1,263
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Military nutrition research: Contemporary issues, state of the science and future directions

, , , , &

References

  • Agans, R. T., Giles, G. E., Goodson, M. S., Karl, J. P., Leyh, S., Mumy, K. L., … Soares, J. W. (2020). Evaluation of probiotics for warfighter health and performance. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7, 70. doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.00070
  • Armstrong, R. A., Davey, T., Allsopp, A. J., Lanham-New, S. A., Oduoza, U., Cooper, J. A., … Sergi, G. (2020). Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in the pathogenesis of stress fractures in military personnel: An evidenced link to support injury risk management. PLoS One, 15(3), e0229638.
  • Army regulation AR 600-9. (2013). The army body composition program. Washington, D.C: Department of the Army.
  • Asghari, G., Mirmiran, P., Yuzbashian, E., & Azizi, F. (2017). A systematic review of diet quality indices in relation to obesity. British Journal of Nutrition, 117(8), 1055–1065. doi:10.1017/S0007114517000915
  • Berry, S. E., Valdes, A.M., Drew, D.A., Asnicar, F., Mazidi, M., Wolf, J., et al. (2020). Human postprandial responses to food and potential for precision nutrition. Nature Medicine, 26(6), 964–973. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0934-0
  • Berryman, C. E., Young, A. J., Karl, J. P., Kenefick, R. W., Margolis, L. M., Cole, R. E., … Pasiako, S. M. (2018). Severe negative energy balance during 21 d at high altitude decreases fat-free mass regardless of dietary protein intake: A randomized controlled trial. The FASEB Journal, 32(2), 894–905. doi:10.1096/fj.201700915R
  • Chapman, S., Roberts, J., Smith, L., Rawcliffe, A., & Izard, R. (2019). Sex differences in dietary intake in British Army recruits undergoing phase one training. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 16(1), 59. doi:10.1186/s12970-019-0327-2
  • Child, R., Norton, I. T., & Fallowfield, J. (2019). Future defence deployed nutrition; A Scoping Report. Institute of Naval Medicine.
  • De Souza, M. J., Williams, N. I, Nattiv, A., Joy, E., Misra, M., Loucks, A. B., … McComb, J. (2014). Misunderstanding the female athlete triad: Refuting the IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in Sport (RED-S). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(20), 1461–1465. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093958
  • Devries, M. C. (2016). Sex-based differences in endurance exercise muscle metabolism: Impact on exercise and nutritional strategies to optimize health and performance in women. Experimental Physiology, 101(2), 243–249. doi:10.1113/EP085369
  • Fagnant, H. S., Armstrong, N. J., Lutz, L. J., Nakayama, A. T., Guerriere, K. I., Ruthazer, R., … Karl, J. P. (2019). Self-reported eating behaviors of military recruits are associated with body mass index at military accession and change during initial military training. Appetite, 142, 104348. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104348
  • Fallowfield, J. L., Delves, S. K., Hill, N. E., Cobley, R., Brown, P., Lanham-New, S. A., … Allsopp, A. J. (2014). Energy expenditure, nutritional status, body composition and physical fitness of royal marines during a 6-month operational deployment in Afghanistan. British Journal of Nutrition, 112(5), 821–829. doi:10.1017/S0007114514001524
  • Farina, E. K., Thompson, L. A., Knapik, J. J., Pasiakos, S. M., Lieberman, H. R., & Mcclung, J. P. (2020). Diet quality Is associated with physical performance and special forces selection. Medicine Science Sports & Exercise, 52(1), 178–186. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002111
  • Gaffney-Stomberg, E., Lutz, L. J., Rood, J. C., Cable, S. J., Pasiakos, S. M., Young, A. J., & McClung, J. P. (2014). Calcium and vitamin D supplementation maintains parathyroid hormone and improves bone density during initial military training: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Bone, 68, 46–56. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2014.08.002
  • Gaffney-Stomberg, E., Lutz, L. J., Shcherbina, A., Ricke, D. O., Petrovick, M., Cropper, T. L., … McClung, J. P. (2017). Association between single gene polymorphisms and bone biomarkers and response to calcium and vitamin D supplementation in Young Adults undergoing military training. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 32(3), 498–507. doi:10.1002/jbmr.3008
  • Gaffney-Stomberg, E., Nakayama, A. T., Guerriere, K. I., Lutz, L. J., Walker, L. A., Staab, J. S., … McClung, J. P. (2019). Calcium and vitamin D supplementation and bone health in Marine recruits: Effect of season. Bone, 123, 224–233. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.021
  • Ganz, T., & Nemeth, E. (2012). Hepcidin and iron homeostasis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, 1823(9), 1434–1443. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.01.014
  • Gerstein, D. E., Woodward-Lopez, G., Evans, A. E., Kelsey, K., & Drewnowski, A. (2004). Clarifying concepts about macronutrients' effects on satiation and satiety. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104(7), 1151–1153. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.04.027
  • Gwin, J. A., Church, D.A., Hatch-McChesney, A., Howard, E.E., Carrigan, C.T., Murphy NE et al. (2020). Effects of high versus standard essential amino acid intakes on whole-body protein turnover and mixed muscle protein synthesis during energy deficit: A randomized, crossover study. Clinical Nutrition, 40(3), 767–777. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.019
  • Gwin, J. A., Church, D.A., Wolfe, R.R., Ferrando, A.A. & Pasiakos, S.M. (2020). Muscle protein synthesis and whole-body protein turnover responses to ingesting essential amino acids, intact protein, and protein-containing mixed meals with Considerations for energy deficit. Nutrients, 12(8), 2457. doi:10.3390/nu12082457
  • Harvey, L. J., Armah, C. N., Dainty, J. R., Foxall, R. J., Lewis, D. J., Langford, N. J., & Fairweather-Tait, S. J. (2005). Impact of menstrual blood loss and diet on iron deficiency among women in the UK. British Journal of Nutrition, 94(4), 557–564. doi:10.1079/BJN20051493
  • Hennigar, S. R., & McClung, J. P. (2016). Hepcidin attenuates zinc efflux in caco-2 cells. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(11), 2167–2173. doi:10.3945/jn.116.237081
  • Hennigar, S. R., McClung, J. P., Hatch-McChesney, A., Allen, J. T., Wilson, M. A., Carrigan, C. T., … Pasiakos, S. M. (2021). Energy deficit increases hepcidin and exacerbates declines in dietary iron absorption following strenuous physical activity: A randomized-controlled cross-over trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 113(2), 359–369. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa289
  • Hennigar, S. R., McClung, J. P., & Pasiakos, S. M. (2017). Nutritional interventions and the IL-6 response to exercise. The FASEB Journal, 31(9), 3719–3728. doi:10.1096/fj.201700080R
  • Hruby, A., Bulathsinhala, L., McKinnon, C. J., Hill, O. T., Montain, S. J., Young, A. J., & Smith, T. J. (2016). BMI and lower extremity injury in U.S. Army soldiers, 2001-2011. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(6), e163–e171. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.015
  • Hruby, A., Lieberman, H. R., & Smith, T. J. (2018). Self-reported health behaviors, including sleep, correlate with doctor-informed medical conditions: Data from the 2011 health related behaviors survey of U.S. Active duty military personnel. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 853. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5781-2
  • Karl, J. P., Margolis, L.M., Murphy, N.E., Carrigan, C.T., Castellani, J.W., Madslien, E.H. et al. (2017). Military training elicits marked increases in plasma metabolomic signatures of energy metabolism, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and ketogenesis. Physiological Reports, 5(17), e13407. doi:10.14814/pjy2.13407
  • Karl, J. P. (2021). Gut microbiota-targeted interventions for reducing the incidence, duration and severity of respiratory tract infections in healthy non-elderly adults. Military Medicine. In press
  • Karl, J. P., Berryman, C. E., Young, A. J., Radcliffe, P. N., Branck, T. A., Pantoja-Feliciano, I. G., … Pasiakos, S. M. (2018a). Associations between the gut microbiota and host responses to high altitude. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 315(6), G1003–g1015. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00253.2018
  • Karl, J. P., Hatch, A. M., Arcidiacono, S. M., Pearce, S. C., Pantoja-Feliciano, I. G., Doherty, L. A., & Soares, J. W. (2018b). Effects of psychological, environmental and physical stressors on the Gut microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 2013. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02013
  • Karl, J. P., & Roberts, S. B. (2014). Energy density, energy intake, and body weight regulation in adults. Advances in Nutrition, 5(6), 835–850. doi:10.3945/an.114.007112
  • Karl, J. P., Smith, T. J., Wilson, M. A., Bukhari, A. S., Pasiakos, S. M., McClung, H. L., … Lieberman, H. R. (2016). Altered metabolic homeostasis is associated with appetite regulation during and following 48-h of severe energy deprivation in adults. Metabolism, 65(4), 416–427. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.11.001
  • King, N. A., & Blundell, J. E. (1995). High-fat foods overcome the energy expenditure induced by high-intensity cycling or running. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 49(2), 114–123.
  • Knapik, J., Montain, S., McGraw, S., Grier, T., Ely, M., & Jones, B. (2012). Stress fracture risk factors in basic combat training. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(11), 940–946. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1311583
  • Kullen, C., Prvan, T., & O'Connor, H. (2019). Barriers and enablers influencing dietary practices in Australian Army personnel. Military Medicine, 184(1-2), e213–e221. doi:10.1093/milmed/usy249
  • Lappe, J., Cullen, D., Haynatzki, G., Recker, R., Ahlf, R., & Thompson, K. (2008). Calcium and vitamin d supplementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 23(5), 741–749. doi:10.1359/jbmr.080102
  • Lutz, L. J., Gaffney-Stomberg, E., Karl, J.P., Hughes, J.M., Guerriere, K.I., & McClung, J.P. (2018). Dietary intake in relation to Military Dietary Reference Values During Army Basic Combat training; a multi-center, cross-sectional Study. Military Medicine, 184(3-4), e223–e230. doi:10.1093/milmed/usy153
  • Lutz, L. J., Gaffney-Stomberg, E., Karl, J. P., Hughes, J. M., Guerriere, K. I., & McClung, J. P. (2019). Dietary intake in relation to military dietary reference values during Army Basic Combat training; a multi-center, cross-sectional study. Military Medicine, 184(3-4), e223–e230. doi:10.1093/milmed/usy153
  • Lutz, L. J., Gaffney-Stomberg, E., Williams, K. W., McGraw, S. M., Niro, P. J., Karl, J. P., … McClung, J. P. (2017). Adherence to the dietary guidelines for Americans Is associated with psychological resilience in Young Adults: A cross-sectional study. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 117(3), 396–403. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.018
  • Malkawi, A. M., Meertens RM, Kremers, S.P.J., Sleddens, E.F.C. (2018). Dietary, physical activity, and weight management interventions among active-duty military personnel: A systematic review. Military Medical Research, 5(1), 43. doi:10.1186/s40779-018-0190-5
  • Margolis, L. M., Murphy, N. E., Martini, S., Gundersen, Y., Castellani, J. W., Karl, J. P., … Pasiakos, S. M. (2016). Effects of supplemental energy on protein balance during 4-d Arctic military training. Medicine Science Sports & Exercise, 48(8), 1604–1612. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000944
  • Margolis, L. M., Murphy, N. E., Martini, S., Spitz, M. G., Thrane, I., McGraw, S. M., … Pasiakos, S. M., (2014). Effects of winter military training on energy balance, whole-body protein balance, muscle damage, soreness, and physical performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39(12), 1395–1401. doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0212
  • Martin, N. M., Conlon, C. A., Smeele, R. J. M., Mugridge, O. A. R., von Hurst, P. R., McClung, J. P., & Beck, K. L. (2019). Iron status and associations with physical performance during basic combat training in female New Zealand Army recruits. British Journal of Nutrition, 121(8), 887–893. doi:10.1017/S0007114519000199
  • McClung, J. P., & Gaffney-Stomberg, E. (2016). Optimizing performance, health, and well-being: Nutritional factors. Military Medicine, 181(1 Suppl), 86–91. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00202
  • McClung, J. P., Karl, J. P., Cable, S. J., Williams, K. W., Nindl, B. C., Young, A. J., & Lieberman, H. R. (2009b). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of iron supplementation in female soldiers during military training: Effects on iron status, physical performance, and mood. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90(1), 124–131. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27774
  • McClung, J. P., Karl, J. P., Cable, S. J., Williams, K. W., Young, A. J., & Lieberman, H. R. (2009a). Longitudinal decrements in iron status during military training in female soldiers. British Journal of Nutrition, 102(4), 605–609. doi:10.1017/S0007114509220873
  • McClung, J. P., Marchitelli, L. J., Friedl, K. E., & Young, A. J. (2006). Prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia among three populations of female military personnel in the US army. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 25(1), 64–69. doi:10.1080/07315724.2006.10719516
  • Murphy, N. E., Carrigan, C. T., Philip Karl, J., Pasiakos, S. M., & Margolis, L. M. (2018). Threshold of energy deficit and lower-body performance declines in military personnel: A meta-regression. Sports Medicine, 48(9), 2169–2178. doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0945-x
  • National Institutes of Health Nutrition Research Task Force. (2020). 2020-2030 strategic plan for NIH nutrition research. Washington, D.C: National Institutes of Health, Editor.
  • Nindl, B. C., Jones, B. H., Van Arsdale, S. J., Kelly, K., & Kraemer, W. J. (2016). Operational physical performance and fitness in military women: Physiological, musculoskeletal injury, and optimized physical training Considerations for successfully integrating women into combat-centric military occupations. Military Medicine, 181(+), 50–62. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00382
  • Ogden, H. B., Child, R. B., Fallowfield, J. L., Delves, S. K., Westwood, C. S., & Layden, J. D. (2020). The gastrointestinal exertional heat stroke paradigm: Pathophysiology, assessment, severity, aetiology and nutritional countermeasures. Nutrients, 12(2). doi:10.3390/nu12020537
  • Packnett, E. R., Niebuhr, D. W., Bedno, S. A., & Cowan, D. N., (2011). Body mass index, medical qualification status, and discharge during the first year of US Army service. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93(3), 608–614. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.007070
  • Pasiakos, S. M. (2020). Nutritional requirements for sustaining health and performance during exposure to extreme environments. Annual Review of Nutrition, 40, 221–245. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-011720-122637
  • Pasiakos, S. M., Cao, J. J., Margolis, L. M., Sauter, E. R., Whigham, L. D., McClung, J. P., … Young, A. J. (2013a). Effects of high-protein diets on fat-free mass and muscle protein synthesis following weight loss: A randomized controlled trial. The FASEB Journal, 27(9), 3837–3847. doi:10.1096/fj.13-230227
  • Pasiakos, S. M., Margolis, L. M., Murphy, N. E., McClung, H. L., Martini, S., Gundersen, Y., … McClung, J. P. (2016). Effects of exercise mode, energy, and macronutrient interventions on inflammation during military training. Physiological Reports, 4(11). doi:10.14814/phy2.12820
  • Pasiakos, S. M., Montain, S. J., & Young, A. J. (2013b). Protein supplementation in U.S. Military personnel. The Journal of Nutrition, 143(11), 1815S–1819S. doi:10.3945/jn.113.175968
  • Phua, L. C., Wilder-Smith, C. H., Tan, Y. M., Gopalakrishnan, T., Wong, R. K., Li, X., … Chan, E. C. Y. (2015). Gastrointestinal symptoms and altered intestinal permeability induced by combat training are associated with distinct metabotypic changes. Journal of Proteome Research, 14(11), 4734–4742. doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00603
  • Pires, W., Veneroso, C. E., Wanner, S. P., Pacheco, D. A. S., Vaz, G. C., Amorim, F. T., … Coimbra, C. C. (2017). Association between exercise-induced hyperthermia and intestinal permeability: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 47(7), 1389–1403. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0654-2
  • Reifman, J., Ramakrishnan, S., Liu, J., Kapela, A., Doty, T. J., Balkin, T. J., … Khitrov, M. Y. (2019). 2B-Alert app: A mobile application for real-time individualized prediction of alertness. Journal of Sleep Research, 28(2), e12725. doi:10.1111/jsr.12725
  • Russell, A., & Deuster, P. A. (2017). Human performance optimization and precision performance: The future of special operations Human Performance efforts. Journal of Special Operations Medicine, 17(1), 80–89.
  • Shirreffs, S. M. (2003). The optimal sports drink. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Sportmedizin und Sporttraumatologie, 51(1), 25–29.
  • Smith, T. J., Dotson, L. E., Young, A. J., White, A., Hadden, L., Bathalon, G. P., … Marriott, B. P. (2013). Eating patterns and leisure-time exercise among active duty military personnel: Comparison to the healthy people objectives. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 113(7), 907–919. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.03.002
  • Smith, T. J., White, A., Hadden, L., Young, A. J., & Marriott, B. P. (2014). Associations between mental health disorders and body mass index among military personnel. American Journal of Health Behavior, 38(4), 529–540. doi:10.5993/AJHB.38.4.6
  • Walters, W. A., Reyes, F., Soto, G. M., Reynolds, N. D., Fraser, J. A., Aviles, R., … Wilson, B. A., (2020). Epidemiology and associated microbiota changes in deployed military personnel at high risk of traveler's diarrhea. PLoS One, 15(8), e0236703. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236703
  • Yanovich, R., Karl, J.P., Yanovich, E., Lutz, L.J., Williams, K.W., Cable, S.J., et al. (2015). Effects of basic combat training on iron status in male and female soldiers: A comparative study. U S. Army Medical Department Journal, 67–73.
  • Zeevi, D., Zeevi, D., Korem, T., Zmora, N., Israeli, D., Rothschild, D., … Segal, E. (2015). Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses. Cell, 163(5), 1079–1094. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.001

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.