45
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Topical ocular local anaesthetics as an adjunctive measure in the day-1 treatment of bacterial keratitis

&
Pages 159-166 | Received 06 Apr 2023, Accepted 27 Jul 2023, Published online: 08 Aug 2023

References

  • Constantinou M, Jhanji V, Tao LW, et al. Clinical review of corneal ulcers resulting in evisceration and enucleation in elderly population. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009 Oct;247(10):1389–1393. doi: 10.1007/s00417-009-1111-9
  • Hanet MS, Jamart J, Chaves AP. Fluoroquinolones or fortified antibiotics for treating bacterial keratitis: systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. Can J Ophthalmol. 2012 Dec;47(6):493–499. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.09.001
  • European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Dieases (ESCMID). EUCAST definitive document e.def 1.2, may 2000: terminology relating to methods for the determination of susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2000;6(9):503–508. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2000.00149.x
  • Pearce JG, Essex RW, Maddess T. The clinical treatment of bacterial keratitis: a review of drop instillation regimes. Contact Lens Anterior Eye. 2022;45(6):101725. doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2022.101725
  • Hariprasad SM, Blinder KJ, Shah GK, et al. Penetration pharmacokinetics of topically administered 0.5% moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution in human aqueous and vitreous. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005 Jan;123(1):39–44. doi: 10.1001/archopht.123.1.39
  • Oliveira AD, D’Azevedo PA, Francisco W. In vitro activity of fluoroquinolones against ocular bacterial isolates in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Cornea. 2007 Feb;26(2):194–198. doi: 10.1097/01.ico.0000248379.78777.f6
  • Watson SL, Gatus BJ, Cabrera-Aguas M, et al. Bacterial ocular surveillance system (BOSS. Sydney, Australia 2017-2018. Commun Dis Intell. 2018, 2020 Oct 25;44. DOI:10.33321/cdi.2020.44.86
  • Lanier OL, Manfre MG, Bailey C, et al. Review of approaches for increasing ophthalmic bioavailability for eye drop formulations. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2021 Mar 14;22(3):107. doi: 10.1208/s12249-021-01977-0
  • Shipman S, Painter K, Keuchel M, et al. Short-term topical tetracaine is highly efficacious for the treatment of pain caused by corneal abrasions: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2021 Mar;77(3):338–344. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.08.036
  • Shipman SBaP KA. A review of the effectiveness and safety of topical anesthetics in corneal abrasions. J Anesthesiol & Pain Therapy. 2021;2(1):1–5. doi: 10.29245/2768-5365/2021/1.1116
  • Abrahamson IA Jr. Management of ocular foreign bodies. Am Fam Physician. 1976 Sep;14(3):81–87.
  • Marr WG, Wood R, Senterfit L, et al. Effect of topical anesthetics on regeneration of corneal epithelium. Am J Ophthalmol. 1957 Apr;43(4 Part 1):606–610. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(57)90813-9
  • Rosenwasser GO, Holland S, Pflugfelder SC, et al. Topical anesthetic abuse. Ophthalmol. 1990 Aug;97(8):967–972. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(90)32458-2
  • Price FW Jr., Whitson WE, Collins KS, et al. Corneal tissue levels of topically applied ciprofloxacin. Cornea. 1995 Mar;14(2):152–156. doi: 10.1097/00003226-199503000-00007
  • Price FW Jr., Whitson WE, Gonzales J, et al. Corneal tissue levels of topically applied ofloxacin. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1997 Jul;23(6):898–902. doi: 10.1016/S0886-3350(97)80251-9
  • Bartlett JD, Janus SD. Clinical Ocular Pharmacology. Fifth Edition. Missouri, USA: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2008. p. 513–514.
  • Erdem E, Undar IH, Esen E, et al. Topical anesthetic eye drops abuse: are we aware of the danger? Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2013 Sep;32(3):189–193. doi: 10.3109/15569527.2012.744758
  • German EJ, Hurst MA, Wood D. Reliability of drop size from multi-dose eye drop bottles: is it cause for concern? Eye (Lond). 1999;13(Pt 1):93–100. doi: 10.1038/eye.1999.17
  • Rao SK, Wong VW, Cheng AC, et al. Topical anesthesia-induced keratopathy after laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007 Aug;33(8):1482–1484. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.04.020
  • Kurna SA, Sengor T, Aki S, et al. Ring keratitis due to topical anaesthetic abuse in a contact lens wearer. Clin Exp Optom. 2012 Jul;95(4):457–459. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00712.x
  • Henkes HE, Waubke TN. Keratitis from abuse of corneal anaesthetics. Br J Ophthalmol. 1978 Jan;62(1):62–65. doi: 10.1136/bjo.62.1.62
  • Chen HT, Chen KH, Hsu WM. Toxic keratopathy associated with abuse of low-dose anesthetic: a case report. Cornea. 2004 Jul;23(5):527–529. doi: 10.1097/01.ico.0000114127.63670.06
  • Ansari H, Garibaldi DC, Jun AS. Anaesthetic abuse keratopathy as a manifestation of ocular Munchausen’s syndrome. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006 Jan;34(1):81–83. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2006.01152.x
  • Sharifi A, Naisiri N, Shams M, et al. Adverse reactions from topical ophthalmic anesthetic abuse. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2022 Oct;17(4):470–478. doi: 10.18502/jovr.v17i4.12297
  • Waldman N, Densie IK, Herbison P, et al. Topical tetracaine used for 24 hours is safe and rated highly effective by patients for the treatment of pain caused by corneal abrasions: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2014 Apr;21(4):374–382. doi: 10.1111/acem.12346
  • Ting JY, Barns KJ, Holmes JL. Management of Ocular Trauma in Emergency (MOTE) Trial: A pilot randomized double-blinded trial comparing topical amethocaine with saline in the outpatient management of corneal trauma. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2009 Jan;2(1):10–14. doi: 10.4103/0974-2700.44676
  • Queen JH, Feldman RM, Lee DA. Variation in number of doses, bottle volume, and calculated yearly cost of generic and branded latanoprost for glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016 Mar;163:70–74 e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.11.021
  • Qureshi MA, Wong R, Robbie SJ, et al. Contamination of single-use Minims eye drops by multiple use in clinics. J Hosp Infect. 2006 Feb;62(2):245–247. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2005.08.009
  • Seal DV. Multiple use of single use solutions: a dangerous practice. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005 Jun;89(6):783. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2004.064535
  • Fraser R, Walland M, Chan E, et al. Topical anaesthetic in the treatment of corneal epithelial defects: what are the risks? Aust J Gen Pract. 2019 Aug;48(8):504–506. doi: 10.31128/AJGP-09-18-4709
  • Statham MO, Sharma A, Pane AR. Misdiagnosis of acute eye diseases by primary health care providers: incidence and implications. Med J Aust. 2008 Oct 6;189(7):402–404. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb02091.x
  • Swaminathan A, Otterness K, Milne K, et al. The safety of topical anesthetics in the treatment of corneal abrasions: A review. J Emerg Med. 2015 Nov;49(5):810–815. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.06.069
  • Puls HA, Cabrera D, Murad MH, et al. Safety and effectiveness of topical anesthetics in corneal abrasions: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Emerg Med. 2015 Nov;49(5):816–824. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.02.051
  • Verma S, Corbett MC, Marshall J. A prospective, randomized, double-masked trial to evaluate the role of topical anesthetics in controlling pain after photorefractive keratectomy. Ophthalmol. 1995 Dec;102(12):1918–1924. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(95)30775-0
  • Ball IM, Seabrook J, Desai N, et al. Dilute proparacaine for the management of acute corneal injuries in the emergency department. CJEM. 2010 Sep;12(5):389–396. doi: 10.1017/S1481803500012537
  • Verma S, Corbett MC, Patmore A, et al. A comparative study of the duration and efficacy of tetracaine 1% and bupivacaine 0.75% in controlling pain following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Eur J Ophthalmol. 1997 Oct;7(4):327–333. doi: 10.1177/112067219700700404
  • Shahinian L Jr., Jain S, Jager RD, et al. Dilute topical proparacaine for pain relief after photorefractive keratectomy. Ophthalmol. 1997 Aug;104(8):1327–1332. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(97)30139-0
  • Cherry PM, Tutton MK, Adhikary H, et al. The treatment of pain following photorefractive keratectomy. J Refract Corneal Surg. 1994 Mar;10(2 Suppl):S222–5. doi: 10.3928/1081-597X-19940302-15
  • Cherry PM. The treatment of pain following excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy: additive effect of local anesthetic drops, topical diclofenac, and bandage soft contact. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1996 May;27(5 Suppl):S477–80.
  • Palochak CMA, Santamaria J, Justin GA, et al. Assessment of factors associated with postoperative pain after photorefractive keratectomy. Cornea. 2020 Oct;39(10):1215–1220. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000002402
  • Acheson JF, Joseph J, Spalton DJ. Use of soft contact lenses in an eye casualty department for the primary treatment of traumatic corneal abrasions. Br J Ophthalmol. 1987 Apr;71(4):285–289. doi: 10.1136/bjo.71.4.285
  • Herreras JM, Perez S, Perez H, et al. Influence of topical anesthesia on tests diagnostic of blepharitis-associated dry eye syndrome. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 1997 Mar;5(1):33–41. doi: 10.3109/09273949709085048
  • Jordan A, Baum J. Basic tear flow. Does it exist? Ophthalmol. 1980 Sep;87(9):920–930. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(80)35143-9
  • Nakamori K, Odawara M, Nakajima T, et al. Blinking is controlled primarily by ocular surface conditions. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997 Jul;124(1):24–30. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)71639-3
  • Spiritus A, Huygens M, Callebaut F. Topical anesthesia without intracameral lidocaine in cataract surgery. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2000;275:9–13.
  • Mordi JA, Lyle WM, Mousa GY. Does prior instillation of a topical anesthetic enhance the effect of tropicamide? Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1986 Apr;63(4):290–293. doi: 10.1097/00006324-198604000-00010
  • Siu AW, Sum AC, Lee DT, et al. Prior topical anesthesia reduces time to full cycloplegia in Chinese. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1999 Nov;43(6):466–471. doi: 10.1016/S0021-5155(99)00113-6
  • Siderov J, Chuang SM, Ian K, et al. Effect of proparacaine on tropicamide-induced mydriasis. Optom Vis Sci. 1997 Dec;74(12):1039–1043. doi: 10.1097/00006324-199712000-00026
  • Apt L, Henrick A. Pupillary dilatation with single eyedrop mydriatic combinations. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980 Apr;89(4):553–559. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(80)90065-3
  • Ghose S, Garodia VK, Sachdev MS, et al. Evaluation of potentiating effect of a drop of lignocaine on tropicamide-induced mydriasis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Jun;42(7):1581–1585.
  • Epstein SP, Ahdoot M, Marcus E, et al. Comparative toxicity of preservatives on immortalized corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Apr;25(2):113–119. doi: 10.1089/jop.2008.0098
  • Allergan Australia Pty Ltd. Australian Product Information - Ocuflox (3 mg/ml ofloxacin) eye drops. Australia: Allergan Australia Pty Ltd; 2021.
  • Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Limited. Australian product information - ciloxan (ciprofloxacin hydrochloride 3 mg/ml) eye drops. Australia: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Limited; 2022.
  • Sklar DP, Lauth JE, Johnson DR. Topical anesthesia of the eye as a diagnostic test. Ann Emerg Med. 1989 Nov;18(11):1209–1211. doi: 10.1016/S0196-0644(89)80061-7
  • McGee HT, Fraunfelder FW. Toxicities of topical ophthalmic anesthetics. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2007 Nov;6(6):637–640. doi: 10.1517/14740338.6.6.637
  • Ting DSJ, Ho CS, Deshmukh R, et al. Infectious keratitis: an update on epidemiology, causative microorganisms, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance. Eye (Lond). 2021 Apr;35(4):1084–1101. doi: 10.1038/s41433-020-01339-3
  • Pearce JG, Naunton M, Maddess T. A literature-based review and analysis of the pharmacodynamics of the dose frequency of topical 0.3% ciprofloxacin and 0.3% ofloxacin in the day-1 treatment of bacterial keratitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2022 Nov 29;39(1):17–26. doi: 10.1089/jop.2022.0110

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.