Movements or targets: What makes an action in action–effect learning?

REFERENCES

• Adams , J. A. 1971 . A closed-loop theory of motor learning . Journal of Motor Behavior , 3 : 111 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansorge , U. and Wühr , P. 2004 . A response-discrimination account of the Simon effect . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 30 : 365 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckers , T. , De Houwer , J. and Eelen , P. 2002 . Automatic integration of non-perceptual action effect features: The case of the associative affective Simon effect . Psychological Research , 66 : 166 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , N. 1967 . The co-ordination and regulation of movement , London : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Buhlmann , I. , Umiltà , C. and Wascher , E. 2007 . Response coding and visuomotor transformation in the Simon task: The role of action goals . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 33 : 1269 – 1282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butz , M. V. , Herbort , O. and Hoffmann , J. 2007 . Exploiting redundancy for flexible behavior: Unsupervised learning in a modular sensorimotor control architecture . Psychological Review , 114 : 1015 – 1046 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaminade , T. and Decety , J. 2001 . A common framework for perception and action: Neuroimaging evidence . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 24 : 879 – 882 .
   Google Scholar
• Colwill , R. M. and Rescorla , R. A. 1985 . Postconditioning devaluation of a reinforcer affects instrumental responding . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 11 : 520 – 536 .
   Google Scholar
• Colwill , R. M. and Rescorla , R. A. 1990 . Effect of reinforce devaluation on discriminative control of instrumental behavior . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 16 : 40 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crutcher , M. D. , Russo , G. S. , Ye , S. and Backus , D. A. 2004 . Target-, limb-, and context-dependent neural activity in the cingulate and supplementary motor areas of the monkey . Experimental Brain Research , 158 : 278 – 288 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Wit , S. , Niry , D. , Wariyar , R. , Aitken , M. R.F. and Dickinson , A. 2007 . Stimulus–outcome interactions during instrumental discrimination learning by rats and humans . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 33 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson , A. and de Wit , S. 2003 . The interaction between discriminative stimuli and outcomes during instrumental learning . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 56B : 127 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drost , U. C. , Rieger , M. , Brass , M. , Gunter , T. C. and Prinz , W. 2005a . Action–effect coupling in pianists . Psychological Research , 69 : 233 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drost , U. C. , Rieger , M. , Brass , M. , Gunter , T. C. and Prinz , W. 2005b . When hearing turns into playing: Movement induction by auditory stimuli in pianists . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 58A : 1376 – 1389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drost , U. C. , Rieger , M. and Prinz , W. 2007 . Instrument specificity in experienced musicians . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 60 : 527 – 533 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eenshuistra , R. M. , Weidema , M. A. and Hommel , B. 2004 . Development of the acquisition and control of action–effect associations . Acta Psychologica , 115 : 185 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsner , B. and Hommel , B. 2001 . Effect anticipation and action control . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 27 : 229 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsner , B. and Hommel , B. 2004 . Contiguity and contingency in action–effect learning . Psychological Research , 68 : 138 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsner , B. , Hommel , B. , Mentschel , C. , Drzezga , A. , Prinz , W. Conrad , B. 2002 . Linking actions and their perceivable consequences in the human brain . NeuroImage , 17 : 364 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. 1970a . A choice reaction time test of ideomotor theory . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 86 : 20 – 25 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. 1970b . Sensory feedback mechanisms in performance control: With special reference to the ideo-motor mechanism . Psychological Review , 77 : 73 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiard , Y. 1983 . The lateral coding of rotations: A study of the Simon effect with wheel-rotation responses . Journal of Motor Behavior , 15 : 331 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasbroucq , T. and Guiard , Y. 1991 . Stimulus–response compatibility and the Simon effect: Toward a conceptual clarification . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 17 : 246 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazeltine , E. 2002 . “ The representational nature of sequence learning: Evidence for goal-based codes ” . In Common mechanisms in perception and action. Attention and Performance XIX , Edited by: Prinz , W. and Hommel , B. 673 – 689 . Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heister , G. , Schröder-Heister , P. and Ehrenstein , W. H. 1990 . “ Spatial coding and spatio-anatomical mapping: Evidence for a hierarchical model of spatial stimulus–response compatibility ” . In Stimulus–response compatibility: An integrated perspective , Edited by: Proctor , R. W. and Reeve , T. G. 117 – 143 . Amsterdam : North-Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Held , R. and Hein , A. 1963 . Movement-produced stimulation in the development of visually guided behavior . Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology , 56 : 872 – 876 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbart , J. F. 1825 . Psychologie als Wissenschaft neu gegründet auf Erfahrung, Metaphysik und Mathematik [Psychology as a science newly founded on experience, metaphysics, and mathematics] , Königsberg, , Germany : August Wilhelm Unzer .
   Google Scholar
• Herbort , O. , Butz , M. V. and Hoffmann , J. Towards an adaptive hierarchical anticipatory behavioral control system . Proceedings of AAAI Fall Symposium: From Reactive to Anticipatory Cognitive Embodied Systems . Menlo Park, CA:. Edited by: Castelfranchi , C. pp. 83 – 90 . AAAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herbort , O. , Butz , M. V. and Hoffmann , J. Towards the advantages of hierarchical anticipatory behavioral control . Proceedings of the KogWis05. The German Cognitive Science Conference . Basel. Edited by: Opwis , K. and Penner , I.-K. pp. 77 – 82 . Switzerland : Schwabe .
   Google Scholar
• Herwig , A. , Prinz , W. and Waszak , F. 2007 . Two modes of sensorimotor integration in intention-based and stimulus-based actions . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 60 : 1540 – 1554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , J. 1993 . Vorhersage und Erkenntnis: Die Funktion von Antizipationen in der menschlichen Verhaltenssteuerung und Wahrnehmung , Göttingen, , Germany : Hogrefe . [Anticipation and Cognition: The function of anticipations in human behavioral control and perception]
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , J. 2003 . “ Anticipatory behavioral control ” . In Anticipatory behavior in adaptive learning systems , Edited by: Butz , M. , Sigaud , O. and Gerard , P. 44 – 65 . Heidelberg, , Germany : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , J. ABC: A psychological theory of anticipative behavioral control . Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems (ABiALS 2008) . Heidelberg, Germany. Edited by: Pezzulo , G. , Butz , M. V. , Sigaud , O. and Baldassarre , G. Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , J. , Berner , M. , Butz , M. V. , Herbort , O. , Kiesel , A. Kunde , W. 2007 . Explorations of anticipatory behavioral control (ABC): A report from the Cognitive Psychology Unit of the University of Würzburg . Cognitive Processing , 8 : 133 – 142 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoffmann , J. and Lenhard , A. 2004 . Psychology has to deal with efferences too . Journal of Motor Behavior , 36 : 384 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , J. , Sebald , A. and Stöcker , C. 2001 . Irrelevant response effects improve serial learning in serial reaction time tasks . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 27 : 470 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , J. , Stöcker , C. and Kunde , W. 2004 . Anticipatory control of actions . International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 2 : 346 – 361 .
   Google Scholar
• Hommel , B. 1993 . Inverting the Simon effect by intention . Psychological Research , 55 : 270 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hommel , B. 1996 . The cognitive representation of action: Automatic integration of perceived action effects . Psychological Research , 59 : 176 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hommel , B. 1998 . “ Perceiving one's own action—and what it leads to ” . In Systems theory and a priori aspects of perception , Edited by: Jordan , J. S. 143 – 179 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Hommel , B. 2003 . “ Acquisition and control of voluntary action ” . In Voluntary action: Brains, minds, and sociality , Edited by: Maasen , S. , Prinz , W. and Roth , G. 34 – 48 . Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hommel , B. , Alonso , D. and Fuentes , L. J. 2003 . Acquisition and generalization of action effects . Visual Cognition , 10 : 965 – 986 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hommel , B. , Müsseler , J. , Aschersleben , G. and Prinz , W. 2001 . The theory of event coding (TEC): A framework for perception and action planning . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 24 : 849 – 937 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , W. 1981 . The principles of psychology , Vol. 2 , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press . (Original work published 1890)
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , M. I. and Rumelhart , D. E. 1992 . Forward models: Supervised learning with a distal teacher . Cognitive Science , 16 : 307 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kray , J. , Eenshuistra , R. , Kerstner , H. , Weidema , M. and Hommel , B. 2006 . Language and action control: The acquisition of action goals in early childhood . Psychological Science , 17 : 737 – 741 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunde , W. 2001 . Response-effect compatibility in manual choice reaction tasks . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 27 : 387 – 394 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunde , W. 2003 . Temporal response-effect compatibility . Psychological Research , 67 : 153 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunde , W. , Hoffmann , J. and Zellmann , P. 2002 . The impact of anticipated action effects on action planning . Acta Psychologica , 109 : 137 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunde , W. , Koch , I. and Hoffmann , J. 2004 . Anticipated action effects affect the selection, initiation, and execution of actions . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 57A : 87 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotze , H. R. 1852 . Medicinische Psychologie oder Physiologie der Seele , Leipzig, , Germany : Weidmann'sche Buchhandlung . [Medical psychology or the physiology of the mind]
   Google Scholar
• Meck , W. H. 1985 . Postreinforcement signal processes . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 11 : 52 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melcher , T. , Weidema , M. , Eenshuistra , R. M. , Hommel , B. and Gruber , O. 2008 . The neural substrate of the ideomotor principle: An event-related fMRI analysis . NeuroImage , 39 : 1274 – 1288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nattkemper , D. and Prinz , W. 2001 . Impact of task demands on spatial stimulus–response compatibility . Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie , 209 : 205 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Nattkemper , D. and Ziessler , M. 2004 . Cognitive control of action: The role of action effects . Psychological Research , 68 : 71 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinz , W. 1987 . “ Ideomotor action ” . In Perspectives on perception and action , Edited by: Heuer , F. and Sanders , A. F. 47 – 76 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Prinz , W. 1990 . “ A common coding approach to perception and action ” . In Relationships between perception and action , Edited by: Neumann , O. and Prinz , W. 167 – 201 . Heidelberg, , Germany : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Prinz , W. 1992 . Why don't we perceive our brain states? . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 4 : 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinz , W. 1997 . Perception and action planning . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 9 : 129 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieger , M. 2004 . Automatic keypress activation in skilled typing . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 30 : 555 – 565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieger , M. 2007 . Letters as visual action–effects in skilled typing . Acta Psychologica , 126 : 138 – 153 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenbaum , D. A. , Engelbrecht , S. E. , Bushe , M. M. and Loukopoulos , L. D. 1993 . A model for reaching control . Acta Psychologica , 82 : 237 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum , D. A. , Meulenbroek , R. G. J. , Vaughan , J. and Jansen , C. 2001 . Posture-based motion planning: Applications to grasping . Psychological Review , 108 : 709 – 734 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. A. 1975 . Schema theory of discrete motor skill learning . Psychological Review , 82 : 225 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , J. R. and Rudell , A. P. 1967 . Auditory S–R compatibility—effect of an irrelevant cue on information processing . Journal of Applied Psychology , 51 : 300 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock , A. and Stock , C. 2004 . A short history of ideo-motor action . Psychological Research , 68 : 176 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöcker , C. , Sebald , A. and Hoffmann , J. 2003 . The influence of response-effect compatibility in a serial reaction time task . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 56A : 685 – 703 .
   Google Scholar
• Trapold , M. A. 1970 . Are expectancies based on different reinforcing events discriminably different? . Learning and Motivation , 1 : 129 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trapold , M. A. and Overmier , J. B. 1972 . “ The second learning process in instrumental learning ” . In Classical conditioning: II. Current research and theory , Edited by: Black , A. H. and Prokasy , W. F. 427 – 452 . New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Urcuioli , P. J. 2005 . Behavioral and associative effects of differential outcomes in discrimination learning . Learning and Behavior , 33 : 1 – 21 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallace , R. J. 1971 . S–R compatibility and the idea of a response code . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 88 : 354 – 360 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wascher , E. , Schatz , U. , Kuder , T. and Verleger , R. 2001 . Validity and boundary conditions of automatic response activation in the Simon task . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 27 : 731 – 751 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolpert , D. M. and Kawato , M. 1998 . Multiple paired forward and inverse models for motor control . Neural Networks , 11 : 1317 – 1329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziessler , M. 1998 . Response-effect learning as a major component of implicit serial learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 24 : 962 – 978 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziessler , M. and Nattkemper , D. 2001 . Learning of event sequences is based on response-effect learning: Further evidence from serial reaction task . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 27 : 595 – 613 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar