216
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Current and potential targets for drug design in the androgen receptor pathway for prostate cancer

ORCID Icon
Pages 489-496 | Received 09 Dec 2017, Accepted 19 Mar 2018, Published online: 06 Apr 2018

References

  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017 Jan;67(1):7–30. PubMed PMID: 28055103.
  • Rittmaster RS. 5alpha-reductase inhibitors. J Androl. 1997 Nov-Dec;18(6):582–587. PubMed PMID: 9432130.
  • Deslypere JP, Young M, Wilson JD, et al. Testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone interact differently with the androgen receptor to enhance transcription of the MMTV-CAT reporter gene. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1992 Oct;88(1–3):15–22. PubMed PMID: 1334007.
  • Zhou ZX, Lane MV, Kemppainen JA, et al. Specificity of ligand-dependent androgen receptor stabilization: receptor domain interactions influence ligand dissociation and receptor stability. Molecular Endocrinology Baltimore, Md. 1995 Feb;9(2):208–218. PubMed PMID: 7776971.
  • Nishiyama T. Serum testosterone levels after medical or surgical androgen deprivation: a comprehensive review of the literature. Urol Oncol. 2014 Jan;32(1):38 e17–28. PubMed PMID: 23769268.
  • Karantanos T, Corn PG, Thompson TC. Prostate cancer progression after androgen deprivation therapy: mechanisms of castrate resistance and novel therapeutic approaches. Oncogene. 2013 Dec 5;32(49):5501–5511. PubMed PMID: 23752182; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3908870.
  • Ruizeveld de Winter JA, Janssen PJ, Sleddens HM, et al. Androgen receptor status in localized and locally progressive hormone refractory human prostate cancer. Am J Pathol. 1994 Apr;144(4):735–746. PubMed PMID: 7512791; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1887232. (interesting paper).
  • Gelmann EP. Molecular biology of the androgen receptor. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Jul 1;20(13):3001–3015. PubMed PMID: 12089231.
  • Jenster G, van der Korput HA, Trapman J, et al. Identification of two transcription activation units in the N-terminal domain of the human androgen receptor. J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar 31;270(13):7341–7346. PubMed PMID: 7706276.
  • Lonergan PE, Tindall DJ. Androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer development and progression. J Carcinog. 2011;10:20. PubMed PMID: 21886458; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3162670.
  • Dehm SM, Regan KM, Schmidt LJ, et al. Selective role of an NH2-terminal WxxLF motif for aberrant androgen receptor activation in androgen depletion independent prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2007 Oct 15;67(20):10067–10077. PubMed PMID: 17942941.
  • Knudsen KE, Scher HI. Starving the addiction: new opportunities for durable suppression of AR signaling in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Aug 1;15(15):4792–4798. 10.1158/10780432.CCR-08-2660. PubMed PMID: 19638458; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2842118.
  • Scher HI, Fizazi K, Saad F, et al. Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2012 Sep 27;367(13):1187–1197. PubMed PMID: 22894553. (Interesting paper).
  • Beer TM, Armstrong AJ, Rathkopf DE, et al. Enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer before chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jul 31;371(5):424–433. PubMed PMID: 24881730; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4418931. (Interesting paper).
  • Liu C, Lou W, Zhu Y, et al. Niclosamide inhibits androgen receptor variants expression and overcomes enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Jun 15;20(12):3198–3210. PubMed PMID: 24740322; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4058390.
  • de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, Molina A, et al. Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011 May 26;364(21):1995–2005. PubMed PMID: 21612468; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3471149.
  • Ryan CJ, Smith MR, de Bono JS, et al. Abiraterone in metastatic prostate cancer without previous chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jan 10;368(2):138–148. PubMed PMID: 23228172; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3683570.
  • Fizazi K, Tran N, Fein L, et al. Abiraterone plus prednisone in metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 27;377(4):352–360. PubMed PMID: 28578607. (interesting paper).
  • James ND, de Bono JS, Spears MR, et al. Abiraterone for prostate cancer not previously treated with hormone therapy. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 27;377(4):338–351. PubMed PMID: 28578639; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5533216. (interesting paper).
  • Clegg NJ, Wongvipat J, Joseph J, et al. ARN-509: a novel antiandrogen for prostate cancer treatment. Cancer Res. 2012 Mar 15;72(6):1494–1503. PubMed PMID: 22266222; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3306502.
  • Moilanen AM, Riikonen R, Oksala R, et al. Discovery of ODM-201, a new-generation androgen receptor inhibitor targeting resistance mechanisms to androgen signaling-directed prostate cancer therapies. Sci Rep. 2015 Jul 3;5:12007. PubMed PMID: 26137992; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4490394.
  • Noonan KL, North S, Bitting RL, et al. Clinical activity of abiraterone acetate in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after enzalutamide. Ann Oncol. 2013 Jul;24(7):1802–1807. PubMed PMID: 23585511.
  • Schrader AJ, Boegemann M, Ohlmann CH, et al. Enzalutamide in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients progressing after docetaxel and abiraterone. Eur Urol. 2014 Jan;65(1):30–36. PubMed PMID: 23849416.
  • Buttigliero C, Tucci M, Bertaglia V, et al. Understanding and overcoming the mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide in castration resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2015 Dec;41(10):884–892. PubMed PMID: 26342718.
  • Edwards J, Krishna NS, Grigor KM, et al. Androgen receptor gene amplification and protein expression in hormone refractory prostate cancer. Br J Cancer. 2003 Aug 4;89(3):552–556. PubMed PMID: 12888829; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2394367. (interesting paper).
  • Romanel A, Gasi Tandefelt D, Conteduca V, et al. Plasma AR and abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer. Sci Transl Med. 2015 Nov 4;7(312):312re10. PubMed PMID: 26537258.
  • Podolak J, Eilers K, Newby T, et al. Androgen receptor amplification is concordant between circulating tumor cells and biopsies from men undergoing treatment for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget. 2017 Sep 22;8(42):71447–71455. PubMed PMID: 29069718; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5641061. (interesting paper).
  • Borgmann H, Lallous N, Ozistanbullu D, et al. Moving towards precision urologic oncology: targeting enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer and mutated forms of the androgen receptor using the novel inhibitor darolutamide (ODM-201). Eur Urol. 2018 Jan;73(1):4–8. PubMed PMID: 28851578.
  • Goodall J, Mateo J, Yuan W, et al. Circulating cell-free dna to guide prostate cancer treatment with PARP inhibition. Cancer Discov. 2017 Sep;7(9):1006–1017. PubMed PMID: 28450425.
  • Torga G, Pienta KJ. Patient-paired sample congruence between 2 commercial liquid biopsy tests. JAMA Oncology. 2017 Dec 14. PubMed PMID: 29242909.
  • Wallen MJ, Linja M, Kaartinen K, et al. Androgen receptor gene mutations in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Pathol. 1999 Dec;189(4):559–563. PubMed PMID: 10629558. (interesting paper).
  • Culig Z, Hoffmann J, Erdel M, et al. Switch from antagonist to agonist of the androgen receptor bicalutamide is associated with prostate tumour progression in a new model system. Br J Cancer. 1999 Sep;81(2):242–251. PubMed PMID: 10496349; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2362859.
  • Kelly WK, Scher HI. Prostate specific antigen decline after antiandrogen withdrawal: the flutamide withdrawal syndrome. J Urol. 1993 Mar;149(3):607–609. PubMed PMID: 7679759.
  • Boudadi K, Antonarakis ES. Resistance to novel antiandrogen therapies in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol. 2016;10Suppl 1:1–9. PubMed PMID: 27013902; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4798019.
  • Korpal M, Korn JM, Gao X, et al. An F876L mutation in androgen receptor confers genetic and phenotypic resistance to MDV3100 (enzalutamide). Cancer Discov. 2013 Sep;3(9):1030–1043. PubMed PMID: 23842682.
  • Mostaghel EA. Beyond T and DHT - novel steroid derivatives capable of wild type androgen receptor activation. Int J Biol Sci. 2014;10(6):602–613. PubMed PMID: 24948873; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4062953.
  • Balbas MD, Evans MJ, Hosfield DJ, et al. Overcoming mutation-based resistance to antiandrogens with rational drug design. eLife. 2013 Apr 9;2:e00499. PubMed PMID: 23580326; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3622181.
  • Szmulewitz RZ, Chung E, Al-Ahmadie H, et al. Serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 expression in primary human prostate cancers. Prostate. 2012 Feb 1;72(2):157–164. PubMed PMID: 21563193.
  • Sahu B, Laakso M, Pihlajamaa P, et al. FoxA1 specifies unique androgen and glucocorticoid receptor binding events in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2013 Mar 1;73(5):1570–1580. PubMed PMID: 23269278.
  • Lallous N, Volik SV, Awrey S, et al. Functional analysis of androgen receptor mutations that confer anti-androgen resistance identified in circulating cell-free DNA from prostate cancer patients. Genome Biol. 2016 Jan 26;17:10.
  • Lorente D, Omlin A, Ferraldeschi R, et al. Tumour responses following a steroid switch from prednisone to dexamethasone in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients progressing on abiraterone. Br J Cancer. 2014 Dec 9;111(12):2248–2253. PubMed PMID: 25314055; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4264443.
  • Li Y, Alsagabi M, Fan D, et al. Intragenic rearrangement and altered RNA splicing of the androgen receptor in a cell-based model of prostate cancer progression. Cancer Res. 2011 Mar 15;71(6):2108–2117. PubMed PMID: 21248069; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3059379.
  • Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Wang H, et al. AR-V7 and resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 11;371(11):1028–1038. PubMed PMID: 25184630; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4201502. (interesting paper).
  • Hu R, Dunn TA, Wei S, et al. Ligand-independent androgen receptor variants derived from splicing of cryptic exons signify hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2009 Jan 1;69(1):16–22. PubMed PMID: 19117982; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2614301.
  • Hornberg E, Ylitalo EB, Crnalic S, et al. Expression of androgen receptor splice variants in prostate cancer bone metastases is associated with castration-resistance and short survival. PLoS One. 2011 Apr 28;6(4):e19059. PubMed PMID: 21552559; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3084247. (interesting paper).
  • Montgomery B, Eisenberger MA, Rettig MB, et al. Androgen receptor modulation optimized for response (ARMOR) Phase I and II studies: galeterone for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2016 Mar 15;22(6):1356–1363. PubMed PMID: 26527750.
  • Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Luber B, et al. Androgen receptor splice variant 7 and efficacy of taxane chemotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. JAMA Oncology. 2015 Aug;1(5):582–591. PubMed PMID: 26181238; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4537351.
  • Maughan BL, Antonarakis ES. Clinical relevance of androgen receptor splice variants in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2015 Dec;16(12):57. PubMed PMID: 26537882.
  • Dalal K, Roshan-Moniri M, Sharma A, et al. Selectively targeting the DNA-binding domain of the androgen receptor as a prospective therapy for prostate cancer. J Biol Chem. 2014 Sep 19;289(38):26417–26429. PubMed PMID: 25086042; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4176249.
  • Ravindranathan P, Lee TK, Yang L, et al. Peptidomimetic targeting of critical androgen receptor-coregulator interactions in prostate cancer. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1923. PubMed PMID: 23715282.
  • Myung JK, Banuelos CA, Fernandez JG, et al. An androgen receptor N-terminal domain antagonist for treating prostate cancer. J Clin Invest. 2013 Jul;123(7):2948–2960. PubMed PMID: 23722902; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3696543.
  • Asangani IA, Wilder-Romans K, Dommeti VL, et al. BET Bromodomain inhibitors enhance efficacy and disrupt resistance to AR antagonists in the treatment of prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res. 2016 Apr;14(4):324–331. PubMed PMID: 26792867; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4834259.
  • Wang Y, Lonard DM, Yu Y, et al. Small molecule inhibition of the steroid receptor coactivators, SRC-3 and SRC-1. J Mol Endocrinol. 2011 Dec;25(12):2041–2053. PubMed PMID: 22053001; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3231837.
  • Guerrini A, Tesei A, Ferroni C, et al. A new avenue toward androgen receptor pan-antagonists: C2 sterically hindered substitution of hydroxy-propanamides. J Med Chem. 2014 Sep 11;57(17):7263–7279. PubMed PMID: 25121586.
  • Decker B, Ostrander EA. Dysregulation of the homeobox transcription factor gene HOXB13: role in prostate cancer. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2014;7:193–201. PubMed PMID: 25206306; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4157396.
  • Pomerantz MM, Li F, Takeda DY, et al. The androgen receptor cistrome is extensively reprogrammed in human prostate tumorigenesis. Nat Genet. 2015 Nov;47(11):1346–1351. PubMed PMID: 26457646; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4707683.
  • Mellinghoff IK, Vivanco I, Kwon A, et al. HER2/neu kinase-dependent modulation of androgen receptor function through effects on DNA binding and stability. Cancer Cell. 2004 Nov;6(5):517–527. PubMed PMID: 15542435.
  • Yoshizawa A, Ogikubo S. IGF binding protein-5 synthesis is regulated by testosterone through transcriptional mechanisms in androgen responsive cells. Endocr J. 2006 Dec;53(6):811–818. PubMed PMID: 17001112.
  • Wu Y, Zhao W, Zhao J, et al. Identification of androgen response elements in the insulin-like growth factor I upstream promoter. Endocrinology. 2007 Jun;148(6):2984–2993. PubMed PMID: 17363459.
  • Zhu ML, Partin JV, Bruckheimer EM, et al. TGF-beta signaling and androgen receptor status determine apoptotic cross-talk in human prostate cancer cells. Prostate. 2008 Feb 15;68(3):287–295. PubMed PMID: 18163430.
  • Saric T, Shain SA. Androgen regulation of prostate cancer cell FGF-1, FGF-2, and FGF-8: preferential down-regulation of FGF-2 transcripts. Growth Factors. 1998;16(1):69–87. PubMed PMID: 9777371.
  • Rosini P, Bonaccorsi L, Baldi E, et al. Androgen receptor expression induces FGF2, FGF-binding protein production, and FGF2 release in prostate carcinoma cells: role of FGF2 in growth, survival, and androgen receptor down-modulation. Prostate. 2002 Dec 1;53(4):310–321. PubMed PMID: 12430142.
  • Boddy JL, Fox SB, Han C, et al. The androgen receptor is significantly associated with vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia sensing via hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1a, HIF-2a, and the prolyl hydroxylases in human prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 1;11(21):7658–7663. PubMed PMID: 16278385.
  • Small AC, Oh WK. Bevacizumab treatment of prostate cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012 Sep;12(9):1241–1249. PubMed PMID: 22775507.
  • Ojemuyiwa MA, Madan RA, Dahut WL. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of prostate cancer: taking the next step in clinical development. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2014 Dec;19(4):459–470. PubMed PMID: 25345821.
  • Statz CM, Patterson SE, Mockus SM. mTOR inhibitors in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a systematic review. Target Oncol. 2017 Feb;12(1):47–59. PubMed PMID: 27503005.
  • Tomlins SA, Rhodes DR, Perner S, et al. Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer. Science. 2005 Oct 28;310(5748):644–648. PubMed PMID: 16254181.
  • Ku SY, Rosario S, Wang Y, et al. Rb1 and Trp53 cooperate to suppress prostate cancer lineage plasticity, metastasis, and antiandrogen resistance. Science. 2017 Jan 6;355(6320):78–83. PubMed PMID: 28059767; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5367887.
  • Mu P, Zhang Z, Benelli M, et al. SOX2 promotes lineage plasticity and antiandrogen resistance in TP53- and RB1-deficient prostate cancer. Science. 2017 Jan 6;355(6320):84–88. PubMed PMID: 28059768; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5247742. (interesting paper).
  • Titus MA, Schell MJ, Lih FB, et al. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone tissue levels in recurrent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 1;11(13):4653–4657. PubMed PMID: 16000557. (interesting paper).
  • Page ST, Lin DW, Mostaghel EA, et al. Persistent intraprostatic androgen concentrations after medical castration in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;91(10):3850–3856. PubMed PMID: 16882745.
  • Mostaghel EA, Page ST, Lin DW, et al. Intraprostatic androgens and androgen-regulated gene expression persist after testosterone suppression: therapeutic implications for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2007 May 15;67(10):5033–5041. PubMed PMID: 17510436.
