Abnormal exercise adaptation after varying severities of COVID-19: A controlled cross-sectional analysis of 392 survivors

References

• Agostoni, P., & Butler, J. (1994). Cardiac evaluation. In J. Murray, & J. Nadel (Eds.), Textbook of respiratory medicine (pp. 943–962). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Company.
   Google Scholar
• Arena, R., & Faghy, M. A. (2021). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a vital sign in patients recovering from COVID-19. Expert review of cardiovascular therapy, 19(10), 877–880. doi:10.1080/14779072.2021.1985466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, H. F., Thirapatarapong, W., Dussault, N. E., & Bartels, M. N. (2013). Distinguishing pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease by ventilation and perfusion defects measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases, 86(5), 407–413. doi:10.1159/000350445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baratto, C., Caravita, S., Faini, A., Perego, G. B., Senni, M., Badano, L. P., & Parati, G. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on exercise pathophysiology: A combined cardiopulmonary and echocardiographic exercise study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 130(5), 1470–1478. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00710.2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, K. E., Mullooly, M., O’Loughlin, M., Fitzgerald, M., O’Donnell, J., O’Connor, L., … Cuddihy, J. (2021). Underlying conditions and risk of hospitalisation, ICU admission and mortality among those with COVID-19 in Ireland: A national surveillance study. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, 5, 100097. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100097
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brawner, C. A., Ehrman, J. K., Bole, S., Kerrigan, D. J., Parikh, S. S., Lewis, B. K., … Keteyian, S. J. (2021). Inverse relationship of maximal exercise capacity to hospitalization secondary to coronavirus disease 2019. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 96(1), 32–39. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., & Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group (2020). Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12603
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cho, D.-H., Lee, S. J., Jae, S. Y., Kim, W. J., Ha, S. J., Gwon, J. G., … Kim, J. Y. (2021). Physical activity and the risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality: A nationwide population-based case-control study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(7), doi:10.3390/jcm10071539
   Google Scholar
• Francesco Rinaldo, R., Mondoni, M., Maria Parazzini, E., Pitari, F., Brambilla, E., Luraschi, S., … Centanni, S. (2021). Deconditioning as main mechanism of impaired exercise response in COVID-19 survivors. European Respiratory Journal, 58), doi:10.1183/13993003.00870-2021
   Google Scholar
• González, J., Benítez, I. D., Carmona, P., Santisteve, S., Monge, A., Moncusí-Moix, A., … Ferrer, R. (2021). Pulmonary function and radiologic features in survivors of critical COVID-19. Chest, 160(1), doi:10.1016/j.chest.2021.02.062
   Google Scholar
• Graham, B. L., Steenbruggen, I., Miller, M. R., Barjaktarevic, I. Z., Cooper, B. G., Hall, G. L., … Thompson, B. R. (2019). Standardization of spirometry 2019 update. An official American thoracic society and European respiratory society technical statement. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 200(8), e70–e88. doi:10.1164/rccm.201908-1590ST
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimby, G., Börjesson, M., Jonsdottir, I. H., Schnohr, P., Thelle, D. S., & Saltin, B. (2015). The “saltin-Grimby physical activity level scale” and its application to health research. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(Suppl 4), 119–125. doi:10.1111/sms.12611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenette, J. A., Chin, R. C., Cory, J. M., Webb, K. A., & O’Donnell, D. E. (2013). Inspiratory capacity during exercise: Measurement, analysis, and interpretation. Pulmonary Medicine, 2013, doi:10.1155/2013/956081
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansen, J. E., Casaburi, R., Cooper, D. M., & Wasserman, K. (1988). Oxygen uptake as related to work rate increment during cycle ergometer exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 57(2), 140–145. doi:10.1007/BF00640653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollenberg, M., & Tager, I. B. (2000). Oxygen uptake efficiency slope: An index of exercise performance and cardiopulmonary reserve requiring only submaximal exercise. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 36(1), 194–201. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00691-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, L., Yao, Q., Gu, X., Wang, Q., Ren, L., Wang, Y., … Cao, B. (2021). 1-year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID-19: A longitudinal cohort study. The Lancet, 398(10302), 747–758. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01755-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui, D. S., Wong, K. T., Ko, F. W., Tam, L. S., Chan, D. P., Woo, J., & Sung, J. J. Y. (2005). The 1-year impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in a cohort of survivors. Chest, 128(4), 2247–2261. doi:10.1378/chest.128.4.2247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochi, A. N., Tagliari, A. P., Forleo, G. B., Fassini, G. M., & Tondo, C. (2020). Cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with COVID-19. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 31(5), 1003–1008. doi:10.1111/jce.14479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle, U. G., Bosaeus, I., De Lorenzo, A. D., Deurenberg, P., Elia, M., Manuel Gómez, J., … ESPEN, R. (2004). Bioelectrical impedance analysis—part II: Utilization in clinical practice. Clinical Nutrition, 23(6), 1430–1453. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2004.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucia, A., Hoyos, J., & Chicharro, J. L. (2000). The slow component of VO2 in professional cyclists. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(5), 367–374. doi:10.1136/bjsm.34.5.367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, J. F. (1976). Spirometry in the evaluation of pulmonary function. The Western Journal of Medicine, 125(2), 110–118.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nuche, J., de la Cal, T. S., Guarch, C. J. L., López-Medrano, F., Delgado, C. P. O., Ynsaurriaga, F. A., … Subías, P. E. (2020). Effect of coronavirus disease 2019 in pulmonary circulation. The particular scenario of precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Diagnostics, 10(8), doi:10.3390/diagnostics10080548
