100
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: a worldwide review of etiology, incidence and the most studied prophylaxis measures

, &
Pages 247-257 | Received 05 Aug 2019, Accepted 26 Sep 2019, Published online: 14 Oct 2019

References

  • Romero P, Méndez I, Salvat M, et al. Intracameral cefazolin as prophylaxis against endophthalmitis in cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006;32(3):438–441.
  • Endophthalmitis Study Group, E.S.o.C. and S. Refractive. Prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: results of the ESCRS multicenter study and identification of risk factors. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007;33(6):978–988.
  • Yu-Wai-Man P, Morgan SJ, Hildreth AJ, et al. Efficacy of intracameral and subconjunctival cefuroxime in preventing endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008;34(3):447–451.
  • Garat M, Moser CL, Martín-Baranera M, et al. Prophylactic intracameral cefazolin after cataract surgery: endophthalmitis risk reduction and safety results in a 6-year study. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009;35(4):637–642.
  • Garcia-Saenz MC, Arias-Puente A, Rodríguez-Caravaca G, et al. Effectiveness of intracameral cefuroxime in preventing endophthalmitis after cataract surgery Ten-year comparative study. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2010;36(2):203–207.
  • Barreau G, Mounier M, Marin B, et al. Intracameral cefuroxime injection at the end of cataract surgery to reduce the incidence of endophthalmitis: French study. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2012;38(8):1370–1375.
  • Friling E, Lundström M, Stenevi U, et al. Six-year incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: swedish national study. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013;39(1):15–21.
  • Rodriguez-Caravaca G, García-Sáenz MC, Villar-Del-Campo MC, et al. Incidence of endophthalmitis and impact of prophylaxis with cefuroxime on cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013;39(9):1399–1403.
  • Beselga D, Campos A, Castro M, et al. Postcataract surgery endophthalmitis after introduction of the ESCRS protocol: a 5-year study. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2014;24(4):516–519.
  • Rahman N, Murphy CC. Impact of intracameral cefuroxime on the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery in Ireland. Ir J Med Sci. 2015;184(2):395–398.
  • Lundstrom M, Friling E, Montan P. Risk factors for endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: predictors for causative organisms and visual outcomes. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015;41(11):2410–2416.
  • Creuzot-Garcher C, Benzenine E, Mariet A-S, et al. Incidence of acute postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: a nationwide study in France from 2005 to 2014. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(7):1414–1420.
  • Daien V, Papinaud L, Gillies MC, et al. Effectiveness and safety of an intracameral injection of cefuroxime for the prevention of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery with or without perioperative capsular rupture. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(7):810–816.
  • Lundstrom M, Barry P, Henry Y, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for cataract surgery: guidelines based on data in the European registry of quality outcomes for cataract and refractive surgery database. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2012;38(6):1086–1093.
  • Colleaux KM, Hamilton WK. Effect of prophylactic antibiotics and incision type on the incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. Can J Ophthalmol. 2000;35(7):373–378.
  • Cooper BA, Holekamp NM, Bohigian G, et al. Case-control study of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery comparing scleral tunnel and clear corneal wounds. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136(2):300–305.
  • Aaberg TM Jr., Flynn HW, Schiffman J, et al. Nosocomial acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis survey. A 10-year review of incidence and outcomes. Ophthalmology. 1998;105(6):1004–1010.
  • Safneck JR. Endophthalmitis: A review of recent trends. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2012;26(2):181–189.
  • Results of the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study: A randomized trial of immediate vitrectomy and of intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113(12):1479–1496. DOI:10.1001/archopht.1995.01100120009001.
  • Mollan SP, Gao A, Lockwood A, et al. Postcataract endophthalmitis: incidence and microbial isolates in a United Kingdom region from 1996 through 2004. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007;33(2):265–268.
  • Pijl BJ, Theelen T, Tilanus MAD, et al. Acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: 250 consecutive cases treated at a tertiary referral center in the Netherlands. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149(3):482.
  • Han DP, Wisniewski SR, Wilson LA, et al. Spectrum and susceptibilities of microbiologic isolates in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;122(1):1–17.
  • Cheng JH, Chang YH, Chen CL, et al. Acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery at a referral centre in Northern Taiwan: review of the causative organisms, antibiotic susceptibility, and clinical features. Eye (Lond). 2010;24(8):1359–1365.
  • Anand AR, Therese KL, Madhavan HN. Spectrum of aetiological agents of postoperative endophthalmitis and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2000;48(2):123–128.
  • Kunimoto DY, Das T, Sharma S, et al. Microbiologic spectrum and susceptibility of isolates: part I. Postoperative endophthalmitis. Endophthalmitis Research Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;128(2):240–242.
  • Sheng Y, Sun W, Gu Y, et al. Endophthalmitis after cataract surgery in China, 1995-2009. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011;37(9):1715–1722.
  • Siak J, Aung Win MZ, Chee SP. Epidemiology and Treatment Trend of Endophthalmitis in Asia. Endophthalmitis 1st Edition. 2017;29–44. DOI:10.1007/978-981-10-5260-6)
  • Barry P, Cordovés L, Gardner S. ESCRS Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Surgery: Data, Dilemmas and Conclusions 2013. Published by The European Society for Cataract & Refractive Surgeons. Source: https://www.escrs.org/downloads/Endophthalmitis-Guidelines.pdf
  • Behndig A, Cochener B, Güell JL, et al. Endophthalmitis prophylaxis in cataract surgery: overview of current practice patterns in 9 European countries. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013;39(9):1421–1431.
  • Grzybowski A, Kuklo P, Pieczynski J, et al. A review of preoperative manoeuvres for prophylaxis of endophthalmitis in intraocular surgery: topical application of antibiotics, disinfectants, or both? Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2016;27(1):9–23.
  • Grzybowski A, Schwartz SG, Matsuura K, et al. Endophthalmitis prophylaxis in cataract surgery: overview of current practice patterns around the world. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(4):565–573.
  • Liesegang TJ. Intracameral antibiotics: questions for the United States based on prospective studies. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008;34(3):505–509.
  • O’Brien TP, Arshinoff SA, Mah FS. Perspectives on antibiotics for postoperative endophthalmitis prophylaxis: potential role of moxifloxacin. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007;33(10):1790–1800.
  • Sharma S, Sahu SK, Dhillon V, et al. Reevaluating intracameral cefuroxime as a prophylaxis against endophthalmitis after cataract surgery in India. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015;41(2):393–399.
  • RJ O. Has the time come for all to routinely use intracameral antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of cataract surgery?. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016;166:xii–xiv.
  • JP. G. Filters and antibiotics in irrigating solution for cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1991;17:385.
  • Chang DF, Braga-Mele R, Henderson BA, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: results of the 2014 ASCRS member survey. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015;41(6):1300–1305.
  • Kahlmeter G. Breakpoints for intravenously used cephalosporins in Enterobacteriaceae–EUCAST and CLSI breakpoints. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008 Jan;14 Suppl 1:169–174.
  • Diene SM, Rolain JM, Raoult D. How artificial is the antibiotic resistance definition? Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:690.
  • Quintiliani R. Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents: time-dependent vs. concentration-dependent killing. July 2019. Available from: http://www.antimicrobe.org/h04c.files/history/PK-PD%20Quint.asp.
  • Montan PG, Wejde G, Setterquist H, et al. Prophylactic intracameral cefuroxime. Evaluation of safety and kinetics in cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28(6):982–987.
  • Lehmann OJ, Thompson JP, White LO, et al. Half-life of intracameral gentamicin after phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1997;23(6):883–888.
  • Dorowitx GR. Principles and practice of infectious disease. Bennett RDJE, Blaser MJ, Editor. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevire/Saunders; 2015.
  • Libre PE, D. LP, Chin NX. Intracameral antibiotic agents for endophthalmitis prophylaxis; a pharmacokinetic model. J Cataract Refractive Surg. 2003;29:1791–1794.
  • Storey P, Dollin M, Rayess N, et al. The effect of prophylactic topical antibiotics on bacterial resistance patterns in endophthalmitis following intravitreal injection. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;254(2):235–242.
  • Witkin AJ, Chang DF, Jumper JM, et al. Vancomycin-associated hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis: clinical characteristics of 36 eyes. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(5):583–595.
  • Witkin AJ, Shah AR, Engstrom RE, et al. Postoperative hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis: expanding the clinical spectrum and possible association with vancomycin. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(7):1438–1451.
  • Olson RJ, Braga-Mele R, Chen SH, et al. Cataract in the adult eye preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(2):1–119.
  • Zhanel GG, Sniezek G, Schweizer F, et al. Ceftaroline: a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin with activity against meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Drugs. 2009;69(7):809–831.
  • Montan PG, Wejde G, Koranyi G, et al. Prophylactic intracameral cefuroxime. Efficacy in preventing endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28(6):977–981.
  • Perry CM, Brogden RN. Cefuroxime axetil. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1996;52(1):125–158.
  • Flamm RK, Sader HS, Farrell DJ, et al. Summary of ceftaroline activity against pathogens in the United States, 2010: report from the Assessing Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance Evaluation (AWARE) surveillance program. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(6):2933–2940.
  • Barry P, Seal DV, Gettinby G, et al. ESCRS study of prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: preliminary report of principal results from a European multicenter study. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006;32(3):407–410.
  • Dorowitx GR. Principles and practice of infectious disease. ed Bennett RDJE, Blaser MJ. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevire/Saunders; 2015.
  • Arbisser LB. Safety of intracameral moxifloxacin for prophylaxis of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008;34(7):1114–1120.
  • Libre PE, Mathews S. Endophthalmitis prophylaxis by intracameral antibiotics: in vitro model comparing vancomycin, cefuroxime, and moxifloxacin. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2017;43(6):833–838.
  • Matsuura K, Suto C, Akura J, et al. Comparison between intracameral moxifloxacin administration methods by assessing intraocular concentrations and drug kinetics. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;251(8):1955–1959.
  • Lane SS, Osher RH, Masket S, et al. Evaluation of the safety of prophylactic intracameral moxifloxacin in cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008;34(9):1451–1459.
  • Cavalcanti Lira RP, de Paiva Lucena N, Ferreira KSA, et al. Long-term safety of intracameral moxifloxacin after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2017;43(1):139–140.
  • Haruki T, Miyazaki D, Matsuura K, et al. Comparison of toxicities of moxifloxacin, cefuroxime, and levofloxacin to corneal endothelial cells in vitro. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2014;40(11):1872–1878.
  • Haripriya A, Chang DF, Ravindran RD. endophthalmitis reduction with intracameral moxifloxacin prophylaxis: analysis of 600 000 surgeries. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(6):768–775.
  • Matsuura K, Miyoshi T, Suto C, et al. Efficacy and safety of prophylactic intracameral moxifloxacin injection in Japan. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013;39(11):1702–1706.
  • Melega MV, Alves M, Cavalcanti Lira RP, et al. Safety and efficacy of intracameral moxifloxacin for prevention of post-cataract endophthalmitis: randomized controlled clinical trial. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2019;45(3):343–350.
  • Schimel AM, Alfonso EC, Flynn HW Jr. Endophthalmitis prophylaxis for cataract surgery: are intracameral antibiotics necessary? JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(11):1269–1270.
  • Inoue T, Uno T, Usui N, et al. Incidence of endophthalmitis and the perioperative practices of cataract surgery in Japan: Japanese prospective multicenter study for postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2018;62(1):24–30.
  • Haripriya A, Chang DF, Namburar S, et al. Efficacy of intracameral moxifloxacin endophthalmitis prophylaxis at aravind eye hospital. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(2):302–308.
  • Leung EH, Gibbons A, Stout JT, et al. Intracameral moxifloxacin for endophthalmitis prophylaxis after cataract surgery: cost-effectiveness analysis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2018;44(8):971–978.
  • Haripriya A, Chang DF. Intracameral antibiotics during cataract surgery: evidence and barriers. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2018;29(1):33–39.
  • Kelkar AS, Chang DF, Kelkar JA, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis practice patterns for cataract surgery in India - Results from an online survey. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2017;65(12):1470–1474.
  • Patel SB, Reddy NK, He YG. Toxic posterior segment syndrome after dropless cataract surgery with compounded triamcinolone-moxifloxacin. Retina. 2019 Jan 24. DOI:10.1097/IAE.0000000000002450. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Olavi P. Ocular toxicity in cataract surgery because of inaccurate preparation and erroneous use of 50mg/ml intracameral cefuroxime. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90(2):e153–4.
  • Cakir M, Imamoğlu S, Cekiç O, et al. An outbreak of early-onset endophthalmitis caused by Fusarium species following cataract surgery. Curr Eye Res. 2009;34(11):988–995.
  • Daulat S, Solensky R, Earl HS, et al. Safety of cephalosporin administration to patients with histories of penicillin allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(6):1220–1222.
  • Park MA, Koch CA, Klemawesch P, et al. Increased adverse drug reactions to cephalosporins in penicillin allergy patients with positive penicillin skin test. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2010;153(3):268–273.
  • Moisseiev E, Levinger E. Anaphylactic reaction following intracameral cefuroxime injection during cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013;39(9):1432–1434.
  • Ullman MA, Midgley KJ, Kim J, et al. Anaphylactic reaction secondary to topical preoperative moxifloxacin. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2016;42(12):1836–1837.
  • Nentwich MM, Ta CN, Kreutzer TC, et al. Incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis from 1990 to 2009 using povidone-iodine but no intracameral antibiotics at a single academic institution. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015;41(1):58–66.
  • Javitt JC. Intracameral antibiotics reduce the risk of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: does the preponderance of the evidence mandate a global change in practice? Ophthalmology. 2016;123(2):226–231.
  • Naseri A, Melles RB, Shorstein NH. Intracameral antibiotics in the shadow of hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(5):580–582.
  • Rudnisky CJ, Wan D, Weis E. Antibiotic choice for the prophylaxis of post-cataract extraction endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(4):835–841.
  • Chang VS, Schwartz SG, Davis JL, et al. Endophthalmitis following cataract surgery and intracameral antibiotic: moxifloxacin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2019;13:127–130.
  • Houang ET, Gilmore OJ, Reid C, et al. Absence of bacterial resistance to povidone iodine. J Clin Pathol. 1976;29(8):752–755.
  • Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Valenton M, et al. Prospective, randomized clinical trial of povidone-iodine 1.25% solution versus topical antibiotics for treatment of bacterial keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;176:244–253.
  • Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Wood M. A controlled trial of povidone-iodine as prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(9):562–566.
  • Otani K. Capsular bag irrigation using 0.025% povidone-iodine in balanced salt solution PLUS for the treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis. Int Ophthalmol. 2018;38(6):2267–2268.
  • Ciulla TA, Starr MB, Masket S. Bacterial endophthalmitis prophylaxis for cataract surgery: an evidence-based update. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(1):13–24.
  • Zamora JL. Chemical and microbiologic characteristics and toxicity of povidone-iodine solutions. Am J Surg. 1986;151(3):400–406.
  • Berkelman RL, Holland BW, Anderson RL. Increased bactericidal activity of dilute preparations of povidone-iodine solutions. J Clin Microbiol. 1982;15(4):635–639.
  • Fleischer W, Reimer K. Povidone-iodine in antisepsis–state of the art. Dermatology. 1997;195(Suppl 2):3–9.
  • Chou SF, Lin CH, Chang SW. Povidone-iodine application induces corneal cell death through fixation. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95(2):277–283.
  • Pelletier JS, Miller D, Liang B, et al. In vitro efficacy of a povidone-iodine 0.4% and dexamethasone 0.1% suspension against ocular pathogens. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011;37(4):763–766.
  • Rikimaru T, Kondo M, Kajimura K, et al. Efficacy of common antiseptics against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002;6(9):763–770.
  • Shimada H, Arai S, Nakashizuka H, et al. Reduction of anterior chamber contamination rate after cataract surgery by intraoperative surface irrigation with 0.25% povidone-iodine. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;151(1): 11–17. e1.
  • Kim KH, Cao J, Yoo J-W, et al. Intraocular pharmacokinetics of povidone-iodine and its effects on experimental staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(11):6694–6700.
  • Speaker MG, Menikoff JA. Prophylaxis of endophthalmitis with topical povidone-iodine. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(12):1769–1775.
  • Halachmi-Eyal O, Halachimi-Eyal O, Lang Y, et al. Preoperative topical moxifloxacin 0.5% and povidone-iodine 5.0% versus povidone-iodine 5.0% alone to reduce bacterial colonization in the conjunctival sac. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009;35(12):2109–2114.
  • Speaker MG, Milch FA, Shah MK, et al. Role of external bacterial flora in the pathogenesis of acute postoperative endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(5):639–49; discussion 650.
  • Shimada H, Jansson RW, Bredrup C, et al. The intronic ABCA4 c.5461-10T>C variant, frequently seen in patients with Stargardt disease, causes splice defects and reduced ABCA4 protein level. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017;95(5):e373–e378.
  • Fox OJ BS, Chong CW, Wang SB, et al. Anterior chamber culture at the conclusion of cataract surgery and its relation to post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis. Open Access J Sci Technol. 2018;5:1–10.
  • Mistlberger A, Ruckhofer J, Raithel E, et al. Anterior chamber contamination during cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1997;23(7):1064–1069.
  • Eifrig CW, Flynn HW, Scott IU, et al. Acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis: review of incidence and visual outcomes (1995-2001). Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 2002;33(5):373–378.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.