  • Montgomery RB, Mostaghel EA, Vessella R, et al. Maintenance of intratumoral androgens in metastatic prostate cancer: a mechanism for castration-resistant tumor growth. Cancer Res. 2008 Jun 1;68(11):4447–4454. PubMed PMID: 18519708; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2536685.
  • Toren PJ, Kim S, Pham S, et al. Anticancer activity of a novel selective CYP17A1 inhibitor in preclinical models of castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2015 Jan;14(1):59–69. PubMed PMID: 25351916.
  • Mostaghel EA. Steroid hormone synthetic pathways in prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol. 2013 Sep;2(3):212–227. PubMed PMID: 25379460; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4219921.
  • Mostaghel EA, Nelson PS, Lange P, et al. Targeted androgen pathway suppression in localized prostate cancer: a pilot study. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Jan 20;32(3):229–237. PubMed PMID: 24323034; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3887479.
  • Mostaghel EA. Abiraterone in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Manag Res. 2014;6:39–51. PubMed PMID: 24501545; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3912049.
  • Salvi S, Casadio V, Conteduca V, et al. Circulating cell-free AR and CYP17A1 copy number variations may associate with outcome of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone. Br J Cancer. 2015 May 12;112(10):1717–1724. PubMed PMID: 25897673; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4430717.
  • Evaul K, Li R, Papari-Zareei M, et al. 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is a possible pharmacological target in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Endocrinology. 2010 Aug;151(8):3514–3520. PubMed PMID: 20534728.
  • Chang KH, Li R, Papari-Zareei M, et al. Dihydrotestosterone synthesis bypasses testosterone to drive castration-resistant prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011 Aug 16;108(33):13728–13733. PubMed PMID: 21795608; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3158152.
  • Hearn JWD, AbuAli G, Reichard CA, et al. HSD3B1 and resistance to androgen-deprivation therapy in prostate cancer: a retrospective, multicohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Oct;17(10):1435–1444. PubMed PMID: 27575027; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5135009.
  • Schmidt LJ, Tindall DJ. Steroid 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors targeting BPH and prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2011 May;125(1–2):32–38. PubMed PMID: 20883781.
  • Maughan BL, Boudadi K, Nadal RM, et al. Intercalating docetaxel between novel hormone therapies (NHT) abiraterone and enzalutamide in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC): does it resensitize patients to the second NHT agent? J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15_suppl):e16550–e16550. .
  • Beltran H, Tagawa ST, Park K, et al. Challenges in recognizing treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Dec 20;30(36):e386–9. PubMed PMID: 23169519.
  • Sun Y, Wang BE, Leong KG, et al. Androgen deprivation causes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the prostate: implications for androgen-deprivation therapy. Cancer Res. 2012 Jan 15;72(2):527–536. PubMed PMID: 22108827.
  • Tuxhorn JA, Ayala GE, Smith MJ, et al. Reactive stroma in human prostate cancer: induction of myofibroblast phenotype and extracellular matrix remodeling. Clin Cancer Res. 2002 Sep;8(9):2912–2923. PubMed PMID: 12231536.
  • Adisetiyo H, Liang M, Liao CP, et al. Dependence of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) stem cells on CRPC-associated fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol. 2014 Sep;229(9):1170–1176. PubMed PMID: 24752784; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5774665.
  • Li Y, Li CX, Ye H, et al. Decrease in stromal androgen receptor associates with androgen-independent disease and promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion. J Cell Mol Med. 2008 Dec;12(6B):2790–2798. PubMed PMID: 18266956; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3828892. (Interesting article). .
  • Ricciardelli C, Cs C, Buchanan G, et al. Androgen receptor levels in prostate cancer epithelial and peritumoral stromal cells identify non-organ confined disease. Prostate. 2005 Apr 1;63(1):19–28. PubMed PMID: 15378523.
  • Leach DA, Buchanan G. Stromal androgen receptor in prostate cancer development and progression. Cancers. 2017 Jan 22;9(1). PubMed PMID: 28117763; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5295781.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.