555
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
SPORT & EXERCISE MEDICINE & HEALTH

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or athlete’s heart? A systematic review of novel cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging parameters

, ORCID Icon, , , & ORCID Icon

References

  • Androulakis, E., & Swoboda, P. P. (2018). The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in sports cardiology; Current utility and future perspectives. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine, 20, 86.
  • Barczuk-Falęcka, M., Małek, ŁA, Krysztofiak, H., Roik, D., & Brzewski, M. (2018). Cardiac magnetic resonance Assessment of the structural and functional cardiac adaptations to soccer training in school-aged male children. Pediatric Cardiology, 39, 948–954.
  • Bhella, P. S., Hastings, J. L., Fujimoto, N., Shibata, S., Carrick-Ranson, G., Palmer, M. D., et al. (2014). Impact of lifelong exercise “dose” on left ventricular compliance and distensibility. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 64, 1257–1266.
  • Burrage, M. K., & Ferreira, V. M. (2020). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the differentiation of left ventricular hypertrophy. Current Heart Failure Reports, 17, 192–204.
  • Captur, G., Lopes, L. R., Patel, V., Li, C., Bassett, P., Syrris, P., et al. (2014). Abnormal cardiac formation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy fractal analysis of trabeculae and preclinical gene expression. Circulation. Cardiovascular Genetics, 7, 241–248.
  • Cavus, E., Muellerleile, K., Schellert, S., Schneider, J., Tahir, E., Chevalier, C., et al. (2021). CMR feature tracking strain patterns and their association with circulating cardiac biomarkers in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clin Res Cardiol. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 110(2021), 1757–1769.
  • Chen, S., Huang, L., Zhang, Q., Wang, J., & Chen, Y. (2020). T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance image and myocardial biomarker in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Medicine (Baltimore), 99, e20134.
  • Claessen, G., Schnell, F., Bogaert, J., Claeys, M., Pattyn, N., De Buck, F., et al. (2018). Exercise cardiac magnetic resonance to differentiate athlete’s heart from structural heart disease. European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging, 19, 1062–1070.
  • Cross, S. S. (1994). The application of fractal geometric analysis to microscopic images. Micron. England, 25, 101–113.
  • Czimbalmos, C., Csecs, I., Toth, A., Kiss, O., Suhai, F. I., Sydo, N., et al. (2019). The demanding grey zone: Sport indices by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging differentiate hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from athlete’s heart. PLoS One, 14, 1–14.
  • Das, A., Chowdhary, A., Kelly, C., Teh, I., Stoeck, C. T., Kozerke, S., et al. (2021). Insight into myocardial microstructure of athletes and hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Patients using Diffusion tensor imaging. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 53, 73–82.
  • Dias, K. A., Link, M. S., & Levine, B. D. (2018). Exercise training for patients With hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: JACC review topic of the week. Journal of the American College of Cardiology United States, 72, 1157–1165.
  • Eijsvogels, T. M. H., Thompson, P. D., & Franklin, B. A. (2018). The “extreme exercise hypothesis”: recent findings and Cardiovascular health implications. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine, 20(10), 84.
  • Eijsvogels, T. M. H., Oxborough, D. L., O’Hanlon, R., Sharma, S., Prasad, S., Whyte, G., et al. (2017). Global and regional cardiac function in lifelong endurance athletes with and without myocardial fibrosis. European Journal of Sport Science England, 17, 1297–1303.
  • Galderisi, M., Cardim, N., D’Andrea, A., Bruder, O., Cosyns, B., Davin, L., et al. (2015). The multi-modality cardiac imaging approach to the athlete’s heart: An expert consensus of the European association of Cardiovascular imaging. European Heart Journal: Cardiovascular Imaging England, 16, 353–353r.
  • Gastl, M., Lachmann, V., Christidi, A., Janzarik, N., Veulemans, V., Haberkorn, S., et al. (2020). Cardiac magnetic resonance T2 mapping and feature tracking in athlete’s heart and HCM. Eur radiol. European Radiology, 31(5), 2768–2777.
  • George, K., Whyte, G. P., Green, D. J., Oxborough, D., Shave, R. E., Gaze, D., et al. (2012). The endurance athletes heart: Acute stress and chronic adaptation. British Journal of Sports Medicine England, 46(Suppl 1), i29–i36.
  • Görmeli, C. A., Görmeli, G., Yağmur, J., Özdemir, Z. M., Kahraman, A. S., Çolak, C., et al. (2016). Assessment of myocardial changes in athletes with native T1 mapping and cardiac functional evaluation using 3 T MRI. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging, 32, 975–981.
  • Grigoratos, C., Pantano, A., Meschisi, M., Gaeta, R., Ait-Ali, L., Barison, A., et al. (2020). Clinical importance of late gadolinium enhancement at right ventricular insertion points in otherwise normal hearts. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging, 36, 913–920.
  • Hanson, C. A., Kamath, A., Gottbrecht, M., Ibrahim, S., & Salerno, M. (2020). T2 relaxation times at cardiac MRI in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology, 297, 344–351.
  • Hen, Y., Takara, A., Iguchi, N., Utanohara, Y., Teraoka, K., Takada, K., et al. (2018). High signal intensity on T2-weighted Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts life-threatening arrhythmic events in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients. Circulation Journal Japan, 82, 1062–1069.
  • Hinojar, R., Fernández-Golfín, C., González-Gómez, A., Rincón, L. M., Plaza-Martin, M., Casas, E., et al. (2017). Prognostic implications of global myocardial mechanics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking. Relations to left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. International Journal of Cardiology, 249, 467–472.
  • Hor, K. N., Baumann, R., Pedrizzetti, G., Tonti, G., Gottliebson, W. M., Taylor, M., et al. (2011). Magnetic resonance derived myocardial strain assessment using feature tracking. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 12(48), 2356.
  • Jaspers, K., Freling, H. G., van Wijk, K., Romijn, E. I., Greuter, M. J. W., & Willems, T. P. (2013). Improving the reproducibility of MR-derived left ventricular volume and function measurements with a semi-automatic threshold-based segmentation algorithm. International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging. United States, 29, 617–623.
  • Kyriakou, P., Mouselimis, D., Tsarouchas, A., Rigopoulos, A., Bakogiannis, C., Noutsias, M., et al. (2018). Diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis: A systematic review on the role of imaging and biomarkers. BMC Cardiovasc disord. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 18, 1–11.
  • Lepers, R., & Stapley, P. J. (2016). Master athletes Are extending the limits of human endurance. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 613.
  • Lipton, M. L. (2008). Totally accessible MRI: A User’s guide to principles, technology, and applications. In Robert Albano (Ed.), Total access MRI A User’s guide to principles, technology and applications. (pp. 233–244). New York City, NY, USA: Springer US.
  • Maestrini, V., Torlasco, C., Hughes, R., & Moon, J. C. (2020). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and sport cardiology: A growing role in clinical dilemmas. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research, 13, 296–305.
  • Małek, ŁA, Barczuk-Falęcka, M., Werys, K., Czajkowska, A., Mróz, A., Witek, K., et al. (2019). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance with parametric mapping in long-term ultra-marathon runners. European Journal of Radiology Ireland, 117, 89–94.
  • Małek, ŁA, & Bucciarelli-Ducci, C. (2020). Myocardial fibrosis in athletes-Current perspective. Clinical Cardiology, 43, 882–888.
  • Małek, ŁA, Mazurkiewicz, Ł, Marszałek, M., Barczuk-Falęcka, M., Simon, J. E., Grzybowski, J., et al. (2021). Deformation parameters of the heart in endurance athletes and in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy—A cardiac magnetic resonance study. Diagnostics, 11, 374.
  • Malhotra, A., & Sharma, S. (2017). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in athletes. European Cardiology Reveiw, 12, 80–82.
  • Mandelbrot, B. (1967). How long is the coast of britain? Statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension. Science (80-), 156, 636–638.
  • Mangion, K., Burke, N. M. M., McComb, C., Carrick, D., Woodward, R., & Berry, C. (2019). Feature-tracking myocardial strain in healthy adults- a magnetic resonance study at 3.0 tesla. Scientific Reports, 9, 3239.
  • Markousis–Mavrogenis, G., Giannakopoulou, A., Andreou, N., Papadopoulos, G., Vartela, V., Kolovou, G., et al. (2020). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance clarifies arrhythmogenicity in asymptomatic young athletes with ventricular arrhythmias undergoing pre–participation evaluation. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20, 561–571.
  • Maron, B. J., Haas, T. S., Ahluwalia, A., Murphy, C. J., & Garberich, R. F. (2016). Demographics and epidemiology of sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: From the United States National registry. American Journal of Medicine, 129, 1170–1177.
  • Mavrogeni, S. I., Markousis-Mavrogenis, G., Aggeli, C., Tousoulis, D., Kitas, G. D., Kolovou, G., et al. (2019). Arrhythmogenic inflammatory cardiomyopathy in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: A challenge for cardio-rheumatology. Diagnostics, 9(4), 217.
  • Mayala, H. A., Bakari, K. H., & Zhaohui, W. (2019). The role of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy: A systematic review. Malawi Medical Journal, 31, 241–245.
  • McDiarmid, A. K., Swoboda, P. P., Erhayiem, B., Lancaster, R. E., Lyall, G. K., Broadbent, D. A., et al. (2016). Athletic cardiac adaptation in males Is a consequence of elevated myocyte mass. Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging, 9, e003579.
  • Mekkaoui, C., Reese, T. G., Jackowski, M. P., Bhat, H., & Sosnovik, D. E. (2017). Diffusion MRI in the heart. NMR in Biomedicine, 30, e3426.
  • Merghani, A., Maestrini, V., Rosmini, S., Cox, A. T., Dhutia, H., Bastiaenan, R., et al. (2017). Prevalence of subclinical coronary artery disease in masters endurance athletes With a Low atherosclerotic risk profile. Circulation, 136, 126–137.
  • Meyers, S. M., Kolind, S. H., Laule, C., & MacKay, A. L. (2016). Measuring water content using T2 relaxation at 3T: Phantom validations and simulations. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Netherlands, 34, 246–251.
  • Mitchell, A. R. J., MacLachlan, H. I., & Le Page, P. (2013). Deconditioning the athletic heart. Bmj Case Reports, 2013, 1–2.
  • Pelliccia, A., Maron, B. J., De Luca, R., Di Paolo, F. M., Spataro, A., & Culasso, F. (2002). Remodeling of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite athletes after long-term deconditioning. Circulation, 105, 944–949.
  • Petersen, S. E., Selvanayagam, J. B., Francis, J. M., Myerson, S. G., Wiesmann, F., Robson, M. D., et al. (2005). Differentiation of athlete’s heart from pathological forms of cardiac hypertrophy by means of geometric indices derived from cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 7, 551–558.
  • Scatteia, A., Baritussio, A., & Bucciarelli-Ducci, C. (2017). Strain imaging using cardiac magnetic resonance. Heart Fail Rev. Heart Failure Reviews, 22, 465–476.
  • Sheikh, N., Papadakis, M., Schnell, F., Panoulas, V., Malhotra, A., Wilson, M., et al. (2015). Clinical profile of athletes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging, 8, 1–9.
  • Starekova, J., Thottakara, T., Lund, G. K., Welsch, G. H., Brunner, F. J., Muellerleile, K., et al. (2020). Increased myocardial mass and attenuation of myocardial strain in professional male soccer players and competitive male triathletes. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging, 36, 2187–2197.
  • Swoboda, P. P., Erhayiem, B., McDiarmid, A. K., Lancaster, R. E., Lyall, G. K., Dobson, L. E., et al. (2016a). Relationship between cardiac deformation parameters measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance and aerobic fitness in endurance athletes. J Cardiovasc Magn reson. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 18, 1–8.
  • Swoboda, P. P., McDiarmid, A. K., Erhayiem, B., Broadbent, D. A., Dobson, L. E., Garg, P., et al. (2016b). Assessing myocardial extracellular volume by T1 mapping to distinguish hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from athlete’s heart. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 67, 2189–2190.
  • Swoboda, P. P., McDiarmid, A. K., Erhayiem, B., Law, G. R., Garg, P., Broadbent, D. A., et al. (2017). Effect of cellular and extracellular pathology assessed by T1 mapping on regional contractile function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 19, 16.
  • Taylor, A. J., Salerno, M., Dharmakumar, R., & Jerosch-Herold, M. (2016). T1 mapping: Basic techniques and clinical applications. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging United States, 9, 67–81.
  • Tower-Rader, A., Mohananey, D., To, A., Lever, H. M., Popovic, Z. B., & Desai, M. Y. (2019). Prognostic value of global longitudinal strain in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A systematic review of existing literature. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging United States, 12, 1930–1942.
  • Vilades, D., Garcia-Moll, X., Gomez-Llorente, M., Pujadas, S., Ferrero-Gregori, A., Doñate, T., et al. (2021). Differentiation of athlete’s heart and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by the fractal dimension of left ventricular trabeculae. International Journal of Cardiology, 330, 232–237.
  • Whiting, P. F. (2011). QUADAS-2: A revised tool for the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 155, 529.
  • Winkelmann, Z. K., & Crossway, A. K. (2017). Optimal Screening methods to detect cardiac Disorders in athletes: An evidence-based review. Journal of Athletic Training, 52, 1168–1170.
  • Xu, J., Zhuang, B., Sirajuddin, A., Li, S., Huang, J., Yin, G., et al. (2020). MRI t1 mapping in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Evaluation in patients without late gadolinium enhancement and hemodynamic obstruction. Radiology, 294, 275–286.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.