Nutritional Considerations for Female Athletes in Weight Category Sports

References

• Ackland, T. R., Lohman, T. G., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Maughan, R. J., Meyer, N. L., Stewart, A. D., & Muller, W. (2012). Current status of body composition assessment in sport: Review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I.O.C. Medical commission. Sports Medicine, 42(3), 227–249. doi:https://doi.org/10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Areta, J. L., Taylor, H. L., & Koehler, K. (2020). Low energy availability: History, definition and evidence of its endocrine, metabolic and physiological effects in prospective studies in females and males. European Journal of Applied Physiology. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04516-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artioli, G. G., Gualano, B., Franchini, E., Scagliusi, F. B., Takesian, M., Fuchs, M., & Lancha, A. H. Jr (2010a). Prevalence, magnitude, and methods of rapid weight loss among judo competitors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 42(3), 436–442. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ba8055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artioli, G. G., Iglesias, R. T., Franchini, E., Gualano, B., Kashiwagura, D. B., Solis, M. Y., … Lancha Junior, A. H. (2010b). Rapid weight loss followed by recovery time does not affect judo-related performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(1), 21–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903428574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artioli, G. G., Scagliusi, F., Kashiwagura, D., Franchini, E., Gualano, B., & Junior, A. L. (2010c). Development, validity and reliability of a questionnaire designed to evaluate rapid weight loss patterns in judo players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20(1), e177–e187. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00940.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, L. B. (2019). Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health. Temperature, 6(3), 211–259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker, F. C., Siboza, F., & Fuller, A. (2020). Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle. Temperature, 7(3), 226–262. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2020.1735927
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, K. A., Anderson, M. L., Stofan, J. R., Dalrymple, K. J., Reimel, A. J., Roberts, T. J., … Baker, L. B. (2019). Normative data for sweating rate, sweat sodium concentration, and sweat sodium loss in athletes: An update and analysis by sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(20), 2356–2366. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1633159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bone, J. L., & Burke, L. M. (2018). No difference in young adult athletes’ resting energy expenditure when measured under inpatient or outpatient conditions. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(5), 464–467. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, L. M., Close, G. L., Lundy, B., Mooses, M., Morton, J. P., & Tenforde, A. S. (2018a). Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport in male athletes: A commentary on its presentation among selected groups of male athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(4), 364–374. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, L. M., Lundy, B., Fahrenholtz, I. L., & Melin, A. K. (2018b). Pitfalls of conducting and interpreting estimates of energy availability in free-living athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(4), 350–363. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, L. M., Slater, G. J., Matthews, J. J., Langan-Evans, C., & Horswill, C. A. (2021). ACSM expert consensus statement on weight loss in weight-category sports. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 20(4), 199–217. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, L. M., van Loon, L. J. C., & Hawley, J. A. (2017). Postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 122(5), 1055–1067. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00860.2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva Santos, J. F., Takito, M. Y., Artioli, G. G., & Franchini, E. (2016). Weight loss practices in Taekwondo athletes of different competitive levels. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 12(3), 202–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehghan, M., & Merchant, A. T. (2008). Is bioelectrical impedance accurate for use in large epidemiological studies? Nutrition Journal, 7, 26–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-7-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan, E., O'Connor, H., McGoldrick, A., O'Loughlin, G., Lyons, D., & Warrington, G. (2011). Nutritional, lifestyle, and weight control practices of professional jockeys. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(8), 791–799. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.560173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott-Sale, K. J., Minahan, C. L., de Jonge, X., Ackerman, K. E., Sipilä, S., Constantini, N. W., … Hackney, A. C. (2021). Methodological considerations for studies in Sport and Exercise Science with Women as participants: A working guide for standards of practice for research on Women. SportS Medicine, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01435-8
   Google Scholar
• Flynn, S., Rosales, A., Hailes, W., & Ruby, B. (2020). Males and females exhibit similar muscle glycogen recovery with varied recovery food sources. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(5), 1131–1142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04352-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon, D., & Kenny, G. P. (2012). Does sex have an independent effect on thermoeffector responses during exercise in the heat? Journal of Physiology, 590(23), 5963–5973. doi:https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.240739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giersch, G. E. W., Charkoudian, N., Stearns, R. L., & Casa, D. J. (2020). Fluid balance and hydration considerations for women: Review and future directions. Sports Medicine, 50(2), 253–261. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01206-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, J. T., Fuchs, C. J., Betts, J. A., & van Loon, L. J. (2017). Glucose plus fructose ingestion for post-exercise recovery-greater than the Sum of Its parts? Nutrients, 9(4), doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040344
   Google Scholar
