Varicella zoster retinal vasculitis without retinitis: a literature review

References

• Camuglia JE, Beltz JE, Khurana K, et al. An unusual cause of visual loss after Herpes zoster ophthalmicus: a case report. Cases J. 2010 Dec;3(1):1–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biswas J, Deka S, Padmaja S, et al. Central retinal vein occlusion due to herpes zoster as the initial presenting sign in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2001 Jan 1;9(2):125–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang GE, Kim HS. Retinal artery occlusion after herpes zoster mandibularis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Korean J Intern Med. 2020 May;35(3):738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamora RL, Del Priore LV, Storch GA, et al. Multiple recurrent branch retinal artery occlusions associated with varicella zoster virus. Retina (Philadelphia, PA). 1996 Jan 1;16(5):399–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayaram H, Stanescu-Segal D, Holder GE, et al. Bilateral ophthalmic artery occlusions due to probable varicella-zoster virus vasculopathy. Arch Ophtalmol. 2012 Nov 1;130(11):1492–1494.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murdock J, Carvounis PE. Adult with chickenpox complicated by systemic vasculitis and bilateral retinal vasculitis with retinal vascular occlusions. Retinal Cases Brief Rep. 2017 Oct 1;11(4):364–368.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gurung RL. Chicken pox associated bilateral retinal vasculitis in an immunocompetent young male; an unusual case report. Birat J Health Sci. 2019;4(1):680–682.
   Google Scholar
• Bodaghi B, Rozenberg F, Cassoux N, et al. Nonnecrotizing herpetic retinopathies masquerading as severe posterior uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2003 Sep 1;110(9):1737–1743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poonyathalang A, Sukavatcharin S, Sujirakul T. Ischemic retinal vasculitis in an 18-year-old man with chickenpox infection. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014;8:441.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khatri A, Timalsena S, Gautam S, et al. Varicella retinal vasculopathy: unilateral cilioretinal artery occlusion despite acyclovir therapy caught using Optical Coherence Tomography-Angiography (OCTA). Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2019 Jul 17;2019:1–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanan S, Gopalakrishnan M, Giridhar A, et al. Varicella zoster-related occlusive retinal vasculopathy—a rare presentation. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016 Mar 3;24(2):227–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal L, Agrawal N, Labh RK, et al. Central retinal artery occlusion associated with varicella dermatitis. J Nepal Paedia Soc. 2016 Jan 1;36(1):78–81.
   Google Scholar
• Bansal R, Singh R, Takkar A, et al. Combined central retinal artery and vein occlusion with optic perineuritis following herpes zoster dermatitis in an immunocompetent child. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2017 Nov;65(11):1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Freitas D, Martins EN, Adan C, et al. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus in otherwise healthy children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 Sep 1;142(3):393–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markomichelakis NN, Barampouti F, Zafirakis P, et al. Retinal vasculitis with a frosted branch angiitis–like response due to herpes simplex virus type 2. Retina. 1999 Jan 1;19(5):455–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker S, Iguchi A, Jones NP. Frosted branch angiitis: a review. Eye. 2004 May;18(5):527–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzoulis DM, Theodosiadis PG, Apostolopoulos MN, et al. Retinal perivasculitis in an immunocompetent patient with systemic herpes simplex infection. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997 May 1;123(5):699–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarpangala S, George NM, Kamath YS, et al. Central retinal vein occlusion secondary to varicella zoster retinal vasculitis in an immunocompetent individual during the COVID‑19 pandemic - A case report. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69:2532–2535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickremasinghe SS, Stawell R, Lim L, et al. Non-necrotizing herpetic vasculitis. Ophthalmology. 2009 Feb 1;116(2):361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawali A, Mahendradas P, Sanjay S, et al. Viral kerato-uveitis with choroidal vitiligo. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;19:1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts TV, Francis IC, Kappagoda MB, et al. Herpes zoster chorioretinopathy. Eye. 1995 Sep;9(5):594–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naumann G, Donald J, Gass M, et al. Histopathology of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Am J Ophthalmol. 1968 Apr 1;65(4):533–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckler LV, Lederer DE, Alwadani F, et al. Idiopathic central retinal artery occlusion in a 6-year-old. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2008 Jun 1;43(3):375–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert K, Masset M, Bonnet S, et al. Long-term follow-up of herpetic non-necrotizing retinopathy with occlusive retinal vasculitis and neovascularization. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2015 Dec;5(1):1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wensing B, de Groot-Mijnes JD, Rothova A. Necrotizing and nonnecrotizing variants of herpetic uveitis with posterior segment involvement. Arch Ophtalmol. 2011 Apr 11;129(4):403–408.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selvakumar CJ, Justin C, Gnaneswaran TR, et al. Post varicella angiopathy. J Assoc Physicians India. 2010 Sep 1;58:572–574.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mandell BF, Calabrese LH. Infections and systemic vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1998 Jan 1;10(1):51–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Invernizzi A, Mameli C, Giacomet V, et al. Herpetic acute anterior uveitis complicated by retinal vasculitis in an immunocompetent child. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2013 Dec 1;48(6):e171–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo YH, Yip Y, Chen SN. Retinal vasculitis associated with chickenpox. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001 Oct 1;132(4):584–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babu K, Mahendradas P, Sudheer B, et al. Clinical profile of Herpes zoster ophthalmicus in a south indian patient population. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(2):178–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora S, Patil P, Arora G, et al. Herpes zoster: hand dominance the missing link to unilaterality? Indian Dermatol Online J. 2018 May-Jun;9(3):212–213.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roy SS, Shah A, Majumder PD. Peripheral retinal vasculitis in chickenpox: a case report. Ophthalmology. 2020 Sep;68(9):1952–1953.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawali A, Bavaharan B, Sanjay S, et al. A long-term follow-up of retinal vasculitis - do they develop systemic disease? Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;6:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Gupta V, Arora S, et al. PCR positive tubercular retinal vasculitis: clinical characteristics and management. Retina. 2001;21:435–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deibert BJ, Johnson KC, Desilet LW, et al. Recalcitrant Herpes zoster ophthalmicus in a patient discovered to have underlying functional natural killer cell deficiency. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022 Jan 2;30(1):54–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piret J, Boivin G. Immunomodulatory strategies in Herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020 Feb 12;33(2):e00105–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Como CN, Pearce CM, Cohrs RJ, et al. Interleukin-6 and type 1 interferons inhibit varicella zoster virus replication in human neurons. Virology. 2018 Sep;522:13–18. Epub 2018 Jul 4. PMID: 29979960; PMCID: PMC6087493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimmersberger Y, Gervaix A, Baglivo E. VZV retinal vasculitis without systemic infection: diagnosis and monitoring with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Int Ophthalmol. 2010 Feb 1;30(1):73–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmad SS, Suan AL, Alexander SM. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, central retinal artery occlusion, and neovascular glaucoma in an immunocompetent individual. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2019 Jan;14(1):97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar