The value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing and stress echocardiography in the prediction of all-cause mortality in adults with end-stage renal disease

References

• Arena, R., Myers, J., Aslam, S. S., Varughese, E. B., & Peberdy, M. A. (2004). Peak VO2 and VE/VCO2 slope in patients with heart failure: A prognostic comparison. American Heart Journal, 147(2), 354–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AHJ.2003.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ATS/ACCP. (2003). ATS/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 167(2), 211–277. https://doi.org/10.1164/RCCM.167.2.211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balady, G. J., Arena, R., Sietsema, K., Myers, J., Coke, L., Fletcher, G. F., Forman, D., Franklin, B., Guazzi, M., Gulati, M., Keteyian, S. J., Lavie, C. J., Macko, R., Mancini, D., Milani, R. V., & Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease and on behalf of Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and on behalf of the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology. (2010). Clinician’s guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults. Circulation, 122(2), 191–225. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0B013E3181E52E69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangalore, S., Maron, D. J., O’Brien, S. M., Fleg, J. L., Kretov, E. I., Briguori, C., Kaul, U., Reynolds, H. R., Mazurek, T., Sidhu, M. S., Berger, J. S., Mathew, R. O., Bockeria, O., Broderick, S., Pracon, R., Herzog, C. A., Huang, Z., Stone, G. W., Boden, W. E., … Judith S. Hochman, for the ISCHEMIA-CKD Research Group (2020). Management of coronary disease in patients with advanced kidney disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(17), 1608–1618. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMOA1915925/SUPPL_FILE/NEJMOA1915925_DATA-SHARING.PDF
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becher, H., Chambers, J., Fox, K., Jones, R., Leech, G., Masani, N., Monaghan, M., More, R., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Rimington, H., Senior, R., & Warton, G. (2004). BSE procedure guidelines for the clinical application of stress echocardiography, recommendations for performance and interpretation of stress echocardiography. Heart, 90(suppl 6), vi23–vi30. https://doi.org/10.1136/HRT.2004.047985
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goda, A., Lund, L. H., & Mancini, D. (2011). The heart failure survival score outperforms the peak oxygen consumption for heart transplantation selection in the era of device therapy. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 30(3), 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HEALUN.2010.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkness, A., Ring, L., Augustine, D. X., Oxborough, D., Robinson, S., & Sharma, V. (2020). Normal reference intervals for cardiac dimensions and function for use in echocardiographic practice: A guideline from the British society of echocardiography. Echo Research & Practice, 7(1), G1–G18. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERP-19-0050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, N. R., Fatoba, S. T., Oke, J. L., Hirst, J. A., O'Callaghan, C. A., Lasserson, D. S., & Richard Hobbs, F. D. (2016). Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease – A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 11(7), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0158765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankowski, J., Floege, J., Fliser, D., Böhm, M., & Marx, N. (2021). Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. Circulation, 143(11), 1157–1172. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen, K. L. (2007). Exercise in the end-stage renal disease population. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 18(6), 1845–1854. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2007010009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkman, D. L., Muth, B. J., Stock, J. M., Townsend, R. R., & Edwards, D. G. (2018). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing reveals subclinical abnormalities in chronic kidney disease. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 25(16), 1717–1724. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487318777777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, R. M., Badano, L. P., Victor, M. A., Afilalo, J., Armstrong, A., Ernande, L., Flachskampf, F. A., Foster, E., Goldstein, S. A., Kuznetsova, T., Lancellotti, P., Muraru, D., Picard, M. H., Rietzschel, E. R., Rudski, L., Spencer, K. T., Tsang, W., & Voigt, J.-W. (2015). Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 28(1), 1-39.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECHO.2014.10.003
   Google Scholar
• Levey, A. S., Coresh, J., Bolton, K., Culleton, B., Harvey, K. S., Alp Ikizler, T., Johnson, C. A., Kausz, A., Kimmel, P. L., Kusek, J., Levin, A., Minaker, K. L., Nelson, R., Rennke, H., Steffes, M., Witten, B., Hogg, R. J., Furth, S., Lemley, K. V., & Briggs, J. (2002). K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. G. Balint, Antala B, Carty C, Mabieme JMA, Amar IB, Kaplanova A, eds. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 39(2 SUPPL. 1), i-ii + S1-S266. https://doi.org/10.2/JQUERY.MIN.JS
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T., Li, G., Guo, X., Li, Z., Yang, J., & Sun, Y. (2021). Predictive value of echocardiographic left atrial size for incident stoke and stroke cause mortality: A population-based study. BMJ Open, 11(3), e043595. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJOPEN-2020-043595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, K., McGregor, G., Coggan, A. R., Lewis, G. D., & Moe, S. M. (2020). Cardiovascular functional changes in chronic kidney disease: Integrative physiology, pathophysiology and applications of cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHYS.2020.572355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, J. H., Fearn, L., Jibani, M., & Marcora, S. M. (2012). Exertional fatigue in patients with CKD. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 60(6), 930–939. https://doi.org/10.1053/J.AJKD.2012.06.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandsager, K., Harb, S., Cremer, P., Phelan, D., Nissen, S. E., & Jaber, W. (2018). Association of cardiorespiratory fitness With long-term mortality Among adults undergoing exercise treadmill testing. JAMA Network Open, 1(6), e183605–e183605. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2018.3605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins, P., Marques, E. A., Leal, D. V., Ferreira, A., Wilund, K. R., & Viana, J. L. (2021). Association between physical activity and mortality in end-stage kidney disease: A systematic review of observational studies. BMC Nephrology, 22(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12882-021-02407-W/FIGURES/2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire, S., Horton, E. J., Renshaw, D., Chan, K., Krishnan, N., & McGregor, G. (2020). Ventilatory and chronotropic incompetence during incremental and constant load exercise in end-stage renal disease: A comparative physiology study. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 319(3), F515–F522. https://doi.org/10.1152/AJPRENAL.00258.2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modi, Z. J., Lu, Y., Ji, N., Kapke, A., Selewski, D. T., Dietrich, X., Abbott, K., Nallamothu, B. K., Schaubel, D. E., Saran, R., & Gipson, D. S. (2019). Risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in young adults With End-stage renal disease: An analysis of the US renal data system. JAMA Cardiology, 4(4), 353–362. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMACARDIO.2019.0375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagueh, S. F., Smiseth, O. A., Appleton, C. P., Byrd, B. F., III, Dokainish, H., Edvardsen, T., Flachskampf, F. A., Gillebert, T. C., Klein, A. L., Lancellotti, P., Marino, P., Oh, J. K., Popescu, B. A., & Waggoner, A. D. (2016). Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. European Heart Journal – Cardiovascular Imaging, 17(12), 1321–1360. https://doi.org/10.1093/EHJCI/JEW082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Driscoll, J. M., Slee, A. D., & Sharma, R. (2017). Body mass index mortality paradox in chronic kidney disease patients with suspected cardiac chest pain. JCSM Clinical Reports, 2(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.17987/JCSM-CR.V2I1.10
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira, R. B., Myers, J., Araújo, C. G. S., Arena, R., Mandic, S., Bensimhon, D., Abella, J., Chase, P., Guazzi, M., Brubaker, P., Moore, B., Kitzman, D., & Peberdy, M. A. (2009). Does peak oxygen pulse complement peak oxygen uptake in risk stratifying patients with heart failure? The American Journal of Cardiology, 104(4), 554. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AMJCARD.2009.04.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, D. A., Lavie, C. J., Gilliland, Y. E., Shah, S. B., Dinshaw, H. K., & Milani, R. V. (2015). Prediction of all-cause mortality by the left atrial volume index in patients with normal left ventricular filling pressure and preserved ejection fraction. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 90(11), 1499–1505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, R. K., Jardine, A. G. M., Mark, P. B., Cunningham, A. F., Steedman, T., Powell, J. R., McQuarrie, E. P., Stevens, K. K., Dargie, H. J., & Jardine, A. G. (2010). Association of left atrial volume with mortality among ESRD patients with left ventricular hypertrophy referred for kidney transplantation. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 55(6), 1088–1096. https://doi.org/10.1053/J.AJKD.2009.12.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pella, E., Boutou, A., Boulmpou, A., Papadopoulos, C. E., Papagianni, A., & Sarafidis, P. (2021). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD): principles, methodology and clinical applications of the optimal tool for exercise tolerance evaluation. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 37(12), 2335–2350. https://doi.org/10.1093/NDT/GFAB150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pella, E., Theodorakopoulou, M. P., Boutou, A. K., Alexandrou, M.-E., Bakaloudi, D.-R., Sarridou, D., Boulmpou, A., Papadopoulos, C., Papagianni, A., & Sarafidis, P. (2022). Cardiopulmonary reserve examined with cardiopulmonary exercise testing in individuals with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 65(5), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.REHAB.2021.101588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhard, U., Mueller, P. H., & Schmuelling, R. M. (1979). Determination of anaerobic threshold by the ventilation equivalent in normal individuals. Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases, 38(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1159/000194056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saran, R., Robinson, B., Abbott, K. C., Agodoa, L. Y. C., Albertus, P., Ayanian, J., Balkrishnan, R., Bragg-Gresham, J., Cao, J., Chen, J. L. T., Cope, E., Dharmarajan, S., Dietrich, X., Eckard, A., Eggers, P. W., Gaber, C., Gillen, D., Gipson, D., Gu, H., … Shahinian, V. (2017). US renal data system 2016 annual data report: Epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 69(3), A7–A8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sárközy, M., Gáspár, R., Zvara, Á, Siska, A., Kővári, B., Szűcs, G., Márványkövi, F., Kovács, M. G., Diószegi, P., Bodai, L., Zsindely, N., Pipicz, M., Gömöri, K., Kiss, K., Bencsik, P., Cserni, G., Puskás, L. G., Földesi, I., Thum, Y., … Csont, T. (2019). Chronic kidney disease induces left ventricular overexpression of the pro-hypertrophic microRNA-212. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37690-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarnak, M. J., Amann, K., Bangalore, S., Cavalcante, J. L., Charytan, D. M., Craig, J. C., Gill, J. S., Hlatky, M. A., Jardine, A. G., Landmesser, U., Kristin Newby, L., Herzog, C. A., Cheung, M., Wheeler, D. C., Winkelmayer, W. C., & Marwick, T. H. (2019). Chronic kidney disease and coronary artery disease: JACC state-of-the-Art review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 74(14), 1823–1838. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACC.2019.08.1017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, R., Gaze, D. C., Pellerin, D., Mehta, R. L., Gregson, H., Streather, C. P., Collinson, P. O., & Brecker, S. J. D. (2006). Cardiac structural and functional abnormalities in end stage renal disease patients with elevated cardiac troponin T. Heart, 92(6), 804–809. https://doi.org/10.1136/HRT.2005.069666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, R., Gaze, D. C., Pellerin, D., Mehta, R. L., Gregson, H., Streather, C. P., Collinson, P. O., & Brecker, S. J. D. (2007). Evaluation of ischaemia-modified albumin as a marker of myocardial ischaemia in end-stage renal disease. Clinical Science, 113(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20070015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, R., Pellerin, D., Gaze, D. C., Gregson, H., Streather, C. P., Collinson, P. O., & Brecker, S. J. D. (2005). Dobutamine stress echocardiography and the resting but not exercise electrocardiograph predict severe coronary artery disease in renal transplant candidates. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 20(10), 2207–2214. https://doi.org/10.1093/NDT/GFI005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sietsema, K. E., Amato, A., Adler, S. G., & Brass, E. P. (2004a). Exercise capacity as a predictor of survival among ambulatory patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney International, 65(2), 719–724. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1523-1755.2004.00411.X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sietsema, K. E., Amato, A., Adler, S. G., & Brass, E. P. (2004b). Exercise capacity as a predictor of survival among ambulatory patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney International, 65(2), 719–724. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1523-1755.2004.00411.X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberberg, J. S., Barre, P. E., Prichard, S. S., & Sniderman, S. D. (1989). Impact of left ventricular hypertrophy on survival in end-stage renal disease. Kidney International, 36(2), 286–290. https://doi.org/10.1038/KI.1989.192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spodick, D. H. (1971). Diagnostic electrocardiography and vectorcardiography. JAMA, 216(12), 2019. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.1971.03180380073031
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, G. A., Mark, P. B., Johnston, N., Foster, J. E., Cowan, M., Rodger, R. S. C., Dargie, H. J., & Jardine, A. G. (2004). Determinants of hypertension and left ventricular function in end stage renal failure: A pilot study using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 24(6), 387–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1475-097X.2004.00583.X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh, S. H., Oh, T. R., Choi, H. S., Kim, C. S., Bae, E. H., Oh, K.-H., Lee, J., Jung, J. Y., Lee, K.-B. Ma, S. K., & Kim, S. W. (2022). Association between left ventricular geometry and renal outcomes in patients With chronic kidney disease: Findings from Korean cohort study for outcomes in patients With chronic kidney disease study. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/FCVM.2022.848692
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, S., James, M., Wiebe, N., Hemmelgarn, B., Manns, B., Klarenbach, S., Tonelli, M., & Alberta Kidney Disease Network (2015). Cause of death in patients with reduced kidney function. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 26(10), 2504–2511. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2014070714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting, S. M. S., Iqbal, H., Kanji, H., Hamborg, T., Aldridge, N., Krishnan, N., Imray, C. H. E., Banerjee, P., Bland, R., Higgins, R., & Zehnder, D. (2014). Functional cardiovascular reserve predicts survival pre-kidney and post-kidney transplantation. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 25(1), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2013040348/-/DCSUPPLEMENTAL
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, L. A., & Clase, C. M. (2019). Sex and the incidence and prevalence of kidney disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 14(11), 1557–1559. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.11030919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripepi, G., Benedetto, F. A., Mallamaci, F., Tripepi, R., Malatino, L., & Zoccali, C. (2007). Left atrial volume monitoring and cardiovascular risk in patients with End-stage renal disease: A prospective cohort study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 18(4), 1316–1322. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2006080881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, A. C., Nagler, E. V., Morton, R. L., & Masson, P. (2017). Chronic kidney disease. The Lancet, 389(10075), 1238–1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32064-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar