556
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Divided by the jab: affective polarisation based on COVID vaccination status

&
Received 18 Aug 2023, Accepted 31 Mar 2024, Published online: 09 May 2024

References

  • Abrams, D., F. Lalot, and M. A. Hogg. 2021. “Intergroup and Intragroup Dimensions of COVID-19: A Social Identity Perspective on Social Fragmentation and Unity.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 24 (2): 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220983440.
  • Aichholzer, Julian, Sylvia Kritzinger, Markus Wagner, Nicolai Berk, Hajo Boomgaarden, and Wolfgang C. Müller. 2018. “AUTNES Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Post-Election Survey 2017 (CSES Edition)”, AUSSDA,V4,UNF:6:XZ6B7FsjGdiGzmuYYM + kkA == [fileUNF], https://doi.org/10.11587/W193UZ.
  • Allcott, H., L. Boxell, J. Conway, M. Gentzkow, M. Thaler, and D. Yang. 2020. “Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing During the Coronavirus Pandemic.” Journal of Public Economics 191: 104254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104254.
  • Altiparmakis, A., A. Bojar, S. Brouard, M. Foucault, H. Kriesi, and R. Nadeau. 2021. “Pandemic Politics: Policy Evaluations of Government Responses to COVID-19.” West European Politics 44 (5-6): 1159–1179. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2021.1930754.
  • Attwell, K., and D. T. Smith. 2017. “Parenting as Politics: Social Identity Theory and Vaccine Hesitant Communities.” International Journal of Health Governance 22 (3): 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHG-03-2017-0008.
  • Bliuc, A. M., C. McGarty, K. Reynolds, and D. Muntele. 2007. “Opinion-Based Group Membership as a Predictor of Commitment to Political Action.” European Journal of Social Psychology 37 (1): 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.334.
  • Bliuc, A. M., C. McGarty, E. F. Thomas, G. Lala, M. Berndsen, and R. Misajon. 2015. “Public Division About Climate Change Rooted in Conflicting Socio-Political Identities.” Nature Climate Change 5: 226–229. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2507.
  • Bor, A., F. Jørgensen, M. F. Lindholt, and M. B. Petersen. 2023b. “Moralizing the COVID-19 Pandemic: Self-Interest Predicts Moral Condemnation of Other's Compliance, Distancing, and Vaccination.” Political Psychology 44 (2): 257–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12835.
  • Bor, A., F. Jørgensen, and M. B. Petersen. 2023a. “Discriminatory Attitudes Against Unvaccinated People During the Pandemic.” Nature 613 (7945): 704–711. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05607-y.
  • Brewer, M. B. 1991. “The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17 (5): 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167291175001.
  • Campbell, A., P. Converse, W. Miller, and D. E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
  • Conover, P. J. 1984. “The Influence of Group Identifications on Political Perception and Evaluation.” The Journal of Politics 46 (3): 760–785. https://doi.org/10.2307/2130855.
  • Druckman, J. N., S. Klar, Y. Krupnikov, M. Levendusky, and J. B. Ryan. 2021a. “How Affective Polarization Shapes Americans’ Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 8 (3): 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1017/XPS.2020.28.
  • Druckman, J. N., S. Klar, Y. Krupnikov, M. Levendusky, and J. B. Ryan. 2021b. “Affective Polarization, Local Contexts and Public Opinion in America.” Nature Human Behaviour 5 (1): 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-01012-5.
  • Druckman, J. N., and M. S. Levendusky. 2019. “What do we Measure When we Measure Affective Polarization?” Public Opinion Quarterly 83 (1): 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfz003.
  • Eberl, J.-M., R. A. Huber, and E. Greussing. 2021. “From Populism to the “Plandemic”: Why Populists Believe in COVID-19 Conspiracies.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 31 (sup1): 272–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2021.1924730.
  • Faas, T., D. Schieferdecker, P. Joly, T. Bibu, and D. Klinke. 2021. „Pandemie und Polarisierung: (Wechselseitige) Wahrnehmungen von Befürworter*innen und Gegner*innen der Corona-Maßnahmen“. Policy Brief 3/2021, available at: https://www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de/polwiss/forschung/systeme/empsoz/forschung/rapid-covid/news/rapidcovid_policybrief3.html.
  • Falkenbach, M., and S. L. Greer. 2021. “Denial and Distraction: How the Populist Radical Right Responds to COVID-19; Comment on “a Scoping Review of PRR Parties’ Influence on Welfare Policy and its Implication for Population Health in Europe”.” International Journal of Health Policy and Management 10 (9): 578–580.
  • Fiske, S. T., A. J. Cuddy, and P. Glick. 2007. “Universal Dimensions of Social Cognition: Warmth and Competence.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11 (2): 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005.
  • Gadarian, S. K., S. W. Goodman, and T. B. Pepinsky. 2021. “Partisanship, Health Behavior, and Policy Attitudes in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic.” PLoS One 16(4).
  • Gelman, A. 2008. “Scaling Regression Inputs by Dividing by two Standard Deviations.” Statistics in Medicine 27 (15): 2865–2873. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3107.
  • Graso, M., K. Aquino, F. X. Chen, and K. Bardosh. 2023. “Blaming the Unvaccinated During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Roles of Political Ideology and Risk Perceptions in the USA.” Journal of Medical Ethics.
  • Greene, S. 1999. “Understanding Party Identification: A Social Identity Approach.” Political Psychology 20 (2): 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00150.
  • Greene, S. 2004. “Social identity theory and party identification.” Social Science Quarterly 85 (1): 136–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08501010.x.
  • Henkel, L., P. Sprengholz, L. Korn, C. Betsch, and R. Böhm. 2023. “The association between vaccination status identification and societal polarization.” Nature Human Behaviour 7 (2): 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01469-6.
  • Hobolt, S. B., T. J. Leeper, and J. Tilley. 2021. “Divided by the Vote: Affective Polarization in the Wake of the Brexit Referendum.” British Journal of Political Science 51 (4): 1476–1493. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123420000125.
  • Huber, R. A., E. Greussing, and J.-M. Eberl. 2022. “From Populism to Climate Scepticism: The Role of Institutional Trust and Attitudes Towards Science.” Environmental Politics 31(7): 1115–1138. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2021.1978200.
  • Huddy, L. 2001. “From Social to Political Identity: A Critical Examination of Social Identity Theory.” Political Psychology 22 (1): 127–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00230.
  • Huddy, L., L. Mason, and L. Aarøe. 2015. “Expressive Partisanship: Campaign Involvement, Political Emotion, and Partisan Identity.” American Political Science Review 109 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000604.
  • Iyengar, S., Y. Lelkes, M. Levendusky, N. Malhotra, and S. J. Westwood. 2019. “The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States.” Annual Review of Political Science 22: 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034.
  • Iyengar, S., G. Sood, and Y. Lelkes. 2012. “Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization.” Public Opinion Quarterly 76 (3): 405–431. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs038.
  • Jaspal, R., and B. Nerlich. 2022. “Social Representations of COVID-19 Skeptics: Denigration, Demonization, and Disenfranchisement.” Politics, Groups, and Identities, 1–21.
  • Juen, C. M., M. Jankowski, R. A. Huber, T. Frank, L. Maaß, and M. Tepe. 2021. “Who Wants COVID-19 Vaccination to be Compulsory? The Impact of Party Cues, Left-Right Ideology, and Populism.” Politics, 02633957211061999.
  • Jungkunz, S. 2021. “Political Polarization During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Frontiers in Political Science 6.
  • Kerr, J., Panagopoulos, and Van Der Linden. 2021. “Political polarization on COVID-19 pandemic response in the United States.” Personality and individual differences 179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110892.
  • Kittel, B., S. Kritzinger, H. Boomgaarden, B. Prainsack, J. M. Eberl, F. Kalleitner, N. S. Lebernegg, et al. 2020. “Austrian Corona Panel Project (SUF Edition).” AUSSDA V4. https://doi.org/10.11587/28KQNS.
  • Kittel, B., S. Kritzinger, H. Boomgaarden, B. Prainsack, J.-M. Eberl, F. Kalleitner, … L. Schlögl. 2021. “The Austrian Corona Panel Project: Monitoring Individual and Societal Dynamics Amidst the COVID-19 Crisis.” European Political Science 20 (2): 318–344. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-020-00294-7.
  • Korn, L., R. Böhm, N. W. Meier, and C. Betsch. 2020. “Vaccination as a Social Contract.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (26): 14890–14899. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919666117.
  • Krings, V C, B Steeden, D Abrams, and M A Hogg. 2021. “Social attitudes and behavior in the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence and prospects from research on group processes and intergroup relations.” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 24: 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220986673.
  • Kritzinger, Sylvia, Martial Foucault, Romain Lachat, Julia Partheymüller, Carolina Plescia, and Sylvain Brouard. 2021. “‘Rally Round the Flag’: The COVID-19 Crisis and Trust in the National Government.” West European Politics 44 (5-6): 1205–1231. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2021.1925017.
  • Lipset, S. M., and S. Rokkan. 1967. “Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction.” In Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, edited by S. M. Lipset, and S. Rokkan, 1–64. Toronto: The Free Press.
  • Maher, P. J., P. MacCarron, and M. Quayle. 2020. “Mapping Public Health Responses with Attitude Networks: The Emergence of Opinion-Based Groups in the UK’s Early COVID-19 Response Phase.” British Journal of Social Psychology 59 (3): 641–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12396.
  • Malka, A., and Y. Lelkes. 2010. “More Than Ideology: Conservative–Liberal Identity and Receptivity to Political Cues.” Social Justice Research 23 (2): 156–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-010-0114-3.
  • Motta, M., T. Callaghan, S. Sylvester, and K. Lunz-Trujillo. 2021. “Identifying the Prevalence, Correlates, and Policy Consequences of Anti-Vaccine Social Identity.” Politics, Groups, and Identities, 1–15.
  • Paul, K. T., J.-M. Eberl, and J. Partheymüller. 2021. “Policy-relevant Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Vaccination: Associations with Demography, Health Risk, and Social and Political Factors.” Frontiers in Public Health 9.
  • Peretti-Watel, P., V. Seror, S. Cortaredona, O. Launay, J. Raude, P. Verger, L. Fressard, et al. 2020. “A Future Vaccination Campaign Against COVID-19 at Risk of Vaccine Hesitancy and Politicisation.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 20 (7): 769–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30426-6.
  • Powdthavee, N., Y. E. Riyanto, E. C. Wong, J. X. Yeo, and Q. Y. Chan. 2021. “When Face Masks Signal Social Identity: Explaining the Deep Face-Mask Divide During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” PLoS One 16 (6): e0253195. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253195.
  • Rodriguez, C., S. K. Gadarian, S. W. Goodman, and T. Pepinsky. 2022. “Morbid Polarization: Exposure to COVID-19 and Partisan Disagreement About Pandemic Response.” Political Psychology.
  • Rosenberg, S., C. Nelson, and P. S. Vivekananthan. 1968. “A Multidimensional Approach to the Structure of Personality Impressions.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 9 (4): 283. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0026086.
  • Ruisch, B. C., C. Moore, J. Granados Samayoa, S. Boggs, J. Ladanyi, and R. Fazio. 2021. “Examining the Left-Right Divide Through the Lens of a Global Crisis: Ideological Differences and Their Implications for Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Political Psychology 42 (5): 795–816. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12740.
  • Sprengholz, P., C. Betsch, and R. Böhm. 2024. “Experimental Testing of Three Categorization-Based Interventions to Reduce Prejudice and Discrimination Against the Unvaccinated in the Aftermath of COVID-19.” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12386.
  • Stamm, T. A., J. Partheymüller, E. Mosor, V. Ritschl, S. Kritzinger, A. Alunno, and J.-M. Eberl. 2023. “Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Fatigue.” Nature Medicine 29 (5): 1164–1171. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02282-y.
  • Stamm, T., J. Partheymüller, E. Mosor, V. Ritschl, S. Kritzinger, and J.-M. Eberl. 2022. “Coronavirus Vaccine Hesitancy among Unvaccinated Austrians: Assessing Underlying Motivations and the Effectiveness of Interventions Based on a Cross-Sectional Survey with two Embedded Conjoint Experiments.” The Lancet Regional Health – Europe in press.
  • Stoetzer, L. F., S. Munzert, W. Lowe, B. Çalı, A. R. Gohdes, M. Helbling, R. Maxwell, and R. Traunmueller. 2021. “Affective partisan polarization and moral dilemmas during the COVID-19 pandemic.” Political Science Research and Methods 11 (2): 429–436.
  • Tajfel, H., and J. C. Turner. 1979. “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by W. G. Austin, and W. Stephen, 33–47. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Troiano, G., and A. Nardi. 2021. “Vaccine Hesitancy in the era of COVID-19.” Public Health 194: 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.02.025.
  • Vignoles, V. L., Z. Jaser, F. Taylor, and E. Ntontis. 2021. “Harnessing Shared Identities to Mobilize Resilient Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Political Psychology 42 (5): 817–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12726.
  • Wagner, M. 2024. “Affective Polarization in Europe.” European Political Science Review, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773923000383.