4,630
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW ARTICLES

Considerations for protein intake in managing weight loss in athletes

, &

References

  • Areta, J. L., Burke, L. M., Camera, D. M., West, D. W., Crawshay, S., Moore, D. R., … Coffey, V. G. (2014). Reduced resting skeletal muscle protein synthesis is rescued by resistance exercise and protein ingestion following short-term energy deficit. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 306, E989–E997. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24595305 doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00590.2013
  • Areta, J. L., Burke, L. M., Ross, M. L., Camera, D. M., West, D. W., Broad, E. M., … Coffey, V. G. (2013). Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis. Journal of Physiology, 591, 2319–2331. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.244897
  • Atherton, P. J., Etheridge, T., Watt, P. W., Wilkinson, D., Selby, A., Rankin, D., … Rennie, M. J. (2010). Muscle full effect after oral protein: Time-dependent concordance and discordance between human muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 92, 1080–1088. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29819
  • Browne, G. J., & Proud, C. G. (2002). Regulation of peptide-chain elongation in mammalian cells. European Journal of Biochemistry, 269, 5360–5368. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Browne%2C+G.+J.%2C+%26+Proud%2C+C.+G.+(2002) doi:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03290.x
  • Burke, L. M., Winter, J. A., Cameron-Smith, D., Enslen, M., Farnfield, M., & Decombaz, J. (2012). Effect of intake of different dietary protein sources on plasma amino acid profiles at rest and after exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22, 452–462. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23212318
  • Carbone, J. W., Margolis, L. M., McClung, J. P., Cao, J. J., Murphy, N. E., Sauter, E. R., … Pasiakos, S. M. (2013). Effects of energy deficit, dietary protein, and feeding on intracellular regulators of skeletal muscle proteolysis. FASEB Journal, 27, 5104–5111. doi:10.1096/fj.13-239228
  • Churchward-Venne, T. A., Burd, N. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2012). Nutritional regulation of muscle protein synthesis with resistance exercise: Strategies to enhance anabolism. Nutrition and Metabolism, 9(1), 40. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-40
  • Churchward-Venne, T. A., Murphy, C. H., Longland, T. M., & Phillips, S. M. (2013). Role of protein and amino acids in promoting lean mass accretion with resistance exercise and attenuating lean mass loss during energy deficit in humans. Amino Acids, 45, 231–240. doi:10.1007/s00726-013-1506-0
  • Cuthbertson, D., Smith, K., Babraj, J., Leese, G., Waddell, T., Atherton, P., … Rennie, M. J. (2005). Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle. FASEB Journal, 19, 422–424. doi:10.1096/fj.04-2640fje
  • Drummond, M. J., Dreyer, H. C., Fry, C. S., Glynn, E. L., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2009). Nutritional and contractile regulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106, 1374–1384. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91397.2008
  • Elia, M., Stubbs, R. J., & Henry, C. J. (1999). Differences in fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism between lean and obese subjects undergoing total starvation. Obesity Research, 7, 597–604. doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00720.x
  • Erdman, K. A., Tunnicliffe, J., Lun, V. M., & Reimer, R. A. (2013). Eating patterns and composition of meals and snacks in elite Canadian athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 23, 210–219. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Erdman%2C+K.+A.%2C+Tunnicliffe%2C+J.%2C+Lun%2C+V.+M.%2C+%26+Reimer%2C+R.+A.+(2013)
  • Garthe, I., Raastad, T., Refsnes, P. E., Koivisto, A., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2011). Effect of two different weight-loss rates on body composition and strength and power-related performance in elite athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 21, 97–104. Retrieved from http://journals.humankinetics.com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/02-Garthe_J3212%20IJSNEM_2010_0037%2097-104.pdf
  • Greenhaff, P. L., Karagounis, L. G., Peirce, N., Simpson, E. J., Hazell, M., Layfield, R., … Rennie, M. J. (2008). Disassociation between the effects of amino acids and insulin on signaling, ubiquitin ligases, and protein turnover in human muscle. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 295, 595–604. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90411.2008
  • Havemann, L., West, S. J., Goedecke, J. H., Macdonald, I. A., St Clair Gibson, A., Noakes, T. D., & Lambert, E. V. (2006). Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 100, 194–202. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00813.2005
  • Helms, E. R., Zinn, C., Rowlands, D. S., & Brown, S. R. (2013). A systematic review of dietary protein during caloric restriction in resistance trained lean athletes: A case for higher intakes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. Advance online publication. Retrieved from http://journals.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/Helms_ijsnem_2013_0054-in%20press.pdf
  • Heymsfield, S. B., Thomas, D., Nguyen, A. M., Peng, J. Z., Martin, C., Shen, W., … Muller, M. J. (2011). Voluntary weight loss: Systematic review of early phase body composition changes. Obesity Reviews, 12, 348–361. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00767.x
  • Josse, A. R., Atkinson, S. A., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2011). Increased consumption of dairy foods and protein during diet- and exercise-induced weight loss promotes fat mass loss and lean mass gain in overweight and obese premenopausal women. Journal of Nutrition, 141, 1626–1634. doi:10.3945/jn.111.141028
  • Kimball, S. R. (2014). Integration of signals generated by nutrients, hormones, and exercise in skeletal muscle. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 99, 237–242. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.068387
  • Krieger, J. W., Sitren, H. S., Daniels, M. J., & Langkamp-Henken, B. (2006). Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: A meta-regression. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 83, 260–274. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Effects+of+variation+in+protein+and+carbohydrate+intake+on+body+mass+and+composition+during+energy+restriction%3A+a+meta-regression
  • Maestu, J., Eliakim, A., Jurimae, J., Valter, I., & Jurimae, T. (2010). Anabolic and catabolic hormones and energy balance of the male bodybuilders during the preparation for the competition. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24, 1074–1081. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cb6fd3
  • Mettler, S., Mitchell, N., & Tipton, K. D. (2010). Increased protein intake reduces lean body mass loss during weight loss in athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 42, 326–337. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b2ef8e
  • Millward, D. J. (2001). Protein and amino acid requirements of adults: Current controversies. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 26, 130–140. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Millward%2C+D.+J.+(2001).+Protein+and+amino+acid+requirements+of+adults%3A+current+controversies doi:10.1139/h2001-048
  • Moore, D. R., Areta, J., Coffey, V. G., Stellingwerff, T., Phillips, S. M., Burke, L. M., … Hawley, J. A. (2012). Daytime pattern of post-exercise protein intake affects whole-body protein turnover in resistance-trained males. Nutrition and Metabolism, 9(1), 91. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-91
  • Moore, D. R., Robinson, M. J., Fry, J. L., Tang, J. E., Glover, E. I., Wilkinson, S. B., … Phillips, S. M. (2009). Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89, 161–168. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26401
  • O'Connor, H., Olds, T., & Maughan, R. J. (2007). Physique and performance for track and field events. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25, 49–60. doi:10.1080/02640410701607296
  • Paoli, A., Grimaldi, K., D'Agostino, D., Cenci, L., Moro, T., Bianco, A., & Palma, A. (2012). Ketogenic diet does not affect strength performance in elite artistic gymnasts. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1), 34. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-34
  • Pasiakos, S. M., Cao, J. J., Margolis, L. M., Sauter, E. R., Whigham, L. D., McClung, J. P., … Young, A. J. (2013). Effects of high-protein diets on fat-free mass and muscle protein synthesis following weight loss: A randomized controlled trial. FASEB Journal, 27, 3837–3847. doi:10.1096/fj.13-230227
  • Pasiakos, S. M., Vislocky, L. M., Carbone, J. W., Altieri, N., Konopelski, K., Freake, H. C., … Rodriguez, N. R. (2010). Acute energy deprivation affects skeletal muscle protein synthesis and associated intracellular signaling proteins in physically active adults. Journal of Nutrition, 140, 745–751. doi:10.3945/jn.109.118372
  • Phillips, S. M. (2004). Protein requirements and supplementation in strength sports. Nutrition, 20, 689–695. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.009
  • Phillips, S. M., Glover, E. I., & Rennie, M. J. (2009). Alterations of protein turnover underlying disuse atrophy in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 107, 645–654. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00452.2009
