Antioxidant supplementation and endurance training: Win or loss?

References

• Baum , O. , Da Silva-Azevedo , L. , Willerding , G. , Wockel , A. , Planitzer , G. Gossrau , R. 2004 . Endothelial NOS is main mediator for shear stress-dependent angiogenesis in skeletal muscle after prazosin administration . American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology , 287 : H2300 – H2308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaton , L. J. , Allan , D. A. , Tarnopolsky , M. A. , Tiidus , P. M. and Phillips , S. M. 2002 . Contraction-induced muscle damage is unaffected by vitamin e supplementation . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 34 : 798 – 805 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boveris , A. and Cadenas , E. 2000 . Mitochondrial production of hydrogen peroxide regulation by nitric oxide and the role of ubisemiquinone . IUBMB Life , 50 : 245 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun , H. , Koehler , K. , Geyer , H. , Kleiner , J. , Mester , J. and Schanzer , W. 2009 . Dietary supplement use among elite young German athletes . International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism , 19 : 97 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , K. M. and Decker , E. A. 1994 . Endogenous skeletal muscle antioxidants . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition , 34 : 403 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chance , B. , Sies , H. and Boveris , A. 1979 . Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs . Physiological Review , 59 : 527 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs , A. , Jacobs , C. , Kaminski , T. , Halliwell , B. and Leeuwenburgh , C. 2001 . Supplementation with vitamin C and N-acetyl-cysteine increases oxidative stress in humans after an acute muscle injury induced by eccentric exercise . Free Radical Biology and Medicine , 31 : 745 – 753 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford , P. S. and Hellsten , Y. 2004 . Vasodilatory mechanisms in contracting skeletal muscle . Journal of Applied Physiology , 97 : 393 – 403 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Close , G. L. , Ashton , T. , Cable , T. , Doran , D. , Holloway , C. McArdle , F. 2006 . Ascorbic acid supplementation does not attenuate post-exercise muscle soreness following muscle-damaging exercise but may delay the recovery process . British Journal of Nutrition , 95 : 976 – 981 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly , D. A. , Lauzon , C. , Agnew , J. , Dunn , M. and Reed , B. 2006 . The effects of vitamin C supplementation on symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness . Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 46 : 462 – 467 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , K. J. , Quintanilha , A. T. , Brooks , G. A. and Packer , L. 1982 . Free radicals and tissue damage produced by exercise . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , 107 : 1198 – 1205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froiland , K. , Koszewski , W. , Hingst , J. and Kopecky , L. 2004 . Nutritional supplement use among college athletes and their sources of information . International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism , 14 : 104 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibala , M. 2009 . Molecular responses to high-intensity interval exercise . Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism , 34 : 428 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Cabrera , M. C. , Borras , C. , Pallardo , F. V. , Sastre , J. , Ji , L. L. and Vina , J. 2005 . Decreasing xanthine oxidase-mediated oxidative stress prevents useful cellular adaptations to exercise in rats . Journal of Physiology , 567 : 113 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Cabrera , M. C. , Domenech , E. , Romagnoli , M. , Arduini , A. , Borras , C. Pallardo , F. V. 2008a . Oral administration of vitamin C decreases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and hampers training-induced adaptations in endurance performance . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 87 : 142 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Cabrera , M. C. , Domenech , E. and Vina , J. 2008b . Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: Upregulation of antioxidant genes by training . Free Radical Biology and Medicine , 44 : 126 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellsten , Y. , Frandsen , U. , Orthenblad , N. , Sjodin , B. and Richter , E. A. 1997 . Xanthine oxidase in human skeletal muscle following eccentric exercise: A role in inflammation . Journal of Physiology , 498 : 239 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudlicka , O. , Brown , M. D. and Silgram , H. 2000 . Inhibition of capillary growth in chronically stimulated rat muscles by N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor . Microvascular Research , 59 : 45 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , M. J. 2009 . Redox regulation of adaptive responses in skeletal muscle to contractile activity . Free Radical Biology and Medicine , 47 : 1267 – 1275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji , L. L. 2007 . Antioxidant signaling in skeletal muscle: A brief review . Experimental Gerontology , 42 : 582 – 593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji , L. L. 2008 . Modulation of skeletal muscle antioxidant defense by exercise: Role of redox signaling . Free Radical Biology and Medicine , 44 : 142 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji , L. L. , Gomez-Cabrera , M. C. and Vina , J. 2006 . Exercise and hormesis: Activation of cellular antioxidant signaling pathway . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1067 : 425 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanter , M. 1998 . Free radicals, exercise and antioxidant supplementation . Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , 57 : 9 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayar , S. R. , Hoppeler , H. , Armstrong , R. B. , Laughlin , M. H. , Lindstedt , S. L. Jones , J. H. 1992 . Estimating transit time for capillary blood in selected muscles of exercising animals . Pflugers Archive , 421 : 578 – 584 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellogg , E. W. III and Fridovich , I. 1975 . Superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and singlet oxygen in lipid peroxidation by a xanthine oxidase system . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 250 : 8812 – 8817 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knez , W. L. , Jenkins , D. G. and Coombes , J. S. 2007 . Oxidative stress in half and full ironman triathletes . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 39 : 283 – 288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobzik , L. , Reid , M. B. , Bredt , D. S. and Stamler , J. S. 1994 . Nitric oxide in skeletal muscle . Nature , 372 : 546 – 548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppenol , W. H. , Moreno , J. J. , Pryor , W. A. , Ischiropoulos , H. and Beckman , J. S. 1992 . Peroxynitrite, a cloaked oxidant formed by nitric oxide and superoxide . Chemical Research in Toxicology , 5 : 834 – 842 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koren , A. , Sauber , C. , Sentjurc , M. and Schara , M. 1983 . Free radicals in tetanic activity of isolated skeletal muscle . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , 74 : 633 – 635 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreider , R. B. , Almada , A. L. , Antonio , J. , Broeder , C. , Earnest , C. Greenwood , M. 2004 . ISSN exercise and sport nutrition review: Research and recommendations . Sports Nutrition Review Journal , 1 : 1 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Krumbach , C. J. , Ellis , D. R. and Driskell , J. A. 1999 . A report of vitamin and mineral supplement use among university athletes in a division I institution . International Journal of Sport Nutrition , 9 : 416 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai , C. S. and Piette , L. H. 1977 . Hydroxyl radical production involved in lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , 78 : 51 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margaritis , I. and Rousseau , A. S. 2008 . Does physical exercise modify antioxidant requirements? . Nutrition Research Reviews , 21 : 3 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinley , C. , Shafat , A. and Donnelly , A. E. 2009 . Does antioxidant vitamin supplementation protect against muscle damage? . Sports Medicine , 39 : 1011 – 1032 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medved , I. , Brown , M. J. , Bjorksten , A. R. , Murphy , K. T. , Petersen , A. C. Sostaric , S. 2004 . N-acetylcysteine enhances muscle cysteine and glutathione availability and attenuates fatigue during prolonged exercise in endurance-trained individuals . Journal of Applied Physiology , 97 : 1477 – 1485 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla J. Mickleborough T. D. 2007 Does antioxidant supplementation prevent favorable adaptations to exercise training? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 39 1887 author reply 1888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pialoux , V. , Mounier , R. , Ponsot , E. , Rock , E. , Mazur , A. Dufour , S. 2006 . Effects of exercise and training in hypoxia on antioxidant/pro-oxidant balance . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 60 : 1345 – 1354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pialoux , V. , Mounier , R. , Rock , E. , Mazur , A. , Schmitt , L. Richalet , J. P. 2009a . Effects of the “live high–train low” method on prooxidant/antioxidant balance on elite athletes . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 63 : 756 – 762 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pialoux , V. , Mounier , R. , Rock , E. , Mazur , A. , Schmitt , L. Richalet , J. P. 2009b . Effects of acute hypoxic exposure on prooxidant/antioxidant balance in elite endurance athletes . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 30 : 87 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers , S. K. and Jackson , M. J. 2008 . Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production . Physiological Reviews , 88 : 1243 – 1276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pryor , W. A. and Squadrito , G. L. 1995 . The chemistry of peroxynitrite: A product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide . American Journal of Physiology: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology , 268 : L699 – L722 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid , M. B. 2008 . Free radicals and muscle fatigue: Of ros, canaries, and the ioc . Free Radical Biology and Medicine , 44 : 169 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ristow , M. , Zarse , K. , Oberbach , A. , Kloting , N. , Birringer , M. Kiehntopf , M. 2009 . Antioxidants prevent health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 106 : 8665 – 8670 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , N. R. , Di Marco , N. M. and Langley , S. 2009 . American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Nutrition and athletic performance . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 41 : 709 – 731 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sastre , J. , Asensi , M. , Gasco , E. , Pallardo , F. V. , Ferrero , J. A. Furukawa , T. 1992 . Exhaustive physical exercise causes oxidation of glutathione status in blood: Prevention by antioxidant administration . American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology , 263 : R992 – R995 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sies , H. and Stahl , W. 1995 . Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 62 : 1315S – 1321S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon-Schnass , I. and Pabst , H. 1988 . Influence of vitamin E on physical performance . International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research , 58 : 49 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobal , J. and Marquart , L. F. 1994 . Vitamin/mineral supplement use among athletes: A review of the literature . International Journal of Sports Nutrition , 4 : 320 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St-Pierre , J. , Buckingham , J. A. , Roebuck , S. J. and Brand , M. D. 2002 . Topology of superoxide production from different sites in the mitochondrial electron transport chain . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 277 : 44784 – 44790 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamler , J. S. , Sun , Q. A. and Hess , D. T. 2008 . A SNO storm in skeletal muscle . Cell , 133 : 33 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symons , M. C. 1988 . Formation of radicals by mechanical processes . Free Radical Research Communications , 5 : 131 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira , V. H. , Valente , H. F. , Casal , S. I. , Marques , A. F. and Moreira , P. A. 2009 . Antioxidants do not prevent postexercise peroxidation and may delay muscle recovery . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 41 : 1752 – 1760 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valko , M. , Izakovic , M. , Mazur , M. , Rhodes , C. J. and Telser , J. 2004 . Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence . Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , 266 : 37 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valko , M. , Leibfritz , D. , Moncol , J. , Cronin , M. T. , Mazur , M. and Telser , J. 2007 . Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease . International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology , 39 : 44 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valko , M. , Rhodes , C. J. , Moncol , J. , Izakovic , M. and Mazur , M. 2006 . Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer . Chemico-Biological Interactions , 160 : 1 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wray , D. W. , Uberoi , A. , Lawrenson , L. , Bailey , D. M. and Richardson , R. S. 2009 . Oral antioxidants and cardiovascular health in the exercise-trained and untrained elderly: A radically different outcome . Clinical Science (London) , 116 : 433 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar