and Y. M. Xie. 2016. “Bi-Directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization on Advanced Structures and Materials: A Comprehensive Review.” Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 25 (2): 437–478. doi:10.1007/s11831-016-9203-2.
  • Xiao, D., Y. Yang, X. Su, D. Wang, and J. Sun. 2013. “An Integrated Approach of Topology Optimized Design and Selective Laser Melting Process for Titanium Implants Materials.” Bio-medical Materials and Engineering 23 (5): 433–445. doi:10.3233/BME-130765.
  • Xiao, Z., Y. Yang, D. Wang, C. Song, and Y. Bai. 2018. “Structural Optimization Design for Antenna Bracket Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting.” Rapid Prototyping Journal 24 (3): 539–547. doi:10.1108/rpj-05-2017-0084.
  • Xie, D., et al. 2018. “Assumption of Constraining Force to Explain Distortion in Laser Additive Manufacturing.” Materials (Basel) 11 (11): 2327. doi:10.3390/ma11112327.
  • Xie, D., et al. 2021. “Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of Distortion in Additive Manufacturing Based on Assumption of Constraining Force.” Virtual and Physical Prototyping 16 (sup1): S85–S97. doi:10.1080/17452759.2021.1881873.
  • Xillo. 2011. “The World’s First 3D Printed Total Jaw Reconstruction.” https://www.xilloc.com/patients/stories/total-mandibular-implant/.
  • Xiong, Y., S. Yao, Z.-L. Zhao, and Y. M. Xie. 2020. “A new Approach to Eliminating Enclosed Voids in Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing.” Addit Manuf 32: 101006. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.101006.
  • Xu, S., J. Liu, and Y. Ma. 2022. “Residual Stress Constrained Self-Support Topology Optimization for Metal Additive Manufacturing.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 389: 114380. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2021.114380.
  • Xu, Y., D. Zhang, Y. Zhou, W. Wang, and X. Cao. 2017. “Study on Topology Optimization Design, Manufacturability, and Performance Evaluation of Ti-6Al-4V Porous Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting (SLM).” Materials (Basel) 10 (9): 1048. doi:10.3390/ma10091048.
  • Yaghi, A., S. Ayvar-Soberanis, S. Moturu, R. Bilkhu, and S. Afazov. 2018. “Design Against Distortion for Additive Manufacturing.” 1st International Conference on Additive Manufacturing Benchmarks 27 (March): 224–235. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.03.010.
  • Yan, L., et al. 2022. “Assembly-Level Topology Optimization and Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum Alloy Primary Mirrors.” Optics Express 30 (4): 6258. doi:10.1364/oe.453585.
  • Yang, Y., M. F. Knol, F. van Keulen, and C. Ayas. 2018. “A Semi-Analytical Thermal Modelling Approach for Selective Laser Melting.” Addit Manuf 21: 284–297. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2018.03.002.
  • Yang, Y., F. van Keulen, and C. Ayas. 2020. “A Computationally Efficient Thermal Model for Selective Laser Melting.” Addit Manuf 31: 100955. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.100955.
  • Yap, C. Y., et al. 2015. “Review of Selective Laser Melting: Materials and Applications.” Appl Phys Rev 2 (4): 41101. doi:10.1063/1.4935926.
  • Yasin, S. B. M., N. F. Mohd, J. Mahmud, N. S. Whashilah, and Z. Razak. 2018. “A Reduction of Protector Cover Warpage via Topology Optimization.” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 98 (9–12): 2531–2537. doi:10.1007/s00170-018-2388-9.
  • Ye, J., P. Kyvelou, F. Gilardi, H. Lu, M. Gilbert, and L. Gardner. 2021. “An End-to-End Framework for the Additive Manufacture of Optimized Tubular Structures.” IEEE Access, 1. doi:10.1109/access.2021.3132797.
  • Yeranee, K., Y. Rao, L. Yang, and H. Li. 2022. “Improved Thermal Performance of a Serpentine Cooling Channel by Topology Optimization Infilled with Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces.” Energies (Basel) 15 (23): 8924. doi:10.3390/en15238924.
  • Yu, Y., T. Hur, J. Jung, and I. G. Jang. 2018. “Deep Learning for Determining a Near-Optimal Topological Design Without any Iteration.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 59 (3): 787–799. doi:10.1007/s00158-018-2101-5.
  • Zegard, T., and G. H. Paulino. 2016. “Bridging Topology Optimization and Additive Manufacturing.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 53 (1): 175–192. doi:10.1007/s00158-015-1274-4.
  • Zeng, K. 2015. “Optimization of Support Structures for Selective Laser Melting.” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Louisville, doi:10.18297/etd/2221.
  • Zeng, K., D. Pal, and B. Stucker. 2012. “A Review of Thermal Analysis Methods in Laser Sintering and Selective Laser Melting.” 23rd Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference, SFF 2012, 796–814. doi:10.26153/tsw/15390.
  • Zeng, K., D. Pal, C. Teng, and B. E. Stucker. 2015. “Evaluations of Effective Thermal Conductivity of Support Structures in Selective Laser Melting.” Addit Manuf 6: 67–73. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2015.03.004.
  • Zhai, Y., D. A. Lados, and J. L. LaGoy. 2014. “Additive Manufacturing: Making Imagination the Major Limitation.” JOM Journal of the Minerals Metals and Materials Society 66 (5): 808–816. doi:10.1007/s11837-014-0886-2.
  • Zhang, P., et al. 2015c. “Efficient Design-Optimization of Variable-Density Hexagonal Cellular Structure by Additive Manufacturing: Theory and Validation.” Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Transactions of the ASME 137 (2): 41–45. doi:10.1115/1.4028724.
  • Zhang, Z., et al. 2019a. “3-Dimensional Heat Transfer Modeling for Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing with Volumetric Heat Sources Based on Varied Thermal Conductivity and Absorptivity.” Optics & Laser Technology 109: 297–312. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.08.012.
  • Zhang, Z.-D., et al. 2020a. “Topology Optimization Parallel-Computing Framework Based on the Inherent Strain Method for Support Structure Design in Laser Powder-bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing.” International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design 16 (4): 897–923. doi:10.1007/s10999-020-09494-x.
  • Zhang, Y., A. Bernard, R. Harik, and K. P. Karunakaran. 2015b. “Build Orientation Optimization for Multi-Part Production in Additive Manufacturing.” Journal Of intelligent Manufacturing 28 (6): 1393–1407. doi:10.1007/s10845-015-1057-1.
  • Zhang, K., and G. Cheng. 2020. “Three-dimensional High Resolution Topology Optimization Considering Additive Manufacturing Constraints.” Addit Manuf 35: 101224. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2020.101224.
  • Zhang, K., G. Cheng, and L. Xu. 2019b. “Topology Optimization Considering Overhang Constraint in Additive Manufacturing.” Computers & Structures 212: 86–100. doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2018.10.011.
  • Zhang, S., D. Da, and Y. Wang. 2022. “TPMS-Infill MMC-Based Topology Optimization Considering Overlapped Component Property.” International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 235: 107713. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2022.107713.
  • Zhang, Z.-D. D., O. Ibhadode, A. Bonakdar, and E. Toyserkani. 2021. “TopADD: A 2D/3D Integrated Topology Optimization Parallel-Computing Framework for Arbitrary Design Domains.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 64 (3): 1701. doi:10.1007/s00158-021-02917-z.
  • Zhang, W., D. Li, J. Zhang, and X. Guo. 2016. “Minimum Length Scale Control in Structural Topology Optimization Based on the Moving Morphable Components (MMC) Approach.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 311: 327–355. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2016.08.022.
  • Zhang, X., C. C. L. Wang, X. Le, A. Panotopoulou, E. Whiting, and C. C. L. Wang. 2015a. “Perceptual Models of Preference in 3D Printing Direction.” Acm Transactions. on Graphics 34 (6): 1–12. doi:10.1145/2816795.2818121.
  • Zhang, Y., S. Yang, and Y. F. Zhao. 2020b. “Manufacturability Analysis of Metal Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing – a Survey.” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 110 (1–2): 57–78. doi:10.1007/s00170-020-05825-6.
  • Zhang, W., J. Yuan, J. Zhang, and X. Guo. 2015d. “A New Topology Optimization Approach Based on Moving Morphable Components (MMC) and the Ersatz Material Model.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 53 (6): 1243–1260. doi:10.1007/s00158-015-1372-3.
  • Zhang, W., L. Zhao, T. Gao, and S. Cai. 2017. “Topology Optimization with Closed B-Splines and Boolean Operations.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 315: 652–670. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2016.11.015.
  • Zhang, W., W. Zhong, and X. Guo. 2014. “An Explicit Length Scale Control Approach in SIMP-Based Topology Optimization.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 282: 71–86. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2014.08.027.
  • Zhang, W., and L. Zhou. 2018. “Topology Optimization of Self-Supporting Structures with Polygon Features for Additive Manufacturing.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 334: 56–78. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2018.01.037.
  • Zhao, D., and W. Guo. 2020. “Shape and Performance Controlled Advanced Design for Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Slicing and Path Planning.” Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 142 (1), doi:10.1115/1.4045055.
  • Zhao, D., M. Li, and Y. Liu. 2020a. “A Novel Application Framework for Self-Supporting Topology Optimization.” The Visual Computer 37 (5): 1169–1184. doi:10.1007/s00371-020-01860-2.
  • Zhao, G., J. Yang, W. Wang, Y. Zhang, X. Du, and G. Mayi. 2020b. “T-Splines Based Isogeometric Topology Optimization with Arbitrarily Shaped Design Domains.” Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 123: 1033–1059. doi:10.32604/cmes.2020.09920.
  • Zhao, Z., and X. S. Zhang. 2021a. “Design of Graded Porous Bone-Like Structures via a Multi-Material Topology Optimization Approach.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 64 (2): 677–698. doi:10.1007/s00158-021-02870-x.
  • Zhao, Z., and X. S. Zhang. 2021b. “Additive Manufacturing of Topology-Optimized Graded Porous Structures: An Experimental Study.” JOM Journal of the Minerals Metals and Materials Society, doi:10.1007/s11837-021-04705-y.
  • Zhao, J., M. Zhang, Y. Zhu, X. Li, and L. Wang. 2019. “A Novel Optimization Design Method of Additive Manufacturing Oriented Porous Structures.” ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 1–7. doi:10.1115/IMECE2018-86952.
  • Zhou, M., R. Fleury, Y. K. Shyy, H. Thomas, and J. M. Brennan. 2002. “Progress in Topology Optimization with Manufacturing Constraints.” 9th AIAA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization September, doi:10.2514/6.2002-5614.
  • Zhou, M., B. S. Lazarov, F. Wang, and O. Sigmund. 2015. “Minimum Length Scale in Topology Optimization by Geometric Constraints.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 293: 266–282. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2015.05.003.
  • Zhou, M., Y. Liu, and Z. Lin. 2019a. “Topology Optimization of Thermal Conductive Support Structures for Laser Additive Manufacturing.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 353: 24–43. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2019.03.054.
  • Zhou, Y., T. Nomura, and K. Saitou. 2019b. “Multicomponent Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing with Build Volume and Cavity Free Constraints.” Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 19 (2): 21011. doi:10.1115/1.4042640.
  • Zhou, L., O. Sigmund, and W. Zhang. 2021. “Self-Supporting Structure Design with Feature-Driven Optimization Approach for Additive Manufacturing.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 386: 114110. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2021.114110.
  • Zhou, L., and W. Zhang. 2019. “Topology Optimization Method with Elimination of Enclosed Voids.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 60: 1–20. doi:10.1007/s00158-019-02204-y.
  • Zhou, H., J. Zhang, Y. Zhou, and K. Saitou. 2019c. “Multi-Component Topology Optimization for Die Casting (MTO-D).” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2016.06.027.
  • Zhou, Y., W. Zhang, J. Zhu, and Z. Xu. 2016. “Feature-Driven Topology Optimization Method with Signed Distance Function.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 310: 1–32. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2016.06.027.
  • Zhu, B., et al. 2021a. “An 89-Line Code for Geometrically Nonlinear Topology Optimization Written in FreeFEM.” Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 63 (2): 1015–1027. doi:10.1007/s00158-020-02733-x.
  • Zhu, J., H. Zhou, C. Wang, L. Zhou, S. Yuan, and W. Zhang. 2021b. “A Review of Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing: Status and Challenges.” Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 34 (1): 91–110. doi:10.1016/j.cja.2020.09.020.
  • Živčák, J., R. Hudák, M. Schnitzer, and T. Kula. 2018. “Numerical Simulation and Experimental Testing of Topologically Optimized PLA Cervical Implants Made by Additive Manufacturing Methodics.” Acta Mechanica et Automatica 12 (2): 141–144. doi:10.2478/ama-2018-0022.