References
- Zhang J, Duan D, and Osama A, et al. Natural molecules targeting thioredoxin system and their therapeutic potential. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2021;34(14):1083–1107.
- Dagnell M, Schmidt EE, Arner ESJ. The A to Z of modulated cell patterning by mammalian thioredoxin reductases. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018;115:484–496.
- Zhang J, Li X, and Han X, et al. Targeting the thioredoxin system for cancer therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017;38(9):794–808.
- Bian M, Fan R, Zhao S, et al. Targeting the thioredoxin system as a strategy for cancer therapy. J Med Chem. 2019;62(16):7309–7321.
- Ghareeb H, Metanis N. The thioredoxin system: a promising target for cancer drug development. Chemistry (Easton). 2020;26(45):10175–10184.
- Hornsveld M, Dansen TB. The hallmarks of cancer from a redox perspective. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2016;25(6):300–325.
- Zhang J, Duan D, Song ZL, et al. Small molecules regulating reactive oxygen species homeostasis for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev. 2021;41(1):342–394.
- Arner ES, Holmgren A. The thioredoxin system in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 2006;16(6):420–426. • A earlier and concise review on the role of the thioredoxin system in cancer.
- Branco V, Pimentel J, Brito MA, et al. Thioredoxin, glutathione and related molecules in tumors of the nervous system. Curr Med Chem. 2020;27(12):1878–1900.
- Kekulandara DN, Nagi S, Seo H, et al. Redox-inactive peptide disrupting Trx1-Ask1 interaction for selective activation of stress signaling. Biochemistry. 2018;57(5):772–780.
- Delgobo M, Goncalves RM, Delazeri MA, et al. Thioredoxin reductase-1 levels are associated with NRF2 pathway activation and tumor recurrence in non-small cell lung cancer. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;177:58–71.
- Zhang X, Selvaraju K, Saei AA, et al. Repurposing of auranofin: thioredoxin reductase remains a primary target of the drug. Biochimie. 2019;162:46–54.
- Abdalbari FH, Telleria CM. The gold complex auranofin: new perspectives for cancer therapy. Discov Oncol. 2021;12(1):42.
- Xie W, Ma W, Liu P, et al. Overview of thioredoxin system and targeted therapies for acute leukemia. Mitochondrion. 2019;47:38–46.
- Chupakhin E, and Krasavin M. Thioredoxin reductase inhibitors: updated patent review (2017-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2021;31(8):745–758.
- Zhang B, Zhang J, Peng S, et al. Thioredoxin reductase inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2017;27(5):547–556.
- Espinosa B, Arner ESJ. Thioredoxin-related protein of 14 kDa as a modulator of redox signalling pathways. Br J Pharmacol. 2019;176(4):544–553. • This review details the regulation of TRP14 on the redox signaling pathway.
- Liu X, Zhang Y, Lu W, et al. Mitochondrial TXNRD3 confers drug resistance via redox-mediated mechanism and is a potential therapeutic target in vivo. Redox Biol. 2020;36:101652.
- Yang L, Wang H, Yang X, et al. Auranofin mitigates systemic iron overload and induces ferroptosis via distinct mechanisms. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):138.
- Karunanithi S, Liu R, and Hou Y, et al. Thioredoxin reductase is a major regulator of metabolism in leukemia cells. Oncogene. 2021;40(33):5236–5246. • This article introduces that TrxR can directly regulate GAPDH leading to a disruption of glycolysis to regulate the metabolism of leukemia cells.
- Xu J, Fang J. How can we improve the design of small molecules to target thioredoxin reductase for treating cancer? Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2021;16(4):331–333.
- Gencheva R, Arnér ESJ. Thioredoxin reductase inhibition for cancer therapy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2022;62:177–196.
- Zhang J, Zhang B, Li X, et al. Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian thioredoxin reductase as potential anticancer agents: an update. Med Res Rev. 2019;39(1):5–39.
- Schmidt C, Albrecht L, Balasupramaniam S, et al. A gold(i) biscarbene complex with improved activity as a TrxR inhibitor and cytotoxic drug: comparative studies with different gold metallodrugs. Metallomics. 2019;11(3):533–545.
- Li X, Zhang B, and Yan C, et al. A fast and specific fluorescent probe for thioredoxin reductase that works via disulphide bond cleavage. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):2745. • This article reports the design of a rapid and specific TrxR probe for high-throughput inhibitor screening.
- Zhang L, Duan D, Liu Y, et al. Highly selective off-on fluorescent probe for imaging thioredoxin reductase in living cells. J Am Chem Soc. 2014;136(1):226–233.
- Liu R, Shi D, Zhang J, et al. Virtual screening-guided discovery of thioredoxin reductase inhibitors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2019;370:106–116.
- Song ZL, Zhang J, Xu Q, et al. Structural modification of aminophenylarsenoxides generates candidates for leukemia treatment via thioredoxin reductase inhibition. J Med Chem. 2021;64:16132–16146.
- Zhang J, Zheng ZQ, Xu Q, et al. Onopordopicrin from the new genus Shangwua as a novel thioredoxin reductase inhibitor to induce oxidative stress-mediated tumor cell apoptosis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2021;36(1):790–801.
- Yao J, Duan D, Song ZL, et al. Sanguinarine as a new chemical entity of thioredoxin reductase inhibitor to elicit oxidative stress and promote tumor cell apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020;152:659–667.
- Krasavin M, Sharonova T, and Sharoyko V, et al. Combining carbonic anhydrase and thioredoxin reductase inhibitory motifs within a single molecule dramatically increases its cytotoxicity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2020;35(1):665–671. • This article introduces a paradigm in which a dual inhibitor improves antitumor efficacy.
- Jovanovic M, Dragoj M, Zhukovsky D, et al. Novel TrxR1 inhibitors show potential for glioma treatment by suppressing the invasion and sensitizing glioma cells to chemotherapy. Front Mol Biosci. 2020;7(281):586146.
- Yang J, Pan S, Gao S, et al. Anti-recurrence/metastasis and chemosensitization therapy with thioredoxin reductase-interfering drug delivery system. Biomaterials. 2020;249:120054. • A case of TrxR-responsive polymer to sensitize chemotherapy.
- Li X, Hou Y, and Meng X, et al. Selective activation of a prodrug by thioredoxin reductase providing a strategy to target cancer cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2018;57(21):6141–6145. • The first article demonstrating a conceptual case for constructing TrxR prodrugs.
- Du Y, Zhang H, Lu J, et al. Glutathione and glutaredoxin act as a backup of human thioredoxin reductase 1 to reduce thioredoxin 1 preventing cell death by aurothioglucose. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(45):38210–38219.
- Ogata FT, Sato AYS, and Coppo L, et al. Thiol-based antioxidants and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2021. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2021.0199
- Harris IS, Treloar AE, and Inoue S, et al. Glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant pathways synergize to drive cancer initiation and progression. Cancer Cell. 2015;27(2):211–222. • A paradigm of combined inhibition of thioredoxin and glutathione system for cancer therapy.
- Yan X, Zhang X, Wang L, et al. Inhibition of thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase induces synthetic lethality in lung cancers with compromised glutathione homeostasis. Cancer Res. 2019;79(1):125–132.
- Sang J, Li W, Diao HJ, et al. Jolkinolide B targets thioredoxin and glutathione systems to induce ROS-mediated paraptosis and apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2021;509:13–25.
- Stafford WC, Peng X, and Olofsson MH, et al. Irreversible inhibition of cytosolic thioredoxin reductase 1 as a mechanistic basis for anticancer therapy. Sci Transl Med. 2018;10(428):eaaf7444.