8,208
Views
762
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Miscellany

Executive functions and achievements in school: Shifting, updating, inhibition, and working memory

Pages 745-759 | Received 26 Apr 2004, Accepted 25 Apr 2005, Published online: 17 Feb 2007

References

References

  • Alloway TP Gathercole SE Pickering SJ (2004) Automated working memory assessment Unpublished manuscript
  • Baddeley AD (1986) Working memory Oxford UK Oxford University Press
  • Baddeley , AD . (1996) . Exploring the central executive . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49A : 5 – 28 .
  • Baddeley , AD . (1998) . The central executive: A concept and some misconceptions . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 : 523 – 526 .
  • Baddeley , AD . (2000) . The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 4 : 417 – 422 .
  • Baddeley , AD , Della Sala , S , Papagno , C and Spinnler , H . (1997) . Dual task performance in dysexecutive and non-dysexecutive patients with a frontal lobe lesion . Neuropsychology , 11 : 187 – 194 .
  • Baddeley , AD , Emslie , H , Kolodny , J and Duncan , J . (1998) . Random generation and the executive control of working memory . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 51A : 819 – 852 .
  • Baddeley AD Hitch G (1974) Working memory In G. H. Bower (Ed.), Recent advances in learning and motivation ( 8 pp. 47–90 ) New York Academic Press
  • Baddeley AD Logie R (1999) Working memory: The multiple component model In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory (pp. 28–61) New York Cambridge University Press
  • Berninger V Swanson HL (1994) Modification of the Hayes and Flower model to explain beginning and developing writing In E. Butterfield (Ed.), Children's writing: Toward a process theory of development of skilled writing (pp. 57–82) Greenwich CT JAI Press
  • Bull , R , Johnson , RS and Roy , JA . (1999) . Exploring the roles of the visuo-spatial sketchpad and central executive in children's arithmetical skills: Views from cognition and developmental neuropsychology . Developmental Neuropsychology , 15 : 421 – 442 .
  • Bull , R and Scerif , G . (2001) . Executive functioning as a predictor of children's mathematics ability: Inhibition, shifting and working memory . Developmental Neuropsychology , 19 ( 3 ) : 273 – 293 .
  • Caramazza , A , Miceli , G , Villa , G and Romani , C . (1987) . The role of the graphemic buffer in spelling: Evidence from a case of acquired dysgraphia . Cognition , 26 : 59 – 85 .
  • Cataldo , MG and Cornoldi , C . (1998) . Self-monitoring in poor and good reading comprehenders and their strategy use . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 16 : 155 – 165 .
  • Conway , ARA and Engle , RW . (1996) . Individual differences in working memory capacity: More evidence for a general capacity theory . Memory , 4 : 577 – 590 .
  • Daneman , M and Carpenter , PA . (1980) . Individual differences in working memory and reading . Journal of Verbal learning and Verbal Behaviour , 19 : 450 – 466 .
  • De Beni , R , Palladino , P , Pazzaglia , F and Cornoldi , C . (1998) . Increases in intrusion errors and working memory deficits of poor comprehenders . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 51A : 305 – 320 .
  • De Jong , PP . (1998) . Working memory deficits of reading disabled children . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 70 ( 2 ) : 75 – 96 .
  • Dempster , FN and Cooney , JB . (1982) . Individual differences in digit span, susceptibility to proactive interference, and aptitude/achievement test scores . Intelligence , 6 : 399 – 416 .
  • Dempster , FN and Corkhill , AJ . (1999) . Interference and inhibition in cognition and behaviour: Unifying themes for educational psychology . Educational Psychology Review , 11 : 1 – 88 .
  • DeStefano , D and LeFevre , JA . (2004) . The role of working memory in mental arithmetic . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 16 : 353 – 386 .
  • Elliot CD Smith P McCulloch K (1997) British Abilities Scale 11. Technical manual Windsor UK NFER–Nelson
  • Emerson , MJ and Miyake , A . (2003) . The role of inner speech in task switching: A dual task investigation . Journal of Memory and Language , 48 : 148 – 168 .
  • Engle , RW , Tuholski , SW , Laughlin , JE and Conway , ARA . (1999) . Working memory, short-term memory and general fluid intelligence: A latent variable approach . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 125 : 309 – 331 .
  • Espy , KA . (1997) . The shape school: Assessing executive function in preschool children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 13 : 495 – 499 .
  • Espy , KA , McDiarmid , MM , Cwik , MF , Stalets , M , Hamby , A and Senn , TE . (2004) . The contribution of executive functions to emergent mathematical skills in preschool children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 26 : 465 – 486 .
  • Friedman , NP and Miyake , A . (2000) . Differential roles for visuospatial and verbal working memory in situation model construction . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 129 : 61 – 83 .
  • Gathercole , SE . (1999) . Cognitive approaches to the development of short-term memory . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 3 : 410 – 419 .
  • Gathercole , SE , Brown , L and Pickering , SJ . (2003) . Working memory assessments at school entry as longitudinal predictors of national curriculum attainment levels . Educational and Child Psychology , 20 : 109 – 122 .
  • Gathercole SE Lamont E Alloway T (in press) Working memory in the classroom In S. J. Pickering (Ed.), Working memory and education Amsterdam Elsevier Press
  • Gathercole , SE and Pickering , SJ . (2000a) . Assessment of working memory in six and seven year old children . Journal of Educational Psychology , 92 : 377 – 390 .
  • Gathercole , SE and Pickering , SJ . (2000b) . Working memory deficits in children with low achievement in the national curriculum at 7 years of age . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 70 : 177 – 194 .
  • Gathercole , SE , Pickering , SJ , Knight , C and Stegmann , Z . (2004) . Working memory skills and educational attainment: Evidence from National Curriculum assessments at 7 and 14 years of age . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 18 : 1 – 16 .
  • Geary , C . (2004) . Mathematics and learning disabilities . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 37 : 4 – 15 .
  • Gernsbacher , MA . (1993) . Less skilled readers have less efficient suppression mechanisms . Psychological Science , 4 : 294 – 298 .
  • Groeger , JA , Field , D and Hammond , SM . (1999) . Measuring memory span . International Journal of Psychology , 34 : 359 – 363 .
  • Handley , SJ , Capon , A , Copp , C and Harper , C . (2002) . Conditional reasoning and the Tower of Hanoi: The role of spatial and verbal working memory . British Journal of Psychology , 93 : 501 – 518 .
  • Hooper , SR , Swartz , CW , Wakely , MB , de Kruif , REL and Montgomery , JW . (2002) . Executive functions in elementary school children with and without problems in written expression . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 35 : 57 – 68 .
  • Jarvis , HL and Gathercole , SE . (2003) . Verbal and nonverbal working memory and achievements on national curriculum tests at 11 and 14 years of age . Educational and Child Psychology , 20 : 123 – 140 .
  • Jersild AT (1927) Mental set and shift Archives of Psychology (Whole No. 89)
  • Jurden , FH . (1995) . Individual differences in working memory and complex cognition . Journal of Educational Psychology , 87 : 93 – 102 .
  • Kane , MJ , Hambrick , DZ , Tuholski , SW , Wilhelm , O , Payne , TW and Engle , RW . (2004) . The generality of working memory capacity: A latent-variable approach to verbal and visuo-spatial memory span and reasoning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 133 : 189 – 217 .
  • Klenberg , L , Korkman , M and Lahti-Nuuttila , P . (2001) . Differential development of attention and executive functions in 3- to 12-year old Finnish children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 20 : 407 – 428 .
  • Kline RB (1998) Principles and practice of structural equation modelling New York Guilford
  • Lehto , J . (1995) . Working memory and school achievement in the ninth form . Educational Psychology , 15 : 271 – 281 .
  • Lehto , J . (1996) . Are executive function tests dependent upon working memory capacity? . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49A : 29 – 50 .
  • Lehto , J , Juujarvi , P , Kooistra , L and Pulkkinen , L . (2003) . Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 21 : 59 – 80 .
  • Levin HS Fletcher JM Kufera JA Harward H Lilly MA Mendelsohn D et al (1996) Dimensions of cognition measured by the Tower of London and other cognitive tasks in head injured children and adolescents Developmental Neuropsychology 12 17 34
  • Logan GD (1994) On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A users guide to the stop-signal paradigm In D. Dagenbach & T. H. Carr (Eds.), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language (pp. 189–239) San Diego CA Academic Press
  • Lorsbach , TC , Wilson , S and Reimer , JF . (1996) . Memory for relevant and irrelevant information: Evidence for deficient inhibitory processes in language/learning disabled children . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 21 : 447 – 466 .
  • Margolin , DI . (1984) . The neuropsychology of writing and spelling: Semantic, phonological, motor and perceptual processes . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 36A : 459 – 489 .
  • Maybery , MT and Do , N . (2003) . Relationships between facets of working memory and performance on a curriculum-based mathematics test in children . Educational and Child Psychology , 20 : 77 – 92 .
  • McLean , JF and Hitch , J . (1999) . Working memory impairments in children with specific arithmetical learning difficulties . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 74 : 240 – 260 .
  • Miyake , A , Emerson , MJ , Padilla , F and Ahn , JC . (2004) . Inner speech as a retrieval aid for task goals: The effects of cue type and articulatory suppression in the random task cueing paradigm . Acta Psychologica , 115 : 123 – 142 .
  • Miyake , A , Friedman , NP , Emerson , MJ , Witzki , AH , Howerter , A and Wager , TD . (2000) . The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis . Cognitive Psychology , 41 : 49 – 100 .
  • Miyake , A , Friedman , NP , Rettinger , JA , Shah , P and Hegarty , P . (2001) . How are visuospatial working memory, executive functioning, and spatial abilities related? A latent variable analysis . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 140 : 621 – 640 .
  • Monsell S (1996) Control of mental processes In V. Bruce (Ed.), Unsolved mysteries of the mind: Tutorial essays in cognition (pp. 93–148) Hove UK Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
  • Morra , S . (1994) . Issues in working memory assessment: Testing for M capacity . International Journal of Behavioural Development , 17 : 143 – 159 .
  • Morris , N and Jones , DM . (1990) . Memory updating in working memory: The role of the central executive . British Journal of Psychology , 81 : 111 – 121 .
  • Navon , D . (1977) . Forest before trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception . Cognitive Psychology , 9 : 353 – 383 .
  • Norman D Shallice T (1980) Attention to action-willed and automatic control of behaviour, (CHIP Report 99). San Diego CA University of California San Diego
  • Oberauer , K , Süß , H-M , Schulze , R , Wilhelm , O and Wittmann , WW . (2000) . Working memory capacity—facets of a cognitive ability construct . Personality and Individual Differences , 29 : 1017 – 1045 .
  • Oberauer , K , Süß , H-M , Wilhelm , O and Wittmann , WW . (2003) . The multiple faces of working memory: Storage, processing, supervision, and coordination . Intelligence , 31 : 167 – 193 .
  • Ozonoff , S and Jensen , J . (1999) . Brief report: Specific executive function profiles in three neurodevelopmental disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 29 : 171 – 177 .
  • Passolunghi , MC and Pazzaglia , F . (2004) . Individual differences in memory updating in relation to arithmetic problem solving . Learning and Individual Differences , 14 : 219 – 230 .
  • Pickering SJ Gathercole SE (2001) Working memory test battery for children London Psychological Corporation
  • Qualifications & Curriculum Authority (2001) Statutory tests standards and evaluations reports 1999–2001 Retrieved July 12, 2002, from http://www.qca.org.uk/ca/tests/standardsmain.asp#evaluation
  • Rogers , RD and Monsell , S . (1995) . Costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 124 : 207 – 231 .
  • Rosen , VM and Engle , RW . (1997) . The role of working memory capacity in retrieval . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 126 : 211 – 227 .
  • Rosen , VM and Engle , RW . (1998) . Working memory capacity and suppression . Journal of Memory and Language , 39 : 418 – 436 .
  • Russell , J , Jarrold , C and Henry , L . (1996) . Working memory in children with autism and with moderate learning difficulties . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 37 : 673 – 686 .
  • Senn , TE , Espy , KA and Kaufmann , PM . (2004) . Using path analysis to understand executive function organisation in preschool children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 26 : 445 – 464 .
  • Shah , P and Miyake , A . (1996) . The separability of working memory resources for spatial thinking and language processing: An individual differences approach . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 125 : 4 – 27 .
  • Siegel , LS and Ryan , EB . (1989) . The development of working memory in normally achieving and subtypes of learning disabled children . Child Development , 60 : 973 – 980 .
  • Stroop , JR . (1935) . Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 18 : 643 – 662 .
  • Swanson , HL . (1993) . Working memory in learning disability subgroups . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 56 : 87 – 114 .
  • Swanson , HL . (1999) . Reading comprehension and working memory in learning-disabled readers: Is the phonological loop more important than the executive system? . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 72 : 1 – 31 .
  • Swanson , HL . (2004) . Working memory and phonological processing as predictors of children's mathematical problem solving at different ages . Memory and Cognition , 32 : 648 – 661 .
  • Swanson , HL and Alexander , JE . (1997) . Cognitive processes as predictors of word recognition and residing comprehension in learning-disabled and skilled readers: Revisiting the specificity hypothesis . Journal of Educational Psychology , 89 : 128 – 158 .
  • Swanson , HL , Ashbaker , MH and Lee , C . (1996) . Learning-disabled readers working memory as a function of processing demands . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 61 : 242 – 275 .
  • Swanson HL Berninger VW (1995) Working memory as a source of individual differences in children's writing In E. Butterfield (Ed.), Children's writing: Toward a process theory of skilled writing (pp. 31–35) Greenwich CT JAI Press
  • Swanson , HL and Sachse-Lee , C . (2001) . A subgroup analysis of working memory in children with reading disabilities: Domain-general or domain-specific deficiency? . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 34 : 249 – 263 .
  • Swanson , HL , Saez , L , Gerber , M and Leafstedt , J . (2004) . Literacy and cognitive functioning in bilingual and nonbilingual children at or not at risk for reading disabilities . Journal of Educational Psychology , 96 : 3 – 18 .
  • Tabachnick BG Fidell LS (1996) Using multivariate statistics New York HarperCollins
  • Towse , JN , Hitch , GJ and Hutton , U . (1998) . A re-evaluation of working memory capacity in children . Journal of Memory and Language , 39 : 195 – 217 .
  • Welsh , MC , Pennington , BF and Groisser , DB . (1991) . A normative-developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 7 : 131 – 149 .
  • Whitney , P , Arnett , PA , Driver , A and Budd , D . (2001) . Measuring central executive functioning: What is in a reading span? . Brain and Cognition , 45 : 1 – 14 .
  • Yntema , DB . (1963) . Keeping track of several things at once . Human Factors , 5 : 7 – 17 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.