  • Phillips, S. M., Tang, J. E., & Moore, D. R. (2009). The role of milk- and soy-based protein in support of muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein accretion in young and elderly persons. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 28, 343–354. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=The+role+of+milk-+and+soy-based+protein+in+support+of+muscle+protein+synthesis+and+muscle+protein+accretion+in+young+and+elderly+persons doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10718096
  • Phillips, S. M., & Van Loon, L. J. (2011). Dietary protein for athletes: From requirements to optimum adaptation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29, 29–38. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.619204
  • Phillips, S. M., & Zemel, M. B. (2011). Effect of protein, dairy components and energy balance in optimizing body composition. Nestle Nutrition Institution Workshop Series, 69, 97–108. doi:10.1159/000329288
  • Rennie, M. J., Wackerhage, H., Spangenburg, E. E., & Booth, F. W. (2004). Control of the size of the human muscle mass. Annual Review of Physiology, 66, 799–828. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.052102.134444
  • Res, P. T., Groen, B., Pennings, B., Beelen, M., Wallis, G. A., Gijsen, A. P., … Van Loon, L. J. (2012). Protein ingestion before sleep improves postexercise overnight recovery. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44, 1560–1569. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31824cc363
  • Rodriguez, N. R., DiMarco, N. M., & Langley, S. (2009). Position of the American dietetic association, dietitians of Canada, and the American college of sports medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109, 509–527. Retrieved from http://www.dietitians.ca/downloadable-content/public/noap-position-paper.aspx doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.06.104
  • Schaafsma, G. (2000). The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score. Journal of Nutrition, 130, 1865–1867. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10867064
  • Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Garthe, I. (2011). Elite athletes in aesthetic and Olympic weight-class sports and the challenge of body weight and body compositions. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29, 101–114. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.565783
  • Tang, J. E., & Phillips, S. M. (2009). Maximizing muscle protein anabolism: The role of protein quality. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 12(1), 66–71. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32831cef75
  • Umeda, T., Nakaji, S., Shimoyama, T., Yamamoto, Y., Totsuka, M., & Sugawara, K. (2004). Adverse effects of energy restriction on myogenic enzymes in judoists. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, 329–338. doi:10.1080/0264041031000140446
  • Villareal, D. T., Smith, G. I., Shah, K., & Mittendorfer, B. (2012). Effect of weight loss on the rate of muscle protein synthesis during fasted and fed conditions in obese older adults. Obesity (Silver Spring), 20, 1780–1786. doi:10.1038/oby.2011.280
  • Walberg, J. L., Leidy, M. K., Sturgill, D. J., Hinkle, D. E., Ritchey, S. J., & Sebolt, D. R. (1988). Macronutrient content of a hypoenergy diet affects nitrogen retention and muscle function in weight lifters. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 9, 261–266. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1025018
  • Weinheimer, E. M., Sands, L. P., & Campbell, W. W. (2010). A systematic review of the separate and combined effects of energy restriction and exercise on fat-free mass in middle-aged and older adults: Implications for sarcopenic obesity. Nutrition Reviews, 68, 375–388. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00298.x
  • West, D. W., Burd, N. A., Coffey, V. G., Baker, S. K., Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., … Phillips, S. M. (2011). Rapid aminoacidemia enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic intramuscular signaling responses after resistance exercise. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94, 795–803. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013722
  • Wullschleger, S., Loewith, R., & Hall, M. N. (2006). TOR signaling in growth and metabolism. Cell, 124, 471–484. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.01.016
  • Wycherley, T. P., Moran, L. J., Clifton, P. M., Noakes, M., & Brinkworth, G. D. (2012). Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96, 1281–1298. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.044321
  • Yeo, W. K., Paton, C. D., Garnham, A. P., Burke, L. M., Carey, A. L., & Hawley, J. A. (2008). Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens. Journal of Applied Physiology, 150, 1462–1470. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90882.2008
  • Yeo, W. K., Carey, A. L., Burke, L., Spriet, L. L., & Hawley, J. A. (2011). Fat adaptation in well-trained athletes: Effects on cell metabolism. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism, 36(1), 12–22. doi:10.1139/h10-089

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.