• Heikura, I. A., Stellingwerff, T., & Areta, J. L. (2021). Low energy availability in female athletes: From the lab to the field. European Journal of Sport Science, 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillier, M., Sutton, L., James, L., Mojtahedi, D., Keay, N., & Hind, K. (2019). High prevalence and magnitude of rapid weight loss in mixed martial arts athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(5), 512–517. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Impey, S. G., Hammond, K. M., Shepherd, S. O., Sharples, A. P., Stewart, C., Limb, M., … Morton, J. P. (2016). Fuel for the work required: A practical approach to amalgamating train-low paradigms for endurance athletes. Physiological Reports, 4(10), e12803. doi:https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, Y., Tanaka, Y., Omori, K., Kuwahara, T., Ogura, Y., & Ueda, H. (2005). Sex- and menstrual cycle-related differences in sweating and cutaneous blood flow in response to passive heat exposure. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(3), 323–332. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1303-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isacco, L., Duché, P., & Boisseau, N. (2012). Influence of hormonal status on substrate utilization at rest and during exercise in the female population. Sports Medicine, 42(4), 327–342. doi:https://doi.org/10.2165/11598900-000000000-00000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isidore, C. (2015). Mayweather-Pacquiao rakes in a record $500 million. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2015/05/12/news/companies/mayweather-pacquiao-revenue/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Kasper, A. M., Langan-Evans, C., Hudson, J. F., Brownlee, T. E., Harper, L. D., Naughton, R. J., … Close, G. L. (2021). Come back skinfolds, all is forgiven: A narrative review of the efficacy of Common body composition methods in applied Sports practice. Nutrients, 13(4), doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041075
   Google Scholar
• Keys, A., & Brozek, J. (1953). Body fat in adult man. Physiological Reviews, 33(3), 245–325. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1953.33.3.245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. C., & Park, K. J. (2020). Injuries and rapid weight loss in elite Korean wrestlers: An epidemiological study. Physician and Sportsmedicine, 1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2020.1824536
   Google Scholar
• Kirk, C., Langan-Evans, C., & Morton, J. P. (2020). Worth the weight? Post weigh-In Rapid Weight Gain is not related to winning or losing in professional mixed martial arts. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 1–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0347
   Google Scholar
• Kuwahara, T., Inoue, Y., Abe, M., Sato, Y., & Kondo, N. (2005). Effects of menstrual cycle and physical training on heat loss responses during dynamic exercise at moderate intensity in a temperate environment. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 288(5), R1347–R1353. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00547.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langan-Evans, C., Close, G. L., & Morton, J. P. (2011). Making weight in combat sports. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 33(6), 25–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e318231bb64
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langan-Evans, C., Germaine, M., Artukovic, M., Oxborough, D. L., Areta, J. L., Close, G. L., & Morton, J. P. (2020). The psychological and physiological consequences of low energy availability in a male combat Sport athlete. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002519
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman, J. L., D, M. J., Wagstaff, E. S., & Williams, D. A., & I, N. (2018). Menstrual disruption with exercise is not linked to an energy availability threshold. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 50(3), 551–561. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, D., Wilson, G., Morton, J., Close, G., & Murphy, R. (2017). The horseracing industry’s perception of nutritional and weight-making practices of professional jockeys. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 9(5), 568–582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, J. J., Stanhope, E. N., Godwin, M. S., Holmes, M. E. J., & Artioli, G. G. (2019). The magnitude of Rapid weight loss and Rapid Weight Gain in Combat Sport Athletes preparing for competition: A systematic review. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(4), 441–452. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maughan, R. J., McArthur, M., & Shirreffs, S. M. (1996). Influence of menstrual status on fluid replacement after exercise induced dehydration in healthy young women. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(1), 41–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.30.1.41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (1997). Recovery from prolonged exercise: Restoration of water and electrolyte balance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 15(3), 297–303. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/026404197367308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melanson, E. L., Sharp, T. A., Seagle, H. M., Horton, T. J., Donahoo, W. T., Grunwald, G. K., … Hill, J. O. (2002). Effect of exercise intensity on 24-h energy expenditure and nutrient oxidation. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 92(3), 1045–1052. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00706.2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, D. R., Sygo, J., & Morton, J. P. (2021). Fuelling the female athlete: Carbohydrate and protein recommendations. European Journal of Sport Science, 1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton, J. P., Robertson, C., Sutton, L., & MacLaren, D. P. (2010). Making the weight: A case study from professional boxing. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 20(1), 80–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J. K., Burke, L. M., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., … Budgett, R. (2018). IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(11), 687–697. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nana, A., Slater, G. J., Hopkins, W. G., Halson, S. L., Martin, D. T., West, N. P., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Importance of standardized DXA protocol for assessing physique changes in athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 26(3), 259–267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nattiv, A., Loucks, A. B., Manore, M. M., Sanborn, C. F., Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Warren, M. P. (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(10), 1867–1882. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathalie Boisseau & Laurie Isacco (2021). Substrate metabolism during exercise: Sexual dimorphism and women's specificities. European Journal of Sport Science. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1943713
   Google Scholar
• Nolan, D., Lynch, A. E., & Egan, B. (2020). Self-Reported prevalence, magnitude, and methods of Rapid weight loss in male and female competitive powerlifters. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. doi:https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003488
   Google Scholar
• O'Driscoll, R., Turicchi, J., Beaulieu, K., Scott, S., Matu, J., Deighton, K., … Stubbs, J. (2018). How well do activity monitors estimate energy expenditure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the validity of current technologies. British Journal of Sports Medicine. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099643
   Google Scholar
• Pettersson, S., Pipping Ekstrom, M., & Berg, C. M. (2012). The food and weight combat. A problematic fight for the elite combat sports athlete. Appetite, 59(2), 234–242. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paola Rodriguez-Giustiniani, Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez & Stuart D.R. Galloway. (2021). Fluid and electrolyte balance considerations for female athletes. European Journal of Sport Science. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1939428
   Google Scholar
• Pivarnik, J. M., Marichal, C. J., Spillman, T., & Morrow, J. R., Jr (1992). Menstrual cycle phase affects temperature regulation during endurance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 72(2), 543–548. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.2.543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reale, R., Slater, G., & Burke, L. M. (2017a). Acute-Weight-Loss strategies for combat Sports and applications to Olympic success. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(2), 142–151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reale, R., Slater, G., & Burke, L. M. (2017b). Individualised dietary strategies for Olympic combat sports: Acute weight loss, recovery and competition nutrition. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(6), 727–740. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1297489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reale, R., Slater, G., & Burke, L. M. (2018a). Weight management practices of Australian Olympic combat Sport athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(4), 459–466. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reale, R., Slater, G., Cox, G. R., Dunican, I. C., & Burke, L. M. (2018b). The effect of water loading on Acute Weight Loss following fluid restriction in combat Sports athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0183
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Giustiniani, P., & Galloway, S. D. R. (2019). Influence of peak menstrual cycle hormonal changes on restoration of fluid balance after induced dehydration. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0105
   Google Scholar
• Sanborn, C. F., Albrecht, B. H., & Wagner, W. W., Jr (1987). Athletic amenorrhea: Lack of association with body fat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19(3), 207–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawka, M. N., Burke, L. M., Eichner, E. R., Maughan, R. J., Montain, S. J., & Stachenfeld, N. S. (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(2), 377–390. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, G., Rice, A., Jenkins, D., & Hahn, A. (2014). Body mass management of lightweight rowers: Nutritional strategies and performance implications. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(21), 1529–1533. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, G. J., Rice, A. J., Sharpe, K., Mujika, I., Jenkins, D., & Hahn, A. G. (2005). Body-mass management of Australian lightweight rowers prior to and during competition. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), 860–866. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000162692.09091.7a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SportingLife. (2019). Huge global audience for Randox Health Grand National. Retrieved from https://www.sportinglife.com/racing/news/world-awaits-national/164789.
   Google Scholar
• Stachenfeld, N. S. (2008). Sex hormone effects on body fluid regulation. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 36(3), 152–159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e31817be928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stachenfeld, N. S., & Taylor, H. S. (2009). Sex hormone effects on body fluid and sodium regulation in women with and without exercise-associated hyponatremia. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 107(3), 864–872. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91211.2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellingwerff, T. (2018). Case study: Body composition periodization in an Olympic-level female middle-distance runner over a 9-year career. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(4), 428–433. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strock, N. C. A., Koltun, K. J., Southmayd, E. A., Williams, N. I., & De Souza, M. J. (2020). Indices of resting metabolic rate accurately reflect energy deficiency in exercising women. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0199
   Google Scholar
• Sundgot-Borgen, J., Meyer, N. L., Lohman, T. G., Ackland, T. R., Maughan, R. J., Stewart, A. D., & Muller, W. (2013). How to minimise the health risks to athletes who compete in weight-sensitive sports review and position statement on behalf of the Ad Hoc research working group on body composition, health and performance, under the auspices of the IOC Medical commission. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(16), 1012–1022. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, N. I., Koltun, K. J., Strock, N. C. A., & De Souza, M. J. (2019). Female athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport: A focus on scientific rigor. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 47(4), 197–205. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/jes.0000000000000200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, G., Fraser, W. D., Sharma, A., Eubank, M., Drust, B., Morton, J. P., & Close, G. L. (2013). Markers of bone health, renal function, liver function, anthropometry and perception of mood: A comparison between flat and national hunt jockeys. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(5), 453–459. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1321898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, G., Pritchard, P. P., Papageorgiou, C., Phillips, S., Kumar, P., Langan-Evans, C., … Close, G. L. (2015). Fasted exercise and increased dietary protein reduces body fat and improves strength in jockeys. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(12), 1008–1014. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1549920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar