Attention is required for maintenance of feature binding in visual working memory

REFERENCES

• Allen, R. J., Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (2006). Is the binding of visual features in working memory resource-demanding? Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 135(2), 298–313. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.135.2.298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, R. J., Hitch, G. J., Mate, J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2012). Feature binding and attention in working memory: A resolution of previous contradictory findings. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006), 65(12), 2369–2383. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2012.687384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, D. E., Vogel, E. K., & Awh, E. (2011). Precision in visual working memory reaches a stable plateau when individual item limits are exceeded. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 31(3), 1128–1138. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4125-10.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awh, & Jonides. (2001). Overlapping mechanisms of attention and spatial working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(3), 119–126. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01593-X
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. D., Allen, R. J., & Hitch, G. J. (2011). Binding in visual working memory: The role of the episodic buffer. Neuropsychologia, 49(6), 1393–1400. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bays, P. M., Catalao, R. F. G., & Husain, M. (2009). The precision of visual working memory is set by allocation of a shared resource. Journal of Vision, 9(10), 1–11, article 7. doi: 10.1167/9.10.7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bays, P. M., & Husain, M. (2008). Dynamic shifts of limited working memory resources in human vision. Science, 321(5890), 851–854. doi: 10.1126/science.1158023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bays, P. M., Wu, E. Y., & Husain, M. (2011). Storage and binding of object features in visual working memory. Neuropsychologia, 49(6), 1622–1631. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.023
   Google Scholar
• Brown, L. A., & Brockmole, J. R. (2010). The role of attention in binding visual features in working memory: Evidence from cognitive ageing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006), 63(10), 2067–2079. doi: 10.1080/17470211003721675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun, M. M. (2011). Visual working memory as visual attention sustained internally over time. Neuropsychologia, 49(6), 1407–1409. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun, M. M., Golomb, J. D., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2011). A taxonomy of external and internal attention. Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 73–101. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, N. (1998). Attention and memory: An integrated framework (New ed.). New York: OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87–114; discussion 114–185. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X01003922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, N. (2005). Working memory capacity (1st ed.). New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dell'Acqua, R., & Jolicoeur, P. (2000). Visual encoding of patterns is subject to dual-task interference. Memory & Cognition, 28(2), 184–191.
   Google Scholar
• Delvenne, J.-F., Cleeremans, A., & Laloyaux, C. (2010). Feature bindings are maintained in visual short-term memory without sustained focused attention. Experimental Psychology, 57(2), 108–116. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ecker, U. K. H., Maybery, M., & Zimmer, H. D. (2012). Binding of intrinsic and extrinsic features in working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 142(1), 218–234. doi:10.1037/a0028732
   Google Scholar
• Emrich, S. M., Al-Aidroos, N., Pratt, J., & Ferber, S. (2010). Finding memory in search: The effect of visual working memory load on visual search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006), 63(8), 1457–1466. doi:10.1080/17470218.2010.483768
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, N. I. (1993). Statistical analysis of circular data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Forster, S., & Lavie, N. (2008). Failures to ignore entirely irrelevant distractors: The role of load. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied, 14(1), 73–83. doi: 10.1037/1076-898X.14.1.73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fougnie, D., & Alvarez, G. A. (2011). Object features fail independently in visual working memory: Evidence for a probabilistic feature-store model. Journal of Vision, 11(12): 1–12, article 3. doi: 10.1167/11.12.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fougnie, D., & Marois, R. (2006). Distinct capacity limits for attention and working memory: Evidence from attentive tracking and visual working memory paradigms. Psychological Science, 17(6), 526–534. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01739.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fougnie, D., & Marois, R. (2009). Attentive tracking disrupts feature binding in visual working memory. Visual Cognition, 17(1–2), 48–66. doi: 10.1080/13506280802281337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajewski, D. A., & Brockmole, J. R. (2006). Feature bindings endure without attention: Evidence from an explicit recall task. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13(4), 581–587. doi: 10.3758/BF03193966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelman, A., & Stern, H. (2006). The difference between ‘significant’ and ‘not significant’ is not itself statistically significant. The American Statistician, 60, 328–331.
   Google Scholar
• Gorgoraptis, N., Catalao, R. F. G., Bays, P. M., & Husain, M. (2011). Dynamic updating of working memory resources for visual objects. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(23), 8502–8511. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0208-11.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingworth, A. (2003). Failures of retrieval and comparison constrain change detection in natural scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 29(2), 388–403. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.29.2.388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. S., Hollingworth, A., & Luck, S. J. (2008). The role of attention in the maintenance of feature bindings in visual short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 34(1), 41–55. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.34.1.41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshvari, S., van den Berg, R., & Ma, W. J. (2012). Probabilistic computation in human perception under variability in encoding precision. PLoS ONE, 7(6), e40216. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie, N. (2005). Distracted and confused?: Selective attention under load. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 75–82. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie, N., Lin, Z., Zokaei, N., & Thoma, V. (2009). The role of perceptual load in object recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 35(5), 1346–1358. doi: 10.1037/a0016454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luck, & Vogel. (1997). The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions. Nature, 390(6657), 279–281. doi: 10.1038/36846
   Google Scholar
• Luria, R., & Vogel, E. K. (2011). Shape and color conjunction stimuli are represented as bound objects in visual working memory. Neuropsychologia, 49(6), 1632–1639. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.11.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meteyard, L., Zokaei, N., Bahrami, B., & Vigliocco, G. (2008). Visual motion interferes with lexical decision on motion words. Current Biology: CB, 18(17), R732–R733. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morey, C. C., & Bieler, M. (2013). Visual short-term memory always requires general attention. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(1), 163–170. doi: 10.3758/s13423-012-0313-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morey, C. C., & Cowan, N. (2005). When do visual and verbal memories conflict? The importance of working-memory load and retrieval. Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition, 31(4), 703–713. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.31.4.703
   Google Scholar
• Myung, I. J. (2003). Tutorial on maximum likelihood estimation. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 47(1), 90–100. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2496(02)00028-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, S.-H., & Kim, M.-S. (2004). The role of spatial working memory in visual search efficiency. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11(2), 275–281. doi: 10.3758/BF03196570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rensink, R. A. (2000). The dynamic representation of scenes. Visual Cognition, 7(1–3), 17–42. doi: 10.1080/135062800394667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefurak, D. L., & Boynton, R. M. (1986). Independence of memory for categorically different colors and shapes. Perception & Psychophysics, 39(3), 164–174. doi: 10.3758/BF03212487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevanovski, B., & Jolicœur, P. (2007). Visual short-term memory: Central capacity limitations in short-term consolidation. Visual Cognition, 15(5), 532–563. doi:10.1080/13506280600871917
   Google Scholar
• Vogel, E. K., Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2001). Storage of features, conjunctions and objects in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 27(1), 92–114. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.27.1.92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, M. E., & Treisman, A. M. (2002). Binding in short-term visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 131(1), 48–64. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.131.1.48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilken, P., & Ma, W. J. (2004). A detection theory account of change detection. Journal of Vision, 4(12), 1120–1135. doi: 10.1167/4.12.11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2004). Visual search is slowed when visuospatial working memory is occupied. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11(2), 269–274. doi: 10.3758/BF03196569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodman, G. F., Vogel, E. K., & Luck, S. J. (2001). Visual search remains efficient when visual working memory is full. Psychological Science, 12(3), 219–224.
   Google Scholar
• Yeh, Y.-Y., Yang, C.-T., & Chiu, Y.-C. (2005). Binding or prioritization: The role of selective attention in visual short-term memory. Visual Cognition, 12(5), 759–799. doi: 10.1080/13506280444000490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., & Luck, S. J. (2008). Discrete fixed-resolution representations in visual working memory. Nature, 453(7192), 233–235. doi: 10.1038/nature06860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zokaei, N., Gorgoraptis, N., Bahrami, B., Bays, P. M., & Husain, M. (2011). Precision of working memory for visual motion sequences and transparent motion surfaces. Journal of Vision, 11(14): 1–18, article 2. doi: 10.1167/11.14.2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar