Modelling sodium requirements of athletes across a variety of exercise scenarios – Identifying when to test and target, or season to taste

References

• Baker, L. B., Lang, J. A., & Kenney, W. L. (2008). Quantitative analysis of serum sodium concentration after prolonged running in the heat. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 105(1), 91–99. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00130.2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, K. A., Anderson, M. L., Stofan, J. R., Dalrymple, K. J., Reimel, A. J., Roberts, T. J., … Baker, L. B. (2019). Normative data for sweating rate, sweat sodium concentration, and sweat sodium loss in athletes: An update and analysis by sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(20), 2356–2366. doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1633159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beis, L. Y., Wright-Whyte, M., Fudge, B., Noakes, T., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2012). Drinking behaviors of elite male runners during marathon competition. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 22(3), 254–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlmann, A., Dorfelt, K., Eicher, F., Linz, P., Kopp, C., Mossinger, I., … Titze, J. M. (2015). Magnetic resonance-determined sodium removal from tissue stores in hemodialysis patients. Kidney International, 87(2), 434–441. doi:10.1038/ki.2014.269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammon, M., Grossmann, S., Linz, P., Kopp, C., Dahlmann, A., Garlichs, C., … Titze, J. (2015). 23Na magnetic resonance imaging of the lower leg of acute heart failure patients during diuretic treatment. PLoS One, 10(10), e0141336. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hew-Butler, T., Rosner, M. H., Fowkes-Godek, S., Dugas, J. P., Hoffman, M. D., Lewis, D. P., … Verbalis, J. G. (2015). Statement of the 3rd international exercise-associated hyponatremia consensus development conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(22), 1432–1446. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. D., Goulet, E. D. B., & Maughan, R. J. (2018). Considerations in the use of body mass change to estimate change in hydration status during a 161-kilometer ultramarathon running competition. Sports Medicine, 48(2), 243–250. doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0782-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. D., Stellingwerff, T., & Costa, R. J. S. (2019). Considerations for ultra-endurance activities: Part 2 – hydration. Research in Sports Medicine, 27(2), 182–194. doi:10.1080/15438627.2018.1502189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. D., Stuempfle, K. J., & Valentino, T. (2015). Sodium intake during an ultramarathon does not prevent muscle cramping, dehydration, hyponatremia, or nausea. Sports Medicine - Open, 1(1), 39. doi:10.1186/s40798-015-0040-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurtz, I., & Nguyen, M. K. (2003). A simple quantitative approach to analyzing the generation of the dysnatremias. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology, 7(2), 138–143. doi:10.1007/s10157-003-0234-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lavoue, C., Siracusa, J., Chalchat, E., Bourrilhon, C., & Charlot, K. (2020). Analysis of food and fluid intake in elite ultra-endurance runners during a 24-h world championship. Journal of The international Society of Sports Nutrition, 17(1), 36. doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00364-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2019). Muscle cramping during exercise: Causes, solutions, and questions remaining. Sports Medicine, 49(Suppl 2), 115–124. doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01162-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maughan, R. J., Shirreffs, S. M., & Leiper, J. B. (2007). Errors in the estimation of hydration status from changes in body mass. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(7), 797–804. doi:10.1080/02640410600875143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCubbin, A. J. (2021). Exertional heat stress and sodium balance: Leaders, followers, and adaptations. Autonomic Neuroscience, 235, 102863. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCubbin, A. J., Allanson, B. A., Caldwell Odgers, J. N., Cort, M. M., Costa, R. J. S., Cox, G. R., … Burke, L. M. (2020). Sports Dietitians Australia position statement: Nutrition for exercise in hot environments. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 30(1), 83–98. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCubbin, A. J., Cox, G. R., & Costa, R. J. S. (2019). Sodium intake beliefs, information sources, and intended practices of endurance athletes before and during exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(4), 371–381. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, M. K., Nguyen, D. S., & Nguyen, M. K. (2016). Osmotically inactive sodium and potassium storage: Lessons learned from the Edelman and Boling data. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology, 311(3), F539–F547. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00215.2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noakes, T. D., Sharwood, K., Speedy, D., Hew, T., Reid, S., Dugas, J. P., … Weschler, L. (2005). Three independent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: Evidence from2,135 weighed competitive athletic performances. PNAS, 102(51), 18550–18555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuccio, R. P., Barnes, K. A., Carter, J. M., & Baker, L. B. (2017). Fluid balance in team sport athletes and the effect of hypohydration on cognitive, technical, and physical performance. Sports Medicine, 47(10), 1951–1982. doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0738-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahnke, M. D., Trinity, J. D., Zachwieja, J. J., Stofan, J. R., Hiller, W. D., & Coyle, E. F. (2010). Serum sodium concentration changes are related to fluid balance and sweat sodium loss. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(9), 1669–1674. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d6c72a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahutoglu, T., Sakaci, T., Hasbal, N. B., Ahbap, E., Kara, E., Sumerkan, M. C., … Unsal, A. (2017). Serum VEGF-C levels as a candidate biomarker of hypervolemia in chronic kidney disease. Medicine (Baltimore), 96(18), e6543. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000006543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawka, M. N., Burke, L. M., Eichner, E. R., Maughan, R. J., Montain, S. J., & Stachenfeld, N. S. (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(2), 377–390. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). American College of Sports Medicine joint position statement. Nutrition and athletic performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(3), 543–568. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rooyen, M., Hew-Butler, T., & Noakes, T. D. (2010). Drinking during marathon running in extreme heat: A video analysis study of the top finishers in the 2004 Athens Olympic marathons. South African Journal of Sports Medicine., 22(3), 55–61.
   Google Scholar
• Wardenaar, F. C., Hoogervorst, D., Versteegen, J. J., van der Burg, N., Lambrechtse, K. J., & Bongers, C. (2018). Real-time observations of food and fluid timing during a 120 km ultramarathon. Frontiers in Nutrition, 5(article 32), 1–9. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00032
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wouda, R. D., Dekker, S. E. I., Reijm, J., Olde Engberink, R. H. G., & Vogt, L. (2019). Effects of water loading on observed and predicted plasma sodium, and fluid and urine cation excretion in healthy individuals. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 74(3), 320–327. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.02.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar