Demands of professional cycling races: Influence of race category and result

References

• Allen, H., & Coggan, A. (2010). Training and racing with a power meter (2nd ed.). Boulder, CO: Velopress.
   Google Scholar
• Banister, E. W., Calvert, T. W., Savage, M. V., & Bach, A. (1975). A systems model of training for athletic performance. Australian Journal of Sports Medicine, 7, 57–61.
   Google Scholar
• Coggan, A. R. (2003). Training and racing using a power meter: An introduction. Level II Coaching Manual. Colorado Springs, CO: USA cycling, pp. 123–145.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, S. (1993). The heart rate monitor book. New York, NY: Polar Electro Oy.
   Google Scholar
• Fanchini, M., Ferraresi, I., Petruolo, A., Azzalin, A., Ghielmetti, R., Schena, F., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2017). Is a retrospective RPE appropriate in soccer? Response shift and recall bias. Science and Medicine in Football, 1(1), 53–59. Ahead of Print. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1231411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, C., Daines, E., Hector, L., Snyder, A. C., & Welsh, R. (1996). Athletic performance in relation to training load. Wisconsin Medical Journal, 95(6), 370–374.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(1), 3–13. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Impellizzeri, F. M., Marcora, S. M., & Coutts, A. J. (2019). Internal and external training load: 15 years on. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(2), 270–273. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucia, A., Hoyos, J., Carvajal, A., & Chicharro, J. L. (1999). Heart rate response to professional road cycling: The Tour de France. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(3), 167–172. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucia, A., Hoyos, J., Santalla, A., Earnest, C., & Chicharro, J. L. (2003). Tour de France versus Vuelta a Espana: Which is harder? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), 872–878. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000064999.82036.B4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzi, V., Iellamo, F., Impellizzeri, F., D'Ottavio, S., & Castagna, C. (2009). Relation between individualized training impulses and performance in distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(11), 2090–2096. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a6a959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menaspa, P., Sias, M., Bates, G., & La Torre, A. (2017). Demands of world cup competitions in elite women's road cycling. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(10), 1293–1296. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe, A. J., Menaspa, P., Villerius, V., Quod, M., Peiffer, J. J., Govus, A. D., & Abbiss, C. R. (2017). Within-season distribution of external training and racing workload in professional male road cyclists. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(Suppl 2), S2-142–S2-146. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujika, I. (2017). Quantification of training and competition Loads in endurance sports: Methods and Applications. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(2), 9–17.
   Google Scholar
• Nimmerichter, A., Williams, C., Bachl, N., & Eston, R. (2010). Evaluation of a field test to assess performance in elite cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(3), 160–166. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1243222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla, S., Mujika, I., Cuesta, G., & Goiriena, J. J. (1999). Level ground and uphill cycling ability in professional cycling. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31(6), 878–885. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199906000-00017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla, S., Mujika, I., Orbananos, J., & Angulo, F. (2000). Exercise intensity during competition time trials in professional road cycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(4), 850–856. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200004000-00019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla, S., Mujika, I., Orbananos, J., Santisteban, J., Angulo, F., & Jose Goiriena, J. (2001). Exercise intensity and load during mass-start stage races in professional road cycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), 796–802. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200105000-00019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla, S., Mujika, I., Santisteban, J., Impellizzeri, F. M., & Goiriena, J. J. (2008). Exercise intensity and load during uphill cycling in professional 3-week races. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 102(4), 431–438. doi: 10.1007/s00421-007-0602-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinot, J., & Grappe, F. (2011). The record power profile to assess performance in elite cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(11), 839–844. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1279773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinot, J., & Grappe, F. (2015). A six-year monitoring case study of a top-10 cycling Grand Tour finisher. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(9), 907–914. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.969296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Marroyo, J. A., Villa, G., Garcia-Lopez, J., & Foster, C. (2012). Comparison of heart rate and session rating of perceived exertion methods of defining exercise load in cyclists. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research/National Strength & Conditioning Association, 26(8), 2249–2257. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823a4233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Marroyo, J. A., Villa, J. G., Pernia, R., & Foster, C. (2017). Decrement in professional cyclists’ performance after a grand tour. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(10), 1348–1355. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, D., Abt, G., Hesselink, M. K., Myers, T., & Akubat, I. (2017a). Methods of monitoring training load and their relationships to changes in fitness and performance in competitive road cyclists. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(5), 668–675. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, D., & Heijboer, M. (2019). Physical demands and power profile of different stage types within a cycling grand tour. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(6), 736–744. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1554706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, D., Heijboer, M., Hesselink, M. K. C., Myers, T., & Akubat, I. (2018). Analysing a cycling grand tour: Can we monitor fatigue with intensity or load ratios? Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(12), 1385–1391. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1388669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, D., Myers, T., & Akubat, I. (2017). Training-intensity distribution in road cyclists: Objective versus subjective measures. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(9), 1232–1237. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, D., van Erp, T., & de Koning, J. J. (2019). Intensity and load characteristics of professional road cycling: Differences between Men's and Women's races. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(3), 296–302. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scantlebury, S., Till, K., Sawczuk, T., Phibbs, P., & Jones, B. (2017). The validity of retrospective session-rating of perceived exertion to quantify training load in youth athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research/National Strength & Conditioning Association, 32(7), 1975–1980. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seiler, S. (2010). What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 5(3), 276–291. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seiler, S., & Kjerland, G. O. (2006). Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: Is there evidence for an “optimal” distribution? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 16(1), 49–56. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00418.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seiler, S., & Tønessen, E. (2009). Intervals, thresholds, and long slow distance: The Role of intensity and duration in endurance training. Sportscience, 13, 32–53.
   Google Scholar
• Seltman, H. J. (2015). Experimental design and analysis. Pittsburg: Carnegie Mellon University.
   Google Scholar
• van Erp, T., Hoozemans, M., Foster, C., & de Koning, J. (2020). Case report: Load, intensity, and performance characteristics in multiple Grand Tours. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 52(4), 868–875. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Erp, T., Sanders, D., & de Koning, J. J. (2019). Training characteristics of male and female professional road cyclists: A 4-year retrospective analysis. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15(4), 534–540. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, S., Heinrich, L., Schumacher, Y. O., Blum, A., Roecker, K., Dickhuth, H. H., & Schmid, A. (2006). Power output during stage racing in professional road cycling. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38(1), 147–151. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000183196.63081.6a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, S., Schumacher, Y. O., Blum, A., Roecker, K., Dickhuth, H. H., Schmid, A., & Heinrich, L. (2007a). Cycling power output produced during flat and mountain stages in the Giro d'Italia: A case study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(12), 1299–1305. doi: 10.1080/02640410601001632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, S., Schumacher, Y. O., Roecker, K., Dickhuth, H. H., Schoberer, U., Schmid, A., Heinrich L. (2007b). Power output during the Tour de France. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(9), 756–761. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-964982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar