References
- Ngugi AK, Kariuki SM, Bottomley C, et al. Incidence of epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2011;77:1005–1012.
- de Boer HM, Mula M, Sander JW. The global burden and stigma of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav EB. 2008;12:540–546.
- Brodie MJ, Barry SJ, Bamagous GA, et al. Patterns of treatment response in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Neurology. 2012;78:1548–1554.
- Mula M. Brivaracetam for the treatment of epilepsy in adults. Expert Rev Neurother. 2014;14:361–365.
- Mumoli L, Palleria C, Gasparini S, et al. Brivaracetam: review of its pharmacology and potential use as adjunctive therapy in patients with partial onset seizures. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:5719–5725.
- Bajjalieh SM, Frantz GD, Weimann JM, et al. Differential expression of synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2) isoforms. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci. 1994;14:5223–5235.
- Bajjalieh SM, Peterson K, Linial M, et al. Brain contains two forms of synaptic vesicle protein 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:2150–2154.
- Löscher W, Gillard M, Sands ZA, et al. Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A ligands in the treatment of epilepsy and beyond. CNS Drugs. 2016;30:1055–1077.
- Xu T, Bajjalieh SM. SV2 modulates the size of the readily releasable pool of secretory vesicles. Nat Cell Biol. 2001;3:691–698.
- Wan Q-F, Zhou Z-Y, Thakur P, et al. SV2 acts via presynaptic calcium to regulate neurotransmitter release. Neuron. 2010;66:884–895.
- Lynch BA, Lambeng N, Nocka K, et al. The synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is the binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:9861–9866.
- Barton ME, Klein BD, Wolf HH, et al. Pharmacological characterization of the 6 Hz psychomotor seizure model of partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2001;47:217–227.
- Russo E, Citraro R, Scicchitano F, et al. Comparison of the antiepileptogenic effects of an early long-term treatment with ethosuximide or levetiracetam in a genetic animal model of absence epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2010;51:1560–1569.
- Russo E, Citraro R, Scicchitano F, et al. Effects of early long-term treatment with antiepileptic drugs on development of seizures and depressive-like behavior in a rat genetic absence epilepsy model. Epilepsia. 2011;52:1341–1350.
- Klitgaard H. Levetiracetam: the preclinical profile of a new class of antiepileptic drugs? Epilepsia. 2001;42(Suppl 4):13–18.
- Ben-Menachem E. Levetiracetam: treatment in epilepsy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003;4:2079–2088.
- Yang X-F, Rothman SM. Levetiracetam has a time- and stimulation-dependent effect on synaptic transmission. Seizure. 2009;18:615–619.
- Kaminski RM, Matagne A, Patsalos PN, et al. Benefit of combination therapy in epilepsy: a review of the preclinical evidence with levetiracetam. Epilepsia. 2009;50:387–397.
- Kaminski RM, Matagne A, Leclercq K, et al. SV2A protein is a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant target: functional correlation between protein binding and seizure protection in models of both partial and generalized epilepsy. Neuropharmacology. 2008;54:715–720.
- Custer KL, Austin NS, Sullivan JM, et al. Synaptic vesicle protein 2 enhances release probability at quiescent synapses. J Neurosci. 2006;26:1303–1313.
- Gorter JA, Van Vliet EA, Aronica E, et al. Potential new antiepileptogenic targets indicated by microarray analysis in a rat model for temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci. 2006;26:11083–11110.
- van Vliet EA, Aronica E, Redeker S, et al. Decreased expression of synaptic vesicle protein 2A, the binding site for levetiracetam, during epileptogenesis and chronic epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009;50:422–433.
- Ohno Y, Ishihara S, Terada R, et al. Preferential increase in the hippocampal synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) by pentylenetetrazole kindling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009;390:415–420.
- Feng G, Xiao F, Lu Y, et al. Down-regulation synaptic vesicle protein 2A in the anterior temporal neocortex of patients with intractable epilepsy. J Mol Neurosci MN. 2009;39:354–359.
- Toering ST, Boer K, de Groot M, et al. Expression patterns of synaptic vesicle protein 2A in focal cortical dysplasia and TSC-cortical tubers. Epilepsia. 2009;50:1409–1418.
- Serajee FJ, Huq AM. Homozygous mutation in synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A gene results in intractable epilepsy, involuntary movements, microcephaly, and developmental and growth retardation. Pediatr Neurol. 2015;52:642–646.e1.
- Kenda BM, Matagne AC, Talaga PE, et al. Discovery of 4-substituted pyrrolidone butanamides as new agents with significant antiepileptic activity. J Med Chem. 2004;47:530–549.
- Klitgaard H, Matagne A, Nicolas J-M, et al. Brivaracetam: rationale for discovery and preclinical profile of a selective SV2A ligand for epilepsy treatment. Epilepsia. 2016;57:538–548.
- Rogawski MA. Brivaracetam: a rational drug discovery success story. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154:1555–1557.
- Gillard M, Fuks B, Leclercq K, et al. Binding characteristics of brivaracetam, a selective, high affinity SV2A ligand in rat, mouse and human brain: relationship to anti-convulsant properties. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;664:36–44.
- Gillard M, Chatelain P, Fuks B. Binding characteristics of levetiracetam to synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) in human brain and in CHO cells expressing the human recombinant protein. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;536:102–108.
- Matagne A, Margineanu D-G, Kenda B, et al. Anti-convulsive and anti-epileptic properties of brivaracetam (ucb 34714), a high-affinity ligand for the synaptic vesicle protein, SV2A. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154:1662–1671.
- Rogawski MA. A new SV2A ligand for epilepsy. Cell. 2016;167:587.
- Schulze-Bonhage A. Brivaracetam for the treatment of epilepsy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011;12:1959–1966.
- Nicolas J-M, Hannestad J, Holden D, et al. Brivaracetam, a selective high-affinity synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) ligand with preclinical evidence of high brain permeability and fast onset of action. Epilepsia. 2016;57:201–209.
- Garberg P, Ball M, Borg N, et al. In vitro models for the blood-brain barrier. Toxicol Vitro Int J Publ Assoc BIBRA. 2005;19:299–334.
- Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Levy RH, et al. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the Twelfth Eilat Conference (EILAT XII). Epilepsy Res. 2015;111:85–141.
- Ferlazzo E, Russo E, Mumoli L, et al. Profile of brivaracetam and its potential in the treatment of epilepsy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:2967–2973.
- Yang X, Bognar J, He T, et al. Brivaracetam augments short-term depression and slows vesicle recycling. Epilepsia. 2015;56:1899–1909.
- Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Levy RH, et al. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the Thirteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs and Devices (EILAT XIII). Epilepsia. 2017;58:181–221.
- Tai K-K, Truong DD. Brivaracetam is superior to levetiracetam in a rat model of post-hypoxic myoclonus. J Neural Transm Vienna Austria 1996. 2007;114:1547–1551.
- Zona C, Pieri M, Carunchio I, et al. Brivaracetam (ucb 34714) inhibits Na(+) current in rat cortical neurons in culture. Epilepsy Res. 2010;88:46–54.
- Niespodziany I, André VM, Leclère N, et al. Brivaracetam differentially affects voltage-gated sodium currents without impairing sustained repetitive firing in neurons. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2015;21:241–251.
- Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DGA, Genton P, Parain D, et al. Evaluation of brivaracetam, a novel SV2A ligand, in the photosensitivity model. Neurology. 2007;69:1027–1034.
- von Rosenstiel P. Brivaracetam (UCB 34714). Neurother J Am Soc Exp Neurother. 2007;4:84–87.
- Detrait ER, Leclercq K, Löscher W, et al. Brivaracetam does not alter spatial learning and memory in both normal and amygdala-kindled rats. Epilepsy Res. 2010;91:74–83.
- Dupuis N, Matagne A, Staelens L, et al. Anti-ictogenic and antiepileptogenic properties of brivaracetam in mature and immature rats. Epilepsia. 2015;56:800–805.
- Mazarati AM, Wasterlain CG, Sankar R, et al. Self-sustaining status epilepticus after brief electrical stimulation of the perforant path. Brain Res. 1998;801:251–253.
- Wasterlain CG, Baldwin R, Naylor DE, et al. Rational polytherapy in the treatment of acute seizures and status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2011;52(Suppl 8):70–71.
- Wood MD, Gillard M. Evidence for a differential interaction of brivaracetam and levetiracetam with the synaptic vesicle 2A protein. Epilepsia. 2017;58:255–262.
- Correa-Basurto J, Cuevas-Hernández RI, Phillips-Farfán BV, et al. Identification of the antiepileptic racetam binding site in the synaptic vesicle protein 2A by molecular dynamics and docking simulations. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9:125.
- Crèvecœur J, Foerch P, Doupagne M, et al. Expression of SV2 isoforms during rodent brain development. BMC Neurosci. 2013;14:87.
- Talos DM, Chang M, Kosaras B, et al. Antiepileptic effects of levetiracetam in a rodent neonatal seizure model. Pediatr Res. 2013;73:24–30.
- Sargentini-Maier ML, Rolan P, Connell J, et al. The pharmacokinetics, CNS pharmacodynamics and adverse event profile of brivaracetam after single increasing oral doses in healthy males. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63:680–688.
- Rolan P, Sargentini-Maier ML, Pigeolet E, et al. The pharmacokinetics, CNS pharmacodynamics and adverse event profile of brivaracetam after multiple increasing oral doses in healthy men. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;66:71–75.
- Stockis A, Sargentini-Maier ML, Horsmans Y. Brivaracetam disposition in mild to severe hepatic impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;53:633–641.
- Sargentini-Maier ML, Sokalski A, Boulanger P, et al. Brivaracetam disposition in renal impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;52:1927–1933.
- Kälviäinen R, Genton P, Andermann E, et al. Brivaracetam in Unverricht-Lundborg disease (EPM1): results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Epilepsia. 2016;57:210–221.
- Sargentini-Maier ML, Espié P, Coquette A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 14C-brivaracetam, a novel SV2A ligand, in healthy subjects. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2008;36:36–45.
- Stockis A, Watanabe S, Rouits E, et al. Brivaracetam single and multiple rising oral dose study in healthy Japanese participants: influence of CYP2C19 genotype. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2014;29:394–399.
- Stockis A, Watanabe S, Scheen AJ. Effect of brivaracetam on CYP3A activity, measured by oral midazolam. J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;55:543–548.
- Stockis A, Chanteux H, Rosa M, et al. Brivaracetam and carbamazepine interaction in healthy subjects and in vitro. Epilepsy Res. 2015;113:19–27.
- Schoemaker R, Wade JR, Stockis A. Brivaracetam population pharmacokinetics and exposure-response modeling in adult subjects with partial-onset seizures. J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;56:1591–1602.
- Stockis A, Sargentini-Maier ML, Brodie MJ. Pharmacokinetic interaction of brivaracetam on carbamazepine in adult patients with epilepsy, with and without valproate co-administration. Epilepsy Res. 2016;128:163–168.
- Stockis A, Watanabe S, Fauchoux N. Interaction between brivaracetam (100 mg/day) and a combination oral contraceptive: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Epilepsia. 2014;55:e27–e31.
- Stockis A, Rolan P. Effect of brivaracetam (400 mg/day) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination oral contraceptive in healthy women. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;53:1313–1321.
- French JA, Costantini C, Brodsky A, et al. Adjunctive brivaracetam for refractory partial-onset seizures: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology. 2010;75:519–525.
- Van Paesschen W, Hirsch E, Johnson M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive brivaracetam in adults with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures: a phase IIb, randomized, controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2013;54:89–97.
- Biton V, Berkovic SF, Abou-Khalil B, et al. Brivaracetam as adjunctive treatment for uncontrolled partial epilepsy in adults: A phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2014;55:57–66.
- Klein P, Schiemann J, Sperling MR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjunctive brivaracetam in adult patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia. 2015;56:1890–1898.
- Ryvlin P, Werhahn KJ, Blaszczyk B, et al. Adjunctive brivaracetam in adults with uncontrolled focal epilepsy: results from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2014;55:47–56.
- Kwan P, Trinka E, Van Paesschen W, et al. Adjunctive brivaracetam for uncontrolled focal and generalized epilepsies: results of a phase III, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose trial. Epilepsia. 2014;55:38–46.
- Rosillon D, Astruc B, Hulhoven R, et al. Effect of brivaracetam on cardiac repolarization – a thorough QT study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:2327–2337.
- Mula M. Third generation antiepileptic drug monotherapies in adults with epilepsy. Expert Rev Neurother. 2016;16:1087–1092.
- Toledo M, Whitesides J, Schiemann J, et al. Safety, tolerability, and seizure control during long-term treatment with adjunctive brivaracetam for partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia. 2016;57:1139–1151.
- Ben-Menachem E, Mameniškienė R, Quarato PP, et al. Efficacy and safety of brivaracetam for partial-onset seizures in 3 pooled clinical studies. Neurology. 2016;87:314–323.
- Moseley BD, Sperling MR, Asadi-Pooya AA, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of adjunctive brivaracetam for secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures: pooled results from three phase III studies. Epilepsy Res. 2016;127:179–185.
- Brodie MJ, Whitesides J, Schiemann J, et al. Tolerability, safety, and efficacy of adjunctive brivaracetam for focal seizures in older patients: a pooled analysis from three phase III studies. Epilepsy Res. 2016;127:114–118.
- Steinig I, Von Podewils F, Möddel G, et al. Postmarketing experience with brivaracetam in the treatment of epilepsies: a multicenter cohort study from Germany. Epilepsia. 2017;58(7):1208–1216.
- Steinhoff BJ, Bacher M, Bucurenciu I, et al. Real-life experience with brivaracetam in 101 patients with difficult-to-treat epilepsy-A monocenter survey. Seizure. 2017;48:11–14.
- Yates SL, Fakhoury T, Liang W, et al. An open-label, prospective, exploratory study of patients with epilepsy switching from levetiracetam to brivaracetam. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;52:165–168.