Individualised dietary strategies for Olympic combat sports: Acute weight loss, recovery and competition nutrition

References

• Aedma, M., Timpmann, S., & Ööpik, V. (2013). Effect of caffeine on upper-body anaerobic performance in wrestlers in simulated competition-day conditions. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 23(6), 601–609. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.23.6.601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksutin, V., & Korobeynikov, G. (2014). Study of special capacity in boxers with different styles of fight. Physical Education of Students, 5, 3–7. doi: 10.15561/20755279.2014.0501
   Google Scholar
• Artioli, G. G., Saunders, B., Iglesias, R. T., & Franchini, E. (2016). It is time to ban rapid weight loss from combat sports. Sports Medicine, 46(11), 1579–1584. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0541-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astorino, T. A., & Roberson, D. W. (2010). Efficacy of acute caffeine ingestion for short-term high-intensity exercise performance: A systematic review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(1), 257–265. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c1f88a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaven, C. M., Maulder, P., Pooley, A., Kilduff, L., & Cook, C. (2013). Effects of caffeine and carbohydrate mouth rinses on repeated sprint performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 38(6), 633–637. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridge, C., Ferreira da Silva Santos, J., Chaabène, H., Pieter, W., & Franchini, E. (2014). Physical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes. Sports Medicine, 44(6), 713–733. doi: 10.1007/s40279-014-0159-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brito, C. J., Roas, A. F. C. M., Brito, I. S. S., Marins, J. C. B., Córdova, C., & Franchini, E. (2012). Methods of body-mass reduction by combat sport athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22(2), 89–97. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.22.2.89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, L. M. (1997). Nutrition for post-exercise recovery. Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 29(1), 3–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burke, L. M. (2008). Caffeine and sports performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 33(6), 1319–1334. doi: 10.1139/H08-130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, L., & Deakin, V. (2009). Clinical sports nutrition. Sydney: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, L. M., & Maughan, R. J. (2015). The governor has a sweet tooth–mouth sensing of nutrients to enhance sports performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(1), 29–40. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.971880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, J. M., Jeukendrup, A. E., & Jones, D. A. (2004). The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36, 2107–2111. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000147585.65709.6F
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (1998). Hyperthermia and dehydration-related deaths associated with intentional rapid weight loss in three collegiate wrestlers. North Carolina, Wisconsin, and Michigan, November-December 1997. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 47(6), 105–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaabène, H., Hachana, Y., Franchini, E., Mkaouer, B., & Chamari, K. (2012). Physical and physiological profile of elite karate athletes. Sports Medicine, 42(10), 829–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costill, D., & Saltin, B. (1974). Factors limiting gastric emptying during rest and exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 37(5), 679–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dill, D., & Costill, D. L. (1974). Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. Journal of Applied Physiology, 37(2), 247–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougherty, K. A., Baker, L. B., Chow, M., & Kenney, W. L. (2006). Two percent dehydration impairs and six percent carbohydrate drink improves boys basketball skills. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(9), 1650–1658. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000227640.60736.8e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drid, P., Trivic, T., & Tabakov, S. (2012). Special judo fitness testa review. Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences, 6(4), 117–125.
   Google Scholar
• Dubnov-Raz, G., Mashiach-Arazi, Y., Nouriel, A., Raz, R., & Constantini, N. W. (2015). Can height categories replace weight categories in striking martial arts competitions? A pilot study. Journal of Human Kinetics, 47, 91–98. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, G. H., Shirreffs, S. M., & Maughan, R. J. (2009). Acute effects of ingesting glucose solutions on blood and plasma volume. British Journal of Nutrition, 101(10), 1503–1508. doi: 10.1017/S0007114508076290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogelholm, M. (1994). Effects of bodyweight reduction on sports performance. Sports Medicine, 18(4), 249–267. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199418040-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franchini, E., Brito, C. J., & Artioli, G. G. (2012). Weight loss in combat sports: Physiological, psychological and performance effects. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1), 52. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer, F., McLean, C., & Graham, T. (1998). Caffeine, performance, and metabolism during repeated Wingate exercise tests. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(4), 1502–1508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves, M., Hawley, J. A., & Jeukendrup, A. (2004). Pre-exercise carbohydrate and fat ingestion: Effects on metabolism and performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(1), 31–38. doi: 10.1080/0264041031000140536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, F. J., Markandu, N. D., Sagnella, G. A., & MacGregor, G. A. (2001). Effect of salt intake on renal excretion of water in humans. Hypertension, 38(3), 317–320. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.38.3.317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickner, R., Horswill, C. A., Welker, J., Scott, J., Roemmich, J., & Costill, D. (1991). Test development for the study of physical performance in wrestlers following weight loss. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 12(06), 557–562. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillemeier, C. (1995). An overview of the effects of dietary fiber on gastrointestinal transit. Pediatrics, 96(5), 997–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivy, J. L., Goforth, H. W., Damon, B. M., McCauley, T. R., Parsons, E. C., & Price, T. B. (2002). Early postexercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93(4), 1337–1344. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00394.2002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, L. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2013). Fluid and electrolyte balance during 24-hour fluid and/or energy restriction. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 23(6), 545–553. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.23.6.545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeukendrup, A., & Moseley, L. (2010). Multiple transportable carbohydrates enhance gastric emptying and fluid delivery. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(1), 112–121. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00862.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper, A. M., Cocking, S., Cockayne, M., Barnard, M., Tench, J., Parker, L., … Morton, J. P. (2016). Carbohydrate mouth rinse and caffeine improves high-intensity interval running capacity when carbohydrate restricted. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(5), 560–568. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1041063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazemi, M., Casella, C., & Perri, G. (2009). 2004 Olympic tae kwon do athlete profile. Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 53(2), 144–152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kazemi, M., Rahman, A., & De Ciantis, M. (2011). Weight cycling in adolescent Taekwondo athletes. Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 55(4), 318–324.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lambert, C. P., Flynn, M. G., Boone, Jr, J. B., Michaud, T. J., & Rodriguez-Zayas, J. (1991). Effects of carbohydrate feeding on multiple-bout resistance exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 5(4), 192–197.
   Google Scholar
• Langan-Evans, C., Close, G. L., & Morton, J. P. (2011). Making weight in combat sports. Strength & Conditioning Journal (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins), 33(6), 25–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiper, J. B., Maughan, R., & Murray, R. (2001). Gastric emptying and intestinal absorption of fluids, carbohydrates, and electrolytes. In R. J. Maughan& R. Murray (Eds.), Sports drink: Basic science and practical aspects (pp. 89–128). 2000. Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Leiper, J. B., Nicholas, C. W., Ali, A., Williams, C., & Maughan, R. J. (2005). The effect of intermittent high-intensity running on gastric emptying of fluids in man. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 37(2), 240–247. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000152730.74596.50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes-Silva, J. P., Felippe, L. J. C., Silva-Cavalcante, M. D., Bertuzzi, R., & Lima-Silva, A. E. (2014). Caffeine ingestion after rapid weight loss in judo athletes reduces perceived effort and increases plasma lactate concentration without improving performance. Nutrients, 6(7), 2931–2945. doi: 10.3390/nu6072931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahan, L. K., & Escott-Stump, S. (2008). Krause's food & nutrition therapy. St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, J. J., & Nicholas, C. (2016). Extreme rapid weight loss and rapid weight gain observed in UK mixed martial arts athletes preparing for competition. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maughan, R. J. (1994). Fluid and electrolyte loss and replacement in exercise. In M. Harries, C. Williams, W. D. Stanish, & L. J. Micheli (Eds.), Oxford textbook of sports medicine (pp. 82–93). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maughan, R. J., & Leiper, J. B. (1999). Limitations to fluid replacement during exercise. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 24(2), 173–187. doi: 10.1139/h99-015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maughan, R., Leiper, J., & Shirreffs, S. (1996). Restoration of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration: Effects of food and fluid intake. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 73(3–4), 317–325. doi: 10.1007/BF02425493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (1997). Recovery from prolonged exercise: Restoration of water and electrolyte balance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 15(3), 297–303. doi: 10.1080/026404197367308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maughan, R. J., Watson, P., Cordery, P. A., Walsh, N. P., Oliver, S. J., Dolci, A., … Galloway, S. D. (2016). A randomized trial to assess the potential of different beverages to affect hydration status: Development of a beverage hydration index. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 103(3), 717–723. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.114769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Painelli, V. S., Roschel, H., Gualano, B., Del-Favero, S., Benatti, F. B., Ugrinowitsch, C., … Lancha, Jr, A. H. (2011). The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on maximal strength and strength endurance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(9), 2381–2386. doi: 10.1007/s00421-011-1865-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson, S., Ekström, M. P., & Berg, C. M. (2013). Practices of weight regulation among elite athletes in combat sports: A matter of mental advantage? Journal of Athletic Training, 48(1), 99–108. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizza, F. X., Flynn, M. G., Duscha, B. D., Holden, J., & Kubitz, E. (1995). A carbohydrate loading regimen improves high intensity, short duration exercise performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 5, 110–116. doi: 10.1123/ijsn.5.2.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray, M. L., Bryan, M. W., Ruden, T. M., Baier, S. M., Sharp, R. L., & King, D. S. (1998). Effect of sodium in a rehydration beverage when consumed as a fluid or meal. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(4), 1329–1336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reale, R., Cox, G. R., Slater, G., & Burke, L. M. (2016a). Regain in body mass after weigh-in is linked to success in real life judo competition. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 26(6), 525–530. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reale, R., Cox, G. R., Slater, G., & Burke, L. M. (2016b). Weight re-gain not linked to success in a real life multi-day boxing tournament. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0311.
   Google Scholar
• Reale, R., Slater, G., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Acute weight loss strategies for combat sports and applications to Olympic success. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehrer, N., Beckers, E., Brouns, F., Ten Hoor, F., & Saris, W. (1990). Effects of dehydration on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal distress while running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22(6), 790–795. doi: 10.1249/00005768-199012000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbloom, C. (2012). Food and fluid guidelines before, during, and after exercise. Nutrition Today, 47(2), 63–69. doi: 10.1097/NT.0b013e31824c5cb8
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer, J. C., Wood, R. J., Davidson, P. W., Collins, S. M., Matthews, T. D., Gregory, S. M., & Paolone, V. J. (2013). Effects of a short-term carbohydrate-restricted diet on strength and power performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(8), 2255–2262. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31827da314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair, J., Bottoms, L., Flynn, C., Bradley, E., Alexander, G., McCullagh, S., … Hurst, H. T. (2014). The effect of different durations of carbohydrate mouth rinse on cycling performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(3), 259–264. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2013.785599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, G., & Phillips, S. M. (2011). Nutrition guidelines for strength sports: Sprinting, weightlifting, throwing events, and bodybuilding. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(Suppl. 1), S67–S77. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.574722
   Google Scholar
• Wee, S.-L., Williams, C., Tsintzas, K., & Boobis, L. (2005). Ingestion of a high-glycemic index meal increases muscle glycogen storage at rest but augments its utilization during subsequent exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 99(2), 707–714. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01261.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojtaś, A., Unierzyski, P., & Hurnik, E. (2007). Fitness and skill performance characteristics of Polish Female national Taekwondo squad members. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 7(3), 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Wroble, R. R., & Moxley, D. P. (1998). Acute weight gain and its relationship to success in high school wrestlers. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 30(6), 949–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar