The more your mind wanders, the smaller your attentional blink: An individual differences study

REFERENCES

• Arend, I., Johnston, S., & Shapiro, K. (2006). Task-irrelevant visual motion and flicker attenuate the attentional blink. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 600–607. doi: 10.3758/BF03193969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, I. T., & Munoz, D. P. (2003). Attentional blink in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Influence of eye movements. Experimental Brain Research, 152, 242–250.
   Google Scholar
• Baird, B., Smallwood, J., Mrazek, M. D., Kam, J. W., Franklin, M. S., & Schooler, J. W. (2012). Inspired by distraction mind wandering facilitates creative incubation. Psychological Science, 23, 1117–1122. doi: 10.1177/0956797612446024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird, B., Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2011). Back to the future: Autobiographical planning and the functionality of mind-wandering. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 1604–1611. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barron, E., Riby, L. M., Greer, J., & Smallwood, J. (2011). Absorbed in thought: The effect of mind wandering on the processing of relevant and irrelevant events. Psychological Science, 22, 596–601. doi: 10.1177/0956797611404083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carriere, J. S., Seli, P., & Smilek, D. (2013). Wandering in both mind and body: Individual differences in mind wandering and inattention predict fidgeting. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67, 19–31. doi: 10.1037/a0031438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cousineau, D., Charbonneau, D., & Jolicoeur, P. (2006). Parameterizing the attentional blink effect. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60, 175–189. doi: 10.1037/cjep2006017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dux, P. E., & Marois, R. (2009). The attentional blink: A review of data and theory. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71, 1683–1700. doi: 10.3758/APP.71.8.1683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, A., & Posner, M. I. (2002). Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 340–347.
   Google Scholar
• Forster, S., & Lavie, N. (2014). Distracted by your mind? Individual differences in distractibility predict mind wandering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40, 251–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, J., Becic, E., Lee, Y. C., & McCarley, J. S. (2011). Mind wandering behind the Wheel: Performance and oculomotor correlates. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 53, 13–21. doi: 10.1177/0018720810391530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, N., He, S., & Xu, B. (2012). Different efficiencies of attentional orienting in different wandering minds. Consciousness and Cognition, 21, 139–148. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferies, L. N., Smilek, D., Eich, E., & Enns, J. T. (2008). Emotional valence and arousal interact in attentional control. Psychological Science, 19, 290–295. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02082.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010). A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science, 330, 932. doi:10.1126/science.1192439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean, M. H., & Arnell, K. M. (2012). A conceptual and methodological framework for measuring and modulating the attentional blink. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 74, 1080–1097. doi: 10.3758/s13414-012-0338-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maillet, D. & Rajah, M. N. (2013). Age related changes in frequency of mind wandering and task related interferences during memory encoding and their impact on retrieval. Memory, 21, 818–831. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.761714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens, S., & Wyble, B. (2010). The attentional blink: Past, present, and future of a blind spot in perceptual awareness. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34, 947–957. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McVay, J. C., & Kane, M. J. (2009). Conducting the train of thought: Working memory capacity, goal neglect, and mind wandering in an executive-control task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 196–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McVay, J. C., & Kane, M. J. (2010). Does mind wandering reflect executive function or executive failure? Comment on Smallwood and Schooler (2006) and Watkins (2008). Psychological Bulletin, 136, 188–197.
   Google Scholar
• Mooneyham, B. W., & Schooler, J. (2013). The costs and benefits of mind-wandering: A review. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67, 11–18. doi: 10.1037/a0031569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivers, C. N. L., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2005). The beneficial effect of concurrent task-irrelevant mental activity on temporal attention. Psychological Science, 16, 265–269. doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01526.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivers, C. N., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2006). The beneficial effects of additional task load, positive affect, and instruction on the attentional blink. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 364–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peebles, D., & Bothell, D. (2004). Modelling performance in the sustained attention to response task. In Proceedings of the sixth international conference on cognitive modeling (pp. 231–236). Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University/University of Pittsburgh.
   Google Scholar
• Peirce, J. W. