178
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Re-education begins at home: an overview of the discovery of in vivo-active small molecule modulators of endogenous stem cells

, , &
Pages 307-326 | Received 30 Nov 2017, Accepted 01 Feb 2018, Published online: 08 Feb 2018

References

  • Pirotta M. Arthritis disease - the use of complementary therapies. Aust Fam Physician. 2010;39(9):638–640.
  • Mba CJ. Population ageing in ghana: research gaps and the way forward. J Aging Res. 2010;2010:672157.
  • Thakker R, Yang P. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for cardiac repair. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2014;16(7):323.
  • Atkins HL, Freedman MS. Hematopoietic stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis: top 10 lessons learned. Neurotherapeutics. 2013;10(1):68–76.
  • Pan H, Vojnits K, Liu TT, et al. MMP1 gene expression enhances myoblast migration and engraftment following implanting into mdx/SCID mice. Cell Adh Migr. 2015;9(4):283–292.
  • Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Gao F, et al. Paracrine regulation in mesenchymal stem cells: the role of Rap1. Cell Death Dis. 2015;6:e1932.
  • Volarevic V, Markovic BS, Gazdic M, et al. Ethical and safety issues of stem cell-based therapy. Int J Med Sci. 2018;15(1):36–45.
  • Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006;126(4):663–676.
  • Jung DW, Kim WH, Williams DR. Reprogram or reboot: small molecule approaches for the production of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct cell reprogramming. ACS Chem Biol. 2014;9(1):80–95.
  • Hou P, Li Y, Zhang X, et al. Pluripotent stem cells induced from mouse somatic cells by small-molecule compounds. Science. 2013;341(6146):651–654.
  • Izgi K, Canatan H, Iskender B. Current status in cancer cell reprogramming and its clinical implications. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017;143(3):371–383.
  • Nadal-Ginard B, Ellison GM, Torella D. The cardiac stem cell compartment is indispensable for myocardial cell homeostasis, repair and regeneration in the adult. Stem Cell Res. 2014;13(3 Pt B):615–630.
  • Waring CD, Vicinanza C, Papalamprou A, et al. The adult heart responds to increased workload with physiologic hypertrophy, cardiac stem cell activation, and new myocyte formation. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(39):2722–2731.
  • Davies SG, Kennewell PD, Russell AJ, et al. Stemistry: the control of stem cells in situ using chemistry. J Med Chem. 2015;58(7):2863–2894.
  • Smits AM, Dronkers E, Goumans MJ. The epicardium as a source of multipotent adult cardiac progenitor cells: their origin, role and fate. Pharmacol Res. 2017;127:129–140.
  • Meran L, Baulies A, Li VSW. Intestinal stem cell niche: the extracellular matrix and cellular components. Stem Cells Int. 2017;2017:7970385.
  • Hurwitz A, Massone R, Lopez BL. Acquired bleeding disorders. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2017;31(6):1123–1145.
  • Khot A, Dickinson M, Prince HM. Panobinostat in lymphoid and myeloid malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2013;22(9):1211–1223.
  • Erhardt JA, Erickson-Miller CL, Aivado M, et al. Comparative analyses of the small molecule thrombopoietin receptor agonist eltrombopag and thrombopoietin on in vitro platelet function. Exp Hematol. 2009;37(9):1030–1037.
  • Qureshi K, Patel S, Meillier A. The use of thrombopoietin receptor agonists for correction of thrombocytopenia prior to elective procedures in chronic liver diseases: review of current evidence. Int J Hepatol. 2016;2016:1802932.
  • Christopherson KW 2nd, Hangoc G, Mantel CR, et al. Modulation of hematopoietic stem cell homing and engraftment by CD26. Science. 2004;305(5686):1000–1003.
  • Goessling W, Allen RS, Guan X, et al. Prostaglandin E2 enhances human cord blood stem cell xenotransplants and shows long-term safety in preclinical nonhuman primate transplant models. Cell Stem Cell. 2011;8(4):445–458.
  • Wagstaff AJ. Plerixafor: in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma or multiple myeloma. Drugs. 2009;69(3):319–326.
  • Tian SS, Lamb P, King AG, et al. A small, nonpeptidyl mimic of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor [see commetns]. Science. 1998;281(5374):257–259.
  • Matsunaga T, Sakamaki S, Kohgo Y, et al. Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor can mobilize sufficient amounts of peripheral blood stem cells in healthy volunteers for allogeneic transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1993;11(2):103–108.
  • Doyle ML, Tian SS, Miller SG, et al. Selective binding and oligomerization of the murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor by a low molecular weight, nonpeptidyl ligand. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(11):9426–9434.
  • Zhu J, Huang H, Chen H, et al. Plerixafor and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor for mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells for autologous transplantation in Chinese patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a randomized Phase 3 study. Transfusion. 2018;58(1):81–87.
  • Pitchford SC, Furze RC, Jones CP, et al. Differential mobilization of subsets of progenitor cells from the bone marrow. Cell Stem Cell. 2009;4(1):62–72.
  • Walenkamp AME, Lapa C, Herrmann K, et al. CXCR4 ligands: the next big hit? J Nucl Med. 2017;58(Suppl 2):77S–82S.
  • Broxmeyer HE, Hoggatt J, O’Leary HA, et al. Dipeptidylpeptidase 4 negatively regulates colony-stimulating factor activity and stress hematopoiesis. Nat Med. 2012;18(12):1786–1796.
  • Ramirez P, Rettig MP, Uy GL, et al. BIO5192, a small molecule inhibitor of VLA-4, mobilizes hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood. 2009;114(7):1340–1343.
  • Spellman SR, Eapen M, Logan BR, et al. A perspective on the selection of unrelated donors and cord blood units for transplantation. Blood. 2012;120(2):259–265.
  • Tabassum N, Tai H, Jung DW, et al. Fishing for nature’s hits: establishment of the Zebrafish as a model for screening antidiabetic natural products. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:287847.
  • Wiley DS, Redfield SE, Zon LI. Chemical screening in zebrafish for novel biological and therapeutic discovery. Methods Cell Biol. 2017;138:651–679.
  • Leonova KI, Shneyder J, Antoch MP, et al. A small molecule inhibitor of p53 stimulates amplification of hematopoietic stem cells but does not promote tumor development in mice. Cell Cycle. 2010;9(7):1434–1443.
  • Zhang Y, Desai A, Yang SY, et al. TISSUE REGENERATION. Inhibition of the prostaglandin-degrading enzyme 15-PGDH potentiates tissue regeneration. Science. 2015;348(6240):aaa2340.
  • Antczak MI, Zhang Y, Wang C, et al. Inhibitors of 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase to potentiate tissue repair. J Med Chem. 2017;60(9):3979–4001.
  • Rainville N, Jachimowicz E, Wojchowski DM. Targeting EPO and EPO receptor pathways in anemia and dysregulated erythropoiesis. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2016;20(3):287–301.
  • Selvaraju V, Parinandi NL, Adluri RS, et al. Molecular mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of pharmacological inhibitors of HIF-prolyl 4-hydroxylases for treatment of ischemic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;20(16):2631–2665.
  • Huang L, Wang G. The effects of different factors on the behavior of neural stem cells. Stem Cells Int. 2017;2017:9497325.
  • Segi-Nishida E. The effect of serotonin-targeting antidepressants on neurogenesis and neuronal maturation of the hippocampus mediated via 5-HT1A and 5-HT4 receptors. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017;11:142.
  • Guirado R, Sanchez-Matarredona D, Varea E, et al. Chronic fluoxetine treatment in middle-aged rats induces changes in the expression of plasticity-related molecules and in neurogenesis. BMC Neurosci. 2012;13:5.
  • Jiang W, Zhang Y, Xiao L, et al. Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(11):3104–3116.
  • MacMillan KS, Naidoo J, Liang J, et al. Development of proneurogenic, neuroprotective small molecules. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133(5):1428–1437.
  • Lu J, Frerich JM, Turtzo LC, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors are neuroprotective and preserve NGF-mediated cell survival following traumatic brain injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(26):10747–10752.
  • Irwin RW, Solinsky CM, Loya CM, et al. Allopregnanolone preclinical acute pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies to predict tolerability and efficacy for Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128313.
  • Meyer M, Garay LI, Kruse MS, et al. Protective effects of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone in a mouse model of spontaneous motoneuron degeneration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2017;174:201–216.
  • Teo JL, Ma H, Nguyen C, et al. Specific inhibition of CBP/beta-catenin interaction rescues defects in neuronal differentiation caused by a presenilin-1 mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(34):12171–12176.
  • Liu Y, Chen H, Zheng P, et al. ICG-001 suppresses growth of gastric cancer cells and reduces chemoresistance of cancer stem cell-like population. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2017;36(1):125.
  • De Jesus-Cortes H, Xu P, Drawbridge J, et al. Neuroprotective efficacy of aminopropyl carbazoles in a mouse model of Parkinson disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(42):17010–17015.
  • Gomez-Pinedo U, Rodrigo R, Cauli O, et al. cGMP modulates stem cells differentiation to neurons in brain in vivo. Neuroscience. 2010;165(4):1275–1283.
  • Wurdak H, Zhu S, Min KH, et al. A small molecule accelerates neuronal differentiation in the adult rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(38):16542–16547.
  • Zhou DS, Wang HB, Zhou ZG, et al. TACC3 promotes stemness and is a potential therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2015;6(27):24163–24177.
  • Schneider JW, Goetsch SC, Leng X, et al. Coupling hippocampal neurogenesis to brain pH through proneurogenic small molecules that regulate proton sensing G protein-coupled receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2012;3(7):557–568.
  • Galinato MH, Lockner JW, Fannon-Pavlich MJ, et al. A synthetic small-molecule Isoxazole-9 protects against methamphetamine relapse. Mol Psychiatry. 2017. doi: 10.1038/mp.2017.46.
  • Schmidt R, Strahle U, Scholpp S. Neurogenesis in zebrafish - from embryo to adult. Neural Dev. 2013;8:3.
  • Oudin MJ, Gajendra S, Williams G, et al. Endocannabinoids regulate the migration of subventricular zone-derived neuroblasts in the postnatal brain. J Neurosci. 2011;31(11):4000–4011.
  • Maslov LN, Khaliulin I, Zhang Y, et al. Prospects for creation of cardioprotective drugs based on cannabinoid receptor agonists. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2016;21(3):262–272.
  • More SV, Choi DK. Promising cannabinoid-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease: motor symptoms to neuroprotection. Mol Neurodegener. 2015;10:17.
  • Bisogno T, Oddi S, Piccoli A, et al. Type-2 cannabinoid receptors in neurodegeneration. Pharmacol Res. 2016;111:721–730.
  • Deshmukh VA, Tardif V, Lyssiotis CA, et al. A regenerative approach to the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Nature. 2013;502(7471):327–332.
  • Wang J, Gallagher D, DeVito LM, et al. Metformin activates an atypical PKC-CBP pathway to promote neurogenesis and enhance spatial memory formation. Cell Stem Cell. 2012;11(1):23–35.
  • Ionescu-Tirgoviste C, Gagniuc PA, Gubceac E, et al. A 3D map of the islet routes throughout the healthy human pancreas. Sci Rep. 2015;5:14634.
  • Andersson O, Adams BA, Yoo D, et al. Adenosine signaling promotes regeneration of pancreatic beta cells in vivo. Cell Metab. 2012;15(6):885–894.
  • Liu S, Street TO. 5ʹ-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine is not a paralog-specific Hsp90 inhibitor. Protein Sci. 2016;25(12):2209–2215.
  • Southan C. BACE2 as a new diabetes target: a patent review (2010-2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2013;23(5):649–663.
  • Wang P, Alvarez-Perez JC, Felsenfeld DP, et al. A high-throughput chemical screen reveals that harmine-mediated inhibition of DYRK1A increases human pancreatic beta cell replication. Nat Med. 2015;21(4):383–388.
  • Dhawan S, Dirice E, Kulkarni RN, et al. Inhibition of TGF-beta signaling promotes human pancreatic beta-cell replication. Diabetes. 2016;65(5):1208–1218.
  • Shen W, Tremblay MS, Deshmukh VA, et al. Small-molecule inducer of beta cell proliferation identified by high-throughput screening. J Am Chem Soc. 2013;135(5):1669–1672.
  • Boerner BP, George NM, Mir SU, et al. WS6 induces both alpha and beta cell proliferation without affecting differentiation or viability. Endocr J. 2015;62(4):379–386.
  • Annes JP, Ryu JH, Lam K, et al. Adenosine kinase inhibition selectively promotes rodent and porcine islet beta-cell replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(10):3915–3920.
  • Esterhazy D, Stutzer I, Wang H, et al. Bace2 is a beta cell-enriched protease that regulates pancreatic beta cell function and mass. Cell Metab. 2011;14(3):365–377.
  • Ghosh AK, Reddy BS, Yen YC, et al. Design of potent and highly selective inhibitors for human beta-secretase 2 (Memapsin 1), a target for type 2 diabetes. Chem Sci. 2016;7:3117–3122.
  • March L, Smith EU, Hoy DG, et al. Burden of disability due to musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2014;28(3):353–366.
  • Filardo G, Perdisa F, Roffi A, et al. Stem cells in articular cartilage regeneration. J Orthop Surg Res. 2016;11:42.
  • Laurencin CT, Ashe KM, Henry N, et al. Delivery of small molecules for bone regenerative engineering: preclinical studies and potential clinical applications. Drug Discov Today. 2014;19(6):794–800.
  • Carbone EJ, Jiang T, Nelson C, et al. Small molecule delivery through nanofibrous scaffolds for musculoskeletal regenerative engineering. Nanomedicine. 2014;10(8):1691–1699.
  • Lo KW, Jiang T, Gagnon KA, et al. Small-molecule based musculoskeletal regenerative engineering. Trends Biotechnol. 2014;32(2):74–81.
  • Awale G, Wong E, Rajpura K, et al. Engineered bone tissue with naturally-derived small molecules. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(24):3585–3594.
  • Kim JM, Choi JS, Kim YH, et al. An activator of the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway promotes osteogenesis from human mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol. 2013;228(3):617–626.
  • Deshmukh V, Hu H, Barroga C, et al. A small-molecule inhibitor of the Wnt pathway (SM04690) as a potential disease modifying agent for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017;26(1):18–27.
  • Kashiwagi M, Hojo H, Kitaura Y, et al. Local administration of a hedgehog agonist accelerates fracture healing in a mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;479(4):772–778.
  • Lee S, Wang C, Pan HC, et al. Combining smoothened agonist and NEL-like protein-1 enhances bone healing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(6):1385–1396.
  • Lee JH, Mandakhbayar N, El-Fiqi A, et al. Intracellular co-delivery of Sr ion and phenamil drug through mesoporous bioglass nanocarriers synergizes BMP signaling and tissue mineralization. Acta Biomater. 2017;60:93–108.
  • Wang Y, Newman MR, Ackun-Farmmer M, et al. Fracture-targeted delivery of beta-catenin agonists via peptide-functionalized nanoparticles augments fracture healing. ACS Nano. 2017;11(9):9445–9458.
  • Zhao XL, Chen JJ, Zhang GN, et al. Small molecule T63 suppresses osteoporosis by modulating osteoblast differentiation via BMP and WNT signaling pathways. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):10397.
  • Cui ZK, Kim S, Baljon JJ, et al. Design and characterization of a therapeutic non-phospholipid liposomal nanocarrier with osteoinductive characteristics to promote bone formation. ACS Nano. 2017;11(8):8055–8063.
  • Johnson K, Zhu S, Tremblay MS, et al. A stem cell-based approach to cartilage repair. Science. 2012;336(6082):717–721.
  • Im GI. Application of kartogenin for musculoskeletal regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2017. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.36300
  • Li X, Ding J, Zhang Z, et al. Kartogenin-incorporated thermogel supports stem cells for significant cartilage regeneration. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8(8):5148–5159.
  • Kang ML, Kim JE, Im GI. Thermoresponsive nanospheres with independent dual drug release profiles for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Acta Biomater. 2016;39:65–78.
  • Ito T, Takemasa M, Makino K, et al. Preparation of calcium phosphate nanocapsules including simvastatin/deoxycholic acid assembly, and their therapeutic effect in osteoporosis model mice. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2013;65(4):494–502.
  • Segar CE, Ogle ME, Botchwey EA. Regulation of angiogenesis and bone regeneration with natural and synthetic small molecules. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(19):3403–3419.
  • Wu Y, Cao L, Xia L, et al. Evaluation of osteogenesis and angiogenesis of icariin in local controlled release and systemic delivery for calvarial defect in ovariectomized rats. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):5077.
  • Mortality GBD, C. Causes of Death. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963):117–171.
  • Amini H, Rezaie J, Vosoughi A, et al. Cardiac progenitor cells application in cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 2017;9(3):127–132.
  • Vicinanza C, Aquila I, Scalise M, et al. Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and robustly myogenic: c-kit expression is necessary but not sufficient for their identification. Cell Death Differ. 2017;24(12):2101–2116.
  • Russell JL, Goetsch SC, Aguilar HR, et al. Targeting native adult heart progenitors with cardiogenic small molecules. ACS Chem Biol. 2012;7(6):1067–1076.
  • Sasaki T, Hwang H, Nguyen C, et al. The small molecule Wnt signaling modulator ICG-001 improves contractile function in chronically infarcted rat myocardium. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e75010.
  • Engel FB, Hsieh PC, Lee RT, et al. FGF1/p38 MAP kinase inhibitor therapy induces cardiomyocyte mitosis, reduces scarring, and rescues function after myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(42):15546–15551.
  • Huber BC, Brunner S, Segeth A, et al. Parathyroid hormone is a DPP-IV inhibitor and increases SDF-1-driven homing of CXCR4(+) stem cells into the ischaemic heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;90(3):529–537.
  • Ni TT, Rellinger EJ, Mukherjee A, et al. Discovering small molecules that promote cardiomyocyte generation by modulating Wnt signaling. Chem Biol. 2011;18(12):1658–1668.
  • Choi WY, Gemberling M, Wang J, et al. In vivo monitoring of cardiomyocyte proliferation to identify chemical modifiers of heart regeneration. Development. 2013;140(3):660–666.
  • Safian D, Morais RD, Bogerd J, et al. Igf binding proteins protect undifferentiated spermatogonia in the zebrafish testis against excessive differentiation. Endocrinology. 2016;157(11):4423–4433.
  • Smith AM, Maguire-Nguyen KK, Rando TA, et al. The protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor MSI-1436 stimulates regeneration of heart and multiple other tissues. NPJ Regen Med. 2017;2:4.
  • Cho H. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and obesity. Vitam Horm. 2013;91:405–424.
  • Kim YS, Jeong HY, Kim AR, et al. Natural product derivative BIO promotes recovery after myocardial infarction via unique modulation of the cardiac microenvironment. Sci Rep. 2016;6:30726.
  • Skuk D, Tremblay JP. Clarifying misconceptions about myoblast transplantation in myology. Mol Ther. 2014;22(5):897–898.
  • Jung DW, Williams DR. Reawakening atlas: chemical approaches to repair or replace dysfunctional musculature. ACS Chem Biol. 2012;7(11):1773–1790.
  • Carlson ME, Conboy MJ, Hsu M, et al. Relative roles of TGF-beta1 and Wnt in the systemic regulation and aging of satellite cell responses. Aging Cell. 2009;8(6):676–689.
  • Ohsawa Y, Okada T, Nishimatsu S, et al. An inhibitor of transforming growth factor beta type I receptor ameliorates muscle atrophy in a mouse model of caveolin 3-deficient muscular dystrophy. Lab Invest. 2012;92(8):1100–1114.
  • Cheng L, Gu X, Sanderson JE, et al. A new function of a previously isolated compound that stimulates activation and differentiation of myogenic precursor cells leading to efficient myofiber regeneration and muscle repair. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006;38(7):1123–1133.
  • San Emeterio CL, Olingy CE, Chu Y, et al. Selective recruitment of non-classical monocytes promotes skeletal muscle repair. Biomaterials. 2017;117:32–43.
  • Anderson DM, Anderson KM, Chang CL, et al. A micropeptide encoded by a putative long noncoding RNA regulates muscle performance. Cell. 2015;160(4):595–606.
  • Makarewich CA, Olson EN. Mining for Micropeptides. Trends Cell Biol. 2017;27(9):685–696.
  • Dowling JJ, D Gonorazky H, Cohn RD, et al. Treating pediatric neuromuscular disorders: the future is now. Am J Med Genet A. 2017. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38418.
  • Abu-Baker A, Laganiere J, Gaudet R, et al. Lithium chloride attenuates cell death in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy by perturbing Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4:e821.
  • Uliassi E, Gandini A, Perone RC, et al. Neuroregeneration versus neurodegeneration: toward a paradigm shift in Alzheimer’s disease drug discovery. Future Med Chem. 2017;9(10):995–1013.
  • Garber K. No longer going to waste. Nat Biotechnol. 2016;34(5):458–461.
  • Labriola NR, Azagury A, Gutierrez R, et al. Concise review: fabrication, customization, and application of cell mimicking microparticles in stem cell science. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2018;7(2):232–240.
  • El Khatib MM, Sakuma T, Tonne JM, et al. beta-Cell-targeted blockage of PD1 and CTLA4 pathways prevents development of autoimmune diabetes and acute allogeneic islets rejection. Gene Ther. 2015;22(5):430–438.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.