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira, R. K. F., Agarwal, M., Tracy, J. A., Karin, A. L., Opotowsky, A. R., Waxman, A. B., & Systrom, D. M. (2016). Age-related upper limits of normal for maximum upright exercise pulmonary haemodynamics. European Respiratory Journal, 47(4), 1179–1188. doi:10.1183/13993003.01307-2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong, K. C., Ng, A. W. K., Lee, L. S. U., Kaw, G., Kwek, S. K., Leow, M. K. S., & Earnest, A. (2004). Pulmonary function and exercise capacity in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome. European Respiratory Journal, 24(3), 436–442. doi:10.1183/09031936.04.00007104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paternoster, G., Bertini, P., Innelli, P., Trambaiolo, P., Landoni, G., Franchi, F., … Guarracino, F. (2021). Right ventricular dysfunction in patients With COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 35(11), doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2021.04.008
   Google Scholar
• Radtke, T., Crook, S., Kaltsakas, G., Louvaris, Z., Berton, D., Urquhart, D. S., … Boyd, J. (2019). ERS statement on standardisation of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic lung diseases. European Respiratory Review, 28(154), 180101. doi:10.1183/16000617.0101-2018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozenbaum, Z., Khoury, S., Aviram, G., Gura, Y., Sherez, J., Man, A., … Topilsky, Y. (2017). Discriminating circulatory problems from deconditioning. Chest, 151(2), 431–440. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2016.09.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, I., Joseph, P., Heerdt, P. M., Cullinan, M., Lutchmansingh, D. D., Gulati, M., … Waxman, A. B. (2022). Persistent exertional intolerance after COVID-19. Chest, 161(1), doi:10.1016/j.chest.2021.08.010
   Google Scholar
• Skjørten, I., Ankerstjerne, O. A. W., Trebinjac, D., Brønstad, E., Rasch-Halvorsen, Ø, Einvik, G., … Ingul, C. B. (2021). Cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and limitations 3 months after COVID-19 hospitalisation. European Respiratory Journal, 58), doi:10.1183/13993003.00996-2021
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stubbing, D. G., Pengelly, L. D., Morse, J. L., & Jones, N. L. (1980). Pulmonary mechanics during exercise in subjects with chronic airflow obstruction. Journal of Applied Physiology, 49(3), 511–515. doi:10.1152/jappl.1980.49.3.511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, X. G., Hansen, J. E., Garatachea, N., Storer, T. W., & Wasserman, K. (2002). Ventilatory efficiency during exercise in healthy subjects. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 166(11), 1443–1448. doi:10.1164/rccm.2202033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szekely, Y., Lichter, Y., Taieb, P., Banai, A., Hochstadt, A., Merdler, I., … Topilsky, Y. (2020). Spectrum of cardiac manifestations in COVID-19. Circulation, 142(4), doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047971
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Togna, D. J. D., Abizaid, A. A. D. C., Meneghelo, R. S., Le Bihan, D. C. D. S., Ramos, A. I. D. O., Nasr, S. K., … Sousa, A. G. D. M. (2013). Effect of mitral valve repair on cardiopulmonary exercise testing variables in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 100(4), 368–375. doi:10.5935/abc.20130053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tudoran, C., Tudoran, M., Lazureanu, V. E., Marinescu, A. R., Pop, G. N., Pescariu, A. S., … Cut, T. G. (2021). Evidence of pulmonary hypertension after SARS-CoV-2 infection in subjects without previous significant cardiovascular pathology. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(2), doi:10.3390/jcm10020199
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman, K., Hansen, J., Sue, D., & Stringer, B. W. (2012). Clinical exercise test. In Principles of exercise testing and Interpretation 5th ed. (pp. 129–154). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman, K., Stringer, W. W., Casaburi, R. H., Koike, A., & Cooper, C. B. (1994). Determination of the anaerobic threshold by gas exchange: Biochemical considerations, methodology and physiological effects. Zeitschrift fur Kardiologie, 83, 1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wasserman, K., & Whipp, B. J. (1975). Excercise physiology in health and disease. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 112(2), 219–249. doi:10.1164/arrd.1975.112.2.219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yancy, C. W., & Fonarow, G. C. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the heart—Is heart failure the next chapter? JAMA Cardiology, 5(11), doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3575
   Google Scholar
• Yasunobu, Y., Oudiz, R. J., Sun, X. G., Hansen, J. E., & Wasserman, K. (2005). End-tidal Pco 2 abnormality and exercise limitation in patients With primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest, 127(5), 1637–1646. doi:10.1378/chest.127.5.1637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar