REFERENCES
- Arbuthnott , K. D. 1995 . Inhibitory mechanisms in cognition: Phenomena and models . Current Psychology of Cognition , 14 : 3 – 45 .
- Arbuthnott , K. D. and Campbell , J. I. D. 2003 . The locus of self-inhibition in sequential retrieval . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 15 : 177 – 194 .
- Baddeley , A. 1986 . Working memory , New York, NY : Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press .
- Baddeley , A. D. and Hitch , G. J. 1974 . “ Working memory ” . In Recent advances in learning and motivation , Edited by: Bower , G. A. Vol. 8 , 47 – 89 . New York, NY : Academic Press .
- Bayliss , D. , Jarrold , C. , Gunn , D. and Baddeley , A. 2003 . The complexities of complex span: Explaining individual differences in working memory in children and adults . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 132 ( 1 ) : 71 – 92 . doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.1.71
- Beaumont , E. and Selley , L. 1990 . L'Imagerie des animaux , Paris, , France : Editions Fleurs . [Animal imaging]
- Bopp , K. and Verhaeghen , P. 2005 . Aging and verbal memory span: A meta-analysis . The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 60 ( 5 ) : P223 – PP233 .
- Bopp , K. and Verhaeghen , P. 2009 . Working memory and aging: Separating the effects of content and context . Psychology and Aging , 24 ( 4 ) : 968 – 980 . doi:10.1037/a0017731
- Borella , E. , Carretti , B. and De Beni , R. 2008 . Working memory and inhibition across the adult life-span . Acta Psychologica , 128 ( 1 ) : 33 – 44 . doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.09.008
- Brébion , G. 2003 . Working memory, language comprehension, and aging: Four experiments to understand the deficit . Experimental Aging Research , 29 ( 3 ) : 269 – 301 . doi:10.1080/03610730303725
- Chiappe , P. , Hasher , L. and Siegel , L. 2000 . Working memory, inhibitory control, and reading disability . Memory & Cognition , 28 ( 1 ) : 8 – 17 .
- Conway , A. , Jarrold , C. , Kane , M. , Miyake , A. and Towse , J. 2007 . Variation in working memory , New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
- Conway , A. , Kane , M. and Engle , R. 2003 . Working memory capacity and its relation to general intelligence . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 7 ( 12 ) : 547 – 552 . doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.10.005
- Cooper , R. and Shallice , T. 2006 . Hierarchical schemas and goals in the control of sequential behavior . Psychological Review , 113 ( 4 ) : 887 – 916 . doi:10.1037/0033-295X.113.4.887
- Daneman , M. and Carpenter , P. 1980 . Individual differences in working memory and reading . Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior , 19 ( 4 ) : 450 – 466 . doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6
- Dempster , F. 1992 . The rise and fall of the inhibitory mechanism: Toward a unified theory of cognitive development and aging . Developmental Review , 12 ( 1 ) : 45 – 75 . doi:10.1016/0273-2297(92)90003-K
- de Ribaupierre , A. 2001 . “ Working memory and attentional processes across the lifespan ” . In Lifespan development of human memory , Edited by: Graf , P. and Otha , N. 59 – 80 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
- Educational Testing Service . 1976 . Kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests , Princeton, NJ : Author .
- Engle , R. 2002 . Working memory capacity as executive attention . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 11 ( 1 ) : 19 – 23 . doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00160
- Estes , W. K. 1972 . “ An associative basis for coding and organization in memory ” . In Coding processes in human memory , Edited by: Melton , A. W. and Martin , E. 161 – 190 . Washington, DC : Winston .
- Friedman , N. and Miyake , A. 2004 . The reading span test and its predictive power for reading comprehension ability . Journal of Memory and Language , 51 ( 1 ) : 136 – 158 . doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.03.008
- Gaugler , J. E. , Duval , S. , Anderson , K. A. and Kane , R. L. 2007 . Predicting nursing home admission in the U.S.: A meta-analysis . BMC Geriatrics , 7 ( 13 ) : 1 – 14 .
- Gick , M. , Craik , F. and Morris , R. 1988 . Task complexity and age differences in working memory . Memory & Cognition , 16 ( 4 ) : 353 – 361 .
- Goschke , T. and Kuhl , J. 1993 . Representation of intentions: Persisting activation in memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 19 ( 5 ) : 1211 – 1226 . doi:10.1037/0278-7393.19.5.1211
- Hale , S. , Myerson , J. , Emery , L. J. , Lawrence , B. M. and DuFault , C. 2007 . “ Variation in working memory due to typical and atypical development ” . In Variation in working memory , Edited by: Conway , A. , Jarrold , C. , Kane , M. , Miyake , A. and Towse , J. 194 – 224 . New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
- Hasher , L. , Lustig , C. and Zacks , R. 2007 . “ Inhibitory mechanisms and the control of attention ” . In Variation in working memory , Edited by: Conway , A. , Jarrold , C. , Kane , M. , Miyake , A. and Towse , J. 227 – 249 . New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
- Hasher , L. , Zacks , R. and May , C. 1999 . “ Inhibitory control, circadian arousal, and age ” . In Attention and performance XVII: Cognitive regulation of performance: Interaction of theory and application , Edited by: Gopher , D. and Koriat , A. 653 – 675 . Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press .
- Houghton , G. 1990 . “ The problem of serial order: A neural network model of sequence learning and recall ” . In Current research in natural language generation , Edited by: Dale , R. , Mellish , C. and Zock , M. 287 – 319 . London, UK : Academic Press .
- Houghton , G. , Glasspool , D. W. and Shallice , T. 1994 . “ Spelling and serial recall: Insights from a competitive queuing model ” . In Handbook of spelling: Theory, process, and intervention , Edited by: Brown , G. D. A. and Ellis , N. C. 365 – 404 . Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons .
- Houghton , G. and Tipper , S. P. 1996 . Inhibitory mechanisms of neural and cognitive control: Applications to selective attention and sequential action . Brain and Cognition , 30 : 20 – 43 . doi:10.1006/brcg.1996.0003
- Humphreys , G. and Forde , E. 1998 . Disordered action schema and action disorganisation syndrome . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 15 : 771 – 811 .
- Jarrold , C. and Bayliss , D. 2007 . “ Variation in working memory due to typical and atypical development ” . In Variation in working memory , Edited by: Conway , A. , Jarrold , C. , Kane , M. , Miyake , A. and Towse , J. 134 – 161 . New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
- Kane , M. , Conway , A. , Hambrick , D. and Engle , R. 2007 . “ Variation in working memory capacity as variation in executive attention and control ” . In Variation in working memory , Edited by: Conway , A. , Jarrold , C. , Kane , M. , Miyake , A. and Towse , J. 21 – 46 . New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
- Kramer , F. A. , Humphrey , D. G. , Larish , J. F. , Logan , G. D. and Strayer , D. L. 1994 . Aging and inhibition: Beyond a unitary view of inhibitory processing in attention . Psychology and Aging , 9 ( 4 ) : 491 – 512 . doi:10.1037/0882-7974.9.4.491
- Kyllonen , P. and Christal , R. 1990 . Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?! . Intelligence , 14 ( 4 ) : 389 – 433 . doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(05)80012-1
- Levitt , T. , Fugelsang , J. and Crossley , M. 2006 . Processing speed, attentional capacity, and age-related memory change . Experimental Aging Research , 32 ( 3 ) : 263 – 295 . doi:10.1080/03610730600699118
- Li , K. Z. H. 1999 . Selection from working memory: On the relationship between processing and storage components . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 6 ( 2 ) : 99 – 116 . doi:10.1076/anec.6.2.99.784
- Li , K. Z. H. , Blair , M. and Chow , V. S. M. 2010 . Sequential performance in young and older adults: Evidence for chunking and inhibition . Aging, Neuropsychology, & Cognition , 17 : 270 – 295 . doi:10.1080/13825580903165428
- Li , K. Z. H. , Lindenberger , U. , Rünger , D. and Frensch , P. 2000 . The role of inhibition in the regulation of sequential action . Psychological Science , 11 ( 4 ) : 343 – 347 . doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00268
- Lindenberger , U. and Pötter , U. 1998 . The complex nature of unique and shared effects in hierarchical linear regression: Implications for developmental psychology . Psychological Methods , 3 ( 2 ) : 218 – 230 . doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.2.218
- Lustig , C. , Hasher , L. and Tonev , S. 2006 . Distraction as a determinant of processing speed . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 13 ( 4 ) : 619 – 625 .
- Lustig , C. , Hasher , L. and Zacks , R. 2007 . “ Inhibitory deficit theory: Recent developments in a “new view” . In Inhibition in cognition , Edited by: Gorfein , D. S. and MacLeod , C. M. 145 – 162 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association . doi:10.1037/11587-008
- Lustig , C. , May , C. and Hasher , L. 2001 . Working memory span and the role of proactive interference . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 130 ( 2 ) : 199 – 207 . doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.2.199
- Marsh , R. , Hicks , J. and Bryan , E. 1999 . The activation of unrelated and canceled intentions . Memory & Cognition , 27 ( 2 ) : 320 – 327 .
- May , C. , Hasher , L. and Kane , M. 1999 . The role of interference in memory span . Memory & Cognition , 27 ( 5 ) : 759 – 767 .
- Maylor , E. and Henson , R. 2000 . Aging and the Ranschburg effect: No evidence of reduced response suppression in old age . Psychology and Aging , 15 : 657 – 670 . doi:10.1037/0882–7974.15.4.657
- McCabe , J. and Hartman , M. 2003 . Examining the locus of age effects on complex span tasks . Psychology and Aging , 18 ( 3 ) : 562 – 572 . doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.3.562
- McCabe , D. , Robertson , C. and Smith , A. 2005 . Age differences in Stroop interference in working memory . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 27 ( 5 ) : 633 – 644 . doi:10.1080/13803390490919218
- Miyake , A. , Friedman , N. , Emerson , M. , Witzki , A. and Howerter , A. 2000 . The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis . Cognitive Psychology , 41 ( 1 ) : 49 – 100 . doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
- Miyake , A. and Shah , P. 1999 . Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control , New York, NY : Cambridge University Press .
- Oberauer , K. 2005 . Binding and inhibition in working memory: Individual and age differences in short-term recognition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 134 ( 3 ) : 368 – 387 . doi:10.1037/0096-3445.134.3.368
- Oberauer , K. , Süß , H. , Wilhelm , O. and Sander , N. 2007 . “ Individual differences in working memory capacity and reasoning ability ” . In Variation in working memory , Edited by: Conway , A. , Jarrold , C. , Kane , M. , Miyake , A. and Towse , J. 49 – 75 . New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
- Oberauer , K. , Süß , H. , Wilhelm , O. and Wittmann , W. 2003 . The multiple faces of working memory: Storage, processing, supervision, and coordination . Intelligence , 31 ( 2 ) : 167 – 193 . doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(02)00115-0
- Oberauer , K. , Süβ , H. , Wilhelm , O. and Wittmann , W. 2008 . Which working memory functions predict intelligence? . Intelligence , 36 ( 6 ) : 641 – 652 . doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.01.007
- Persad , C. , Abeles , N. , Zacks , R. and Denburg , N. 2002 . Inhibitory changes after age 60 and the relationship to measures of attention and memory . The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 57 ( 3 ) : P223 – P232 .
- Rowe , G. , Hasher , L. and Turcotte , J. 2008 . Age differences in visuospatial working memory . Psychology and Aging , 23 ( 1 ) : 79 – 84 . doi:10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.79
- Salthouse , T. 1991 . Mediation of adult age differences in cognition by reductions in working memory and speed of processing . Psychological Science , 2 ( 3 ) : 179 – 183 . doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00127.x
- Salthouse , T. 1994 . The aging of working memory . Neuropsychology , 8 ( 4 ) : 535 – 543 . doi:10.1037/0894-4105.8.4.535
- Salthouse , T. 1996 . The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition . Psychological Review , 103 ( 3 ) : 403 – 428 . doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.403
- Salthouse , T. and Babcock , R. 1991 . Decomposing adult age differences in working memory . Developmental Psychology , 27 ( 5 ) : 763 – 776 . doi:10.1037/0012-1649.27.5.763
- Salthouse , T. and Ferrer-Caja , E. 2003 . What needs to be explained to account for age-related effects on multiple cognitive variables? . Psychology and Aging , 18 ( 1 ) : 91 – 110 . doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.1.91
- Salthouse , T. and Meinz , E. 1995 . Aging, inhibition, working memory, and speed . The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 50 ( 6 ) : P297 – P306 .
- Schmiedek , F. , Hildebrandt , A. , Lövdén , M. , Wilhelm , O. and Lindenberger , U. 2009 . Complex span versus updating tasks of working memory: The gap is not that deep . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 35 ( 4 ) : 1089 – 1096 . doi:10.1037/a0015730
- Schwartz , M. 2006 . The cognitive neuropsychology of everyday action and planning . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 23 : 202 – 221 . doi:10.1080/02643290500202623
- Towse , J. and Hitch , G. 2007 . “ Variation in working memory due to normal development ” . In Variation in working memory , Edited by: Conway , A. , Jarrold , C. , Kane , M. , Miyake , A. and Towse , J. 109 – 133 . New York, NY : Oxford University .
- Turner , M. and Engle , R. 1989 . Is working memory capacity task dependent? . Journal of Memory and Language , 28 ( 2 ) : 127 – 154 . doi:10.1016/0749-596X(89)90040-5
- Unsworth , N. and Engle , R. 2007 . On the division of short-term and working memory: An examination of simple and complex span and their relation to higher order abilities . Psychological Bulletin , 133 ( 6 ) : 1038 – 1066 . doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.6.1038
- Unsworth , N. , Redick , T. , Heitz , R. , Broadway , J. and Engle , R. 2009 . Complex working memory span tasks and higher-order cognition: A latent-variable analysis of the relationship between processing and storage . Memory , 17 ( 6 ) : 635 – 654 . doi:10.1080/09658210902998047
- Verhaeghen , P. and Basak , C. 2005 . Ageing and switching of the focus of attention in working memory: Results from a modified n-back task . The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology , 58A ( 1 ) : 134 – 154 . doi:10.1080/02724980443000241
- Verhaeghen , P. , Cerella , J. , Bopp , K. and Basak , C. 2005 . “ Aging and varieties of cognitive control: A review of meta-analyses on resistance to interference, coordination, and task switching, and an experimental exploration of age-sensitivity in the newly identified process of focus switching ” . In Cognitive limitations in aging and psychopathology , Edited by: Engle , R. W. , Sedek , G. , von Hecker , U. and McIntosh , D. N. 160 – 189 . New York, NY : Cambridge University Press .
- Verhaeghen , P. , Kliegl , R. and Mayr , U. 1997 . Sequential and coordinative complexity in time–accuracy functions for mental arithmetic . Psychology and Aging , 12 ( 4 ) : 555 – 564 . doi:10.1037/0882-7974.12.4.555
- Verhaeghen , P. , Marcoen , A. and Goossens , L. 1993 . Facts and fiction about memory aging: A quantitative integration of research findings . Journals of Gerontology , 48 ( 4 ) : P157 – P171 .
- Verhaeghen , P. and Salthouse , T. 1997 . Meta-analyses of age–cognition relations in adulthood: Estimates of linear and nonlinear age effects and structural models . Psychological Bulletin , 122 ( 3 ) : 231 – 249 . doi:10.1037/0033-2909.122.3.231
- Waters , G. and Caplan , D. 1996 . The measurement of verbal working memory capacity and its relation to reading comprehension . The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology , 49A ( 1 ) : 51 – 79 . doi:10.1080/027249896392801
- Waters , G. and Caplan , D. 2001 . Age, working memory, and on-line syntactic processing in sentence comprehension . Psychology and Aging , 16 ( 1 ) : 128 – 144 . doi:10.1037/0882-7974.16.1.128
- Wechsler , D. 1981 . Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised , New York, NY : The Psychological Corporation .