Communication (un)savviness and the failure of terrorism: a case of Pakistani terrorist organizations

References

• Abbas, H. (2006). The black-turbaned brigade: The rise of TNSM in Pakistan. Terrorism Monitor, 4, 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Abbas, H. (2008). A profile of Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan. CTC Sentinel, 1, 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Abbas, H. (2015). The Taliban Revival: Violence and Extremism on the Pakistan-Afghanistan Frontier. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aboul-Enein, Y. H. (2005, January– February). Ayman al-Zawahiri’s knights under the prophet’s banner: The Al- Qaeda manifesto. Military Review, 85, 83–84.
   Google Scholar
• Abrahms, M. (2006). Why terrorism does not work. International Security, 31(2), 42–78.
   Google Scholar
• Abubakar, A. T. (2017). Strategic communications, Boko Haram, and counter- insurgency. Defence Strategic Communications, 3, 139–168.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, J., & Houreld, K. (2014, December 18). Some Pakistan militants denounce school attack, amid national outrage, Reuters.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, R. (2013, October 5). TTP condones Peshawar church attack. The Express Tribune.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, A. (2013). The Thistle and the Drone: How America’s War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam. Lahore: Vanguard Books Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, K. (2011). Sectarian war. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Akbar, A., & Farhan, H. (2017). Mardan university student lynched by mob over alleged blasphemy: Police (2017, April 13). DAWN.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, A. Y. (n.d. [1938]). The Holy Quran: Text, translation and Commentary. New Delhi: Farid Book Depot (Pvt) Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, Q. (2017, December 3). Who is Khadim Hussain Rizvi? DAWN.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, T. (2014, July 5). TTP Mohmand demonstrates sophistication in social media use. The Nation.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, T. (2016, August 18). TTP radio: ‘Serial’ killer. The Friday Times.
   Google Scholar
• Anwar, M. (2017, May 6). Pakistan’s emerging threat: Highly educated youth gravitate to radicalization. Voice of America.
   Google Scholar
• Anzalone, C. (2011, June 17). The Pakistan Taliban’s media Jihad. Foreign Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Awan, S. (2016). Muslim Urban Politics in Colonial Punjab: Majlis-i-Ahrar’s Early Activism. Journal of Political Studies, 16, 235–258.
   Google Scholar
• Aziz, K. K. (2007). Party politics in Pakistan:1947-58. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Basit, A. (2014). ‘New kid on the block’? Counter terrorist trends and analysis, 6, 8-12. Counter narrative needed. (2017, July 29). DAWN.
   Google Scholar
• Basit, A. (2019). South Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 11(1), 33–64.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, M. (2017). Why Violence Abates: Imposed and Elective Declines in Terrorist Attacks. Terrorism and Political Violence, 29(2), 215–235.
   Google Scholar
• Behuria, A. K. (2004). Sunni-Shia relations in Pakistan: The Widening Divide. Strategic Analysis, 28, 157–176.
   Google Scholar
• Biberman, Y., & Zahid, F. (2016). Why terrorists target children: Outbidding, desperation and extremism in the Peshawar and Beslan School massacres. Terrorism and Political Violence. doi:10.1080/09546553.2015.1135425
   Google Scholar
• Bolt, N. (2012). Violent image: Insurgent propaganda and the new revolutionaries. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 15(3), 398–405.
   Google Scholar
• Boone, J. (2015, December 15). Peshawar school attack: One year on ‘the country is changed completely. Guardian.
   Google Scholar
• Bormann, E. G. (1985). The force of fantasy: Restoring the American dream. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bormann, E. G., Cragan, J. F., & Shields, D. C. (1996). An expansion of the rhetorical vision component of the symbolic convergence theory: The cold war paradigm case. Communication Monographs, 63, 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Butool, S. B. (2013). Pakistani Responses to AfPak Policy: Local Narratives and an Ending Global War?’. Asian Survey, 5(6), 1005–1036.
   Google Scholar
• Canji, T.N. (1994). Symbol, myth and media: A hermeneutic approach to mass communication theory (unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Caroe, O. (2014 [1958]). The Pathans. Karachi: Oxford University Press (19th impressions).
   Google Scholar
• Casebeer, W. D., & Russell, J. A. (2005). Storytelling and terrorism: Towards a comprehensive ‘counter-narrative strategy.’. Strategic Insights, 6, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Chawla, I. (2011). Role of the Majlis-i-Ahrar Islam-Hind in the Kashmir Movement of 1931. Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies, 3(2), 82–102.
   Google Scholar
• Copland, I. (1981). Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931-34. Pacific Affairs, 54, 228–259.
   Google Scholar
• Corman, S. R. (2011). Understanding the role of narrative in extremist strategic communication. In S. Canna (Ed.), Countering violent extremism: Scientific method and strategies (pp. 36–41). Lexington Park, MD: NSI, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Cremin, M. (2017). The battle for hearts and minds: Assessing militant propaganda narratives in Northern Ireland (Unpublished manuscript). University of Chicago, Illinois.
   Google Scholar
• Crilly, R. (2012, December 4). Pakistan Taliban launches new Facebook page. The Telegraph.
   Google Scholar
• Cronin, A. K. (2015). How and why do terrorist campaigns end. In R. English (Ed.), Illusions of terrorism and counter terrorism (pp. 111–124). Oxford: the British academy.
   Google Scholar
• DAWN-144 Stories: Remembering lives lost in the Peshawar school attack. (2017). DAWN, https://www.dawn.com/news/1223313.
   Google Scholar
• Death toll in Pakistan suicide attack at Wagah Border rises to 61. (2014, November 3). Economic Times.
   Google Scholar
• Declassified Material. (2016). Bin Laden Bookshelf- Jihad in Pakistan, Director of national intelligence, USA. Retrieved from https://www.dni.gov/index.php/features/bin-laden-s-bookshelf?start=2.
   Google Scholar
• Desai, S. (2016, September 29). Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan to join jihad in Kashmir; gives fresh call to attack Indian security forces. DNA.
   Google Scholar
• Farwell, J. P. (2012). Persuasion and power: The art of strategic communication. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Feyyaz, M. (2011). Political economy of Tehrik-i-Taliban Swat. PIPS Journal of Peace Studies Pakistan, 4, 37–60.
   Google Scholar
• Feyyaz, M. (2015). Why Pakistan does not have a counterterrorism narrative. Journal of Strategic Security, 8, 63–78.
   Google Scholar
• Feyyaz, M. (2016). Religion, ethnicity, social organizations and terrorists’ behaviour - A case of Taliban movement in Pakistan. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 8(2), 111–134.
   Google Scholar
• Fink, N. C., & Barclay, J. (2013). Mastering the Narrative: Counterterrorism Strategic Communications and the United Nations. Washington, DC: Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, W. R. (1984). The narrative paradigm: In the beginning. Journal of Communication, 34, 74–89.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, W. R. (1987). Human communication as narration: Toward a philosophy of reason, value, and action. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ghufran, N. (2009). Pushtun ethnonationalism and the Taliban insurgency in the North West frontier province of Pakistan. Asian Survey, 49, 1092–1114.
   Google Scholar
• Gilmartin, D. (1979). Religious Leadership and the Pakistan Movement in the Punjab. Modern Asian Studies, 13, 498–499.
   Google Scholar
• GSO - Global Security Organization. (2019). Tehreek Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Muhammadi (TNSM), https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/tnsm.htm
   Google Scholar
• GTD - Global terrorism database, (2019). Pakistan, 2013- 01-01and 2014- 01-01. https://www.start.umd.edu.
   Google Scholar
• Halversion, J., Goodall, H. L., & Corman, S. (2011). Master narratives of Islamist extremism. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Haqqani, H. (2005). Pakistan: Between mosque and military. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Houck, S. C., Repke, M. A., & Conway, L. G. (2017). Understanding what makes terrorist groups’ propaganda effective: An integrative complexity analysis of ISIL and Al Qaeda. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 12(2), 105–118.
   Google Scholar
• Howenstein, N. (2009). Review essay of Ayesha Jalal, Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia and Praveen Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947–2004. India Review, 8(4), 446–456.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, K. (2013). Political cost the ANP paid in its fight against extremists. Islamabad: Pakistan institute of peace studies. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/dell/Downloads/225.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, S. (2016). Media Coverage of Taliban: IsPeace Journalism the Solution?. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 26(1), 31–46.
   Google Scholar
• Huttenback, R. A. (2004). Kashmir and the British Raj: 1847–1947. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• ICG (International Crisis Group). (2008). Reforming the judiciary in Pakistan. Brussels: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Ilahi, M., & Haider, S. (2017, November) Overwhelming majority of Pakistanis want democracy, trust Armed Forces: Survey. Geo News. Retrieved from https://www.geo.tv/latest/168956-overwhelming-majority-of-pakistanis-want-democracy-trust-armed-forces-survey.
   Google Scholar
• Iqbal, K., & Silva, D. S. (2013). Terrorist lifecycles: A case study of Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 8(1), 72–86.
   Google Scholar
• Jadoon, A., & Mahmood, S. (2018). Fixing the cracks in the Pakistani Taliban’s foundation: TTP’s leadership returns to the Mehsud Tribe. CTC Sentinel, 11, 11.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffrelot, C. (2015). The Pakistan paradox: Instability and resilience. Haryana: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Jalal, A. (2007). Self and sovereignty: Individual and community in South Asian Islam since 1850. Lahore: Sang-e-Meal.
   Google Scholar
• Kaltenthaler, K., Miller, W., & Fair, C. C. (2015). Ethnicity, Islam, and Pakistani Public Opinion toward the Pakistani Taliban. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(11), 938–957.
   Google Scholar
• Kamran, T. (2013). Majlis-i-Ahrar-i-Islam: Religion, socialism and agitation in action. South Asian History and Culture, 4, 465–482.
   Google Scholar
• Khaliq, F. (2011, April 7). Recalling terror: Swat activist describes horrors of Taliban rule. The Express Tribune.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, A. (2013). Pakistan and the narratives of extremism. United States Institute of Peace (USIP). Retrieved from https://www.usip.org/publications/2013/03/pakistan-and-narratives-extremism.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, A., & Estrada, M. A. R. (2017). Globalization and terrorism: An overview. Quality and Quantity, 51(4), 1811–1819.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, A. M. (n.d.). (trans), Sahih Al-Bukhari, http://www.searchtruth.com/hadith_books.php#bukhari.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, I. (2007). Pashtuns in the Crossfire: Pashtun Politics in the Shadow of War against Terrorism. Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU) (UK), Brief, 19, https://www.dur.ac.uk/psru/archive/
   Google Scholar
• Khan, R. M. (2012). Pakistan and Afghanistan: Extremism, conflict and resistance to modernity. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, S. (2014, December 19). The rise of Mullah Fazlullah. India Today.
   Google Scholar
• Khorsani, Q. (2017). Tehrik-e-Azadi se Tehrik-e-Taliban tak (From movement of independence to movement of Taliban). Ihya-e-Khilafat, 14, 13–14.
   Google Scholar
• Laub, Z. (2015, March 23). The Taliban. Council of Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/terrorist-organizations-and-networks/taliban/p36312.
   Google Scholar
• Liberman, K. B. (1984). The Hermeneutics of intercultural communication. Anthropological Linguistics, 26(1), 53–83.
   Google Scholar
• Marcellino, W. M., Cragin, K., Mendelsohn, J., Cady, A. M., Magnuson, M., & Reedy, K. (2017). Measuring the popular resonance of daesh’s propaganda. Journal of Strategic Security, 10, 32–52.
   Google Scholar
• Moghadam, (2017). Nexus of global Jihad. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Munir, M. (1954). Justice Munir commission report. Lahore: The government Printing Punjab.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, E. (2019). Islam and sectarian violence in Pakistan: The terror within. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• NACTA – National Counter Terrorism Authority Pakistan - Proscribed Organizations. Retrieved from https://nacta.gov.pk/proscribed-organizations/.
   Google Scholar
• National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. (2004). The 9/11 Commission report: Final report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. Washington, DC: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States.
   Google Scholar
• Office of the Deputy Secretary of Defense. (2006). QDR execution road map for strategic communication. Washington, DC: Department of Defense.
   Google Scholar
• Pakistan public opinion changing against Taliban. (2009, June 6). ABC News.
   Google Scholar
• Paul, C. (2011). Strategic communication: Origins, concepts, and current debates. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, G. (2010). Crime and insurgency in the tribal areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan. West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Centre. http://dodreports.com/pdf/ada536511.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• PEW - Pew Research Center. (2013). On Eve of elections, a Dismal public mood in Pakistan: Rising concerns about Taliban. www.pewglobal.org.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, B. J. (2015). What is a terrorist group? Conceptual issues and empirical implications. Terrorism and Political Violence, 27(2), 225–242.
   Google Scholar
• Popovic, M. (2015). The perils of weak organization: Explaining loyalty and defection of militant organizations toward Pakistan. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(11), 919–937.
   Google Scholar
• Porta, D. D. (2013). Clandestine political violence. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Poushter, J. (2016). Prior to Lahore bombing. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• Qadri, T. D. (2012). The constitution of Medina. London: Minhaj-ul-Quran Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Rafiq, A. (2014). Sunni Deobandi-Shi‘i Sectarian Violence in Pakistan Explaining the Resurgence since 2007. Washington, DC: Middle East Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Raz, M. D. (2004). Trans. Sahi Bokhari vol 5. India: Central Jamiat Ahle Hadit Hind, India.
   Google Scholar
• Raz, M. D. (2012). Trans. Sahi Bokhari vol 5. Lahore: Maktab-e-Islamia, Lahore.
   Google Scholar
• Roggio, B. (2007, August 31). Taliban Capture Over 100 Pakistani Soldiers in South Waziristan. The Long War Journal.
   Google Scholar
• Rothenberger, L. (2017). A Terrorist Group’s Strategic Communication—The Case of the Red Army Faction. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 11(4), 286–305.
   Google Scholar
• Saeed, L., & Syed, S. H. (2014). Historical patterns of terrorism in Pakistan. Defense & Security Analysis, 30(3), 209–229.
   Google Scholar
• Saigol, R. (2012). The multiple self: Interfaces between Pashtun nationalism and religious conflict on the frontier. South Asian History and Culture, 3, 197–214.
   Google Scholar
• Sajjad, M. (2013). Media and militancy: Case of use of FM radio by Taliban in Swat. IPRI Journal, XIII(1), 77–96.
   Google Scholar
• SATP- South Asia terrorism portal- Pakistan: Fatalities in terrorist violence in Pakistan 2003-2019. 2019. Retrieved from http://www.satp.org/Datasheets.aspx?countries=pakistan
   Google Scholar
• Says TTP. People, public places not to be attacked. (2013, November 9). DAWN. Retrieved from http://www.dawn.com/news/1055150.
   Google Scholar
• Schmid, A. (2014). Al-Qaida’s single narrative and attempts to develop counter - narratives: The state of knowledge. The Hague: ICCT.
   Google Scholar
• Semple, M. (2016). The Pakistan Taliban movement: An appraisal. Institute for the study of conflict transformation and social justice. Belfast: Queen’s University.
   Google Scholar
• Shams, S. (2011). The clash of narratives: Swat military operation against the Taliban. Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI).
   Google Scholar
• Sheikh, M. K. (2012). Sacred Pillars of Violence: Findings from a Study of the Pakistani Taliban. Politics, Religion & Ideology, 13(4), 439–454.
   Google Scholar
• Siddiqa, A. (2017, September 15). Jud & LeT guide how to win friends and influence people. Friday Times.
   Google Scholar
• Sillanpaa, A. (2015, November 17). Strategic communications and the need for societal narratives, The Riga Conference Views. Riga, Latvia.
   Google Scholar
• Sonn, T., & Farrar, A. (2009). Kharijites-Islamic studies. Oxford Bibliographies. doi:10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0047
   Google Scholar
• Special Instructions for Ghazi Operation. (2017, December 18). Ihyae Khilafat (TTP-JA magazine), 14 (3).
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, R. (2014). Taliban spokesman: “The Peshawar attack is in complete accordance with the Prophet’s teachings.” Jihad Watch.
   Google Scholar
• Tankel, S. (2016). Beyond FATA: Exploring the Punjabi Militant Threat to Pakistan. Terrorism and Political Violence, 28, 49–71.
   Google Scholar
• Tarrow, S. G. (1992/2011). Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tatham, S. (2010). Understanding strategic communication: Towards A definition. In A. Öncü, T. Bucher, & O. Aytaç (Eds.), Strategic Communications for Combating Terrorism (pp. 15–35). Ankara: Centre of Excellence – Defence Against Terrorism.
   Google Scholar
• Tatham, S., & Page, R. L. (2014). NATO strategic communication: More to be done. Policy Paper 1. Latvia: Center for Security and Strategic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Tavernise, S. (2009, June 4). Taliban Stir Rising Anger of Pakistanis. New York Times.
   Google Scholar
• Tehreek-i-Taliban launches website. (2014, April 6). DAWN.
   Google Scholar
• Toros, H., & Mavelli, L. (2013). Terrorism, organised crime and the biopolitics of violence. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 6(1), 73–91.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, D. (2009, April 5). Is Baitullah Mehsud now public enemy No 1 for the US? The Guardian.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, A. (2018). ISIS use of social media still poses a threat to stability in the Middle East and Africa, Georgetown Security Studies Review.
   Google Scholar
• Yasmeen, S. (2016). Pakistan, Muslim Womanhood and Social Jihad: Narratives of Umm Abd Muneeb. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 27, 251–265.
   Google Scholar
• Yasmeen, S. (2017). Jihad and dawah. London: Hurst.
   Google Scholar
• Yusufzai, R. (2004, June 18). Profile: Nek Mohammed. BBC.
   Google Scholar
• Yusufzai, R. (2008, June 10). Taliban Warns of Attack on Capital. The News.
   Google Scholar
• Zahab, M. A. (2005). The regional dimension of sectarian conflicts in Pakistan. In C. Jaffrelot (Ed.), Pakistan: Nation, nationalism and the State (2nd ed., pp. 115–128). Lahore: Vanguard books.
   Google Scholar
• Zahid, F. (2015). A Profile of Omar Khalid Khurasani: Emir of Jamaatal Ahrar, http://frc.com.pk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Omar-Khalid1-2.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Zahid, F. (2018, July 13). Pakistani Taliban: Mullah Fazlullah’s Death revives Mehsud clan fortunes. The Jamestown Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Zaidi, M. A. (2008, September). Pakistan's Taliban warlord: A profile of Baitullah Mehsud. Long War Journal, 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Zerfass, A., Verčič, D., Nothhaft, H., & Werder, K. P. (2018). Strategic communication: Defining the field and its contribution to research and practice. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 12(4), 487–505.
   Google Scholar