- Albert . Multivariate interpretation of clinical laboratory data. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1987.
- Aoki K , Misumi J , Kimura T , Zhao W , Xie T . Evaluation of cutoff levels for screening of gastric cancer using serum pepsinogens and distributions of levels of serum pepsinogen I, II and of PG I/PG II ratios in a gastric cancer case-control study. J Epidemiol 1997; 7(3): 143–51.
- Association Committee for Coding and Classification. Fracture and dislocation compendium . Orthopaedic Trauma Association Committee for Coding and Classification. J Orthop Trauma 1996; 10(Suppl. 1): v-ix, 1–154.
- Budny A M , Young B A . Analysis of radiographic classifications for rotational ankle fractures. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2008; 25(2): 139–52.
- Cabitza F , Locoro A , Banfi G . Machine learning in orthopedics: a literature review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol [Internet] 2018 Jun 27 [cited 2019 Oct 29]; 6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6030383/
- Chung S W , Han S S , Lee J W , Oh K-S , Kim N R , Yoon J P , et al. Automated detection and classification of the proximal humerus fracture by using deep learning algorithm. Acta Orthop 2018; 89(4): 468–73.
- Delgado R , Tibau X-A . Why Cohen’s Kappa should be avoided as performance measure in classification. PLOS ONE 2019; 14(9): e0222916.
- Esteva A , Kuprel B , Novoa R A , Ko J , Swetter S M , Blau H M , et al. Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks. Nature 2017; 542(7639): 115.
- Fonseca L , Nunes I , Nogueira R , Martins G , Mesencio A , Kobata S . Reproducibility of the Lauge-Hansen, Danis–Weber, and AO classifications for ankle fractures. Rev Bras Ortop Engl Ed 2017; Dec 1: 53.
- Gan K , Xu D , Lin Y , Shen Y , Zhang T , Hu K , et al. Artificial intelligence detection of distal radius fractures: a comparison between the convolutional neural network and professional assessments. Acta Orthop 2019; 90(4): 394–400.
- Greiner M , Pfeiffer D , Smith R D . Principles and practical application of the receiver-operating characteristic analysis for diagnostic tests. Prev Vet Med 2000; 45(1): 23–41.
- Guillaumin M , Verbeek J , Schmid C . Multimodal semi-supervised learning for image classification. In: 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition [Internet]. San Francisco, CA: IEEE; 2010 [cited 2020 Jan 14]. p. 902–9. Available from: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5540120/
- Hansen N L . Ankelbrud i genetisk Diagnose og Reposition: experimental-chirurgiske og radiografiske Undersøgelser Repositionsforsøg i Kliniken. Copenhagen: E. Munksgaard; 1942.
- He K , Zhang X , Ren S , Sun J . Delving deep into rectifiers: surpassing human-level performance on ImageNet Classification. 2015 [cited 2016 Aug 19]. p. 1026–34. Available from: http://www.cv-foundation.org/openaccess/content_iccv_2015/html/He_Delving_Deep_into_ICCV_2015_paper.html
- Hughes J L , Weber H , Willenegger H , Kuner E H . Evaluation of ankle fractures: non-operative and operative treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1979; (138): 111.
- Izmailov P , Podoprikhin D , Garipov T , Vetrov D , Wilson A G . Averaging weights leads to wider optima and better generalization. ArXiv180305407 Cs Stat [Internet] 2019 Feb 25 [cited 2019 Nov 16]. Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.05407
- Juto H , Nilsson H , Morberg P . Epidemiology of adult ankle fractures: 1756 cases identified in Norrbotten County during 2009–2013 and classified according to AO/OTA. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2018; 19(1): 441.
- Kim D H , MacKinnon T . Artificial intelligence in fracture detection: transfer learning from deep convolutional neural networks. Clin Radiol 2018; 73(5): 439–45.
- Lee J-G , Jun S , Cho Y-W , Lee H , Kim GB , Seo JB , et al. Deep Learning in Medical Imaging: General Overview. Korean J Radiol 2017; 18(4): 570–84.
- Meinberg E G , Agel J , Roberts C S , Karam M D , Kellam J F . Fracture and dislocation classification compendium—2018. J Orthop Trauma 2018; 32(Suppl. 1): S1–S170.
- Olczak J , Fahlberg N , Maki A , Razavian A S , Jilert A , Stark A , et al. Artificial intelligence for analyzing orthopedic trauma radiographs. Acta Orthop 2017; 88(6): 581–6.
- Shapiro D E . The interpretation of diagnostic tests. Stat Methods Med Res 1999; 8(2): 113–34.
- Thur C K , Edgren G , Jansson K-Å , Wretenberg P . Epidemiology of adult ankle fractures in Sweden between 1987 and 2004. Acta Orthop 2012; 83(3): 276–81.
- Urakawa T , Tanaka Y , Goto S , Matsuzawa H , Watanabe K , Endo N . Detecting intertrochanteric hip fractures with orthopedist-level accuracy using a deep convolutional neural network. Skeletal Radiol 2019; 48(2): 239–44.
- Westerman R W , Porter K . Ankle fractures in adults: an overview. Trauma 2007; 9(4): 267–72.
- Youden W J . Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer 1950; 3(1): 32–5.
- Zweig M H , Campbell G . Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: a fundamental evaluation tool in clinic medicine. Clin Chem 1993; 39(4): 561–77.
Acta Orthopaedica
Volume 92, 2021 - Issue 1
Open access
3,421
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles
Ankle fracture classification using deep learning: automating detailed AO Foundation/Orthopedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) 2018 malleolar fracture identification reaches a high degree of correct classification
Jakub OlczakKarolinska Institute, Institution for Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, SwedenCorrespondence[email protected]
, Filip EmilsonKarolinska Institute, Institution for Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
, Ali RazavianKarolinska Institute, Institution for Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
, Tone AntonssonKarolinska Institute, Institution for Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
, Andreas StarkKarolinska Institute, Institution for Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
& Max GordonKarolinska Institute, Institution for Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Pages 102-108
|
Published online: 26 Oct 2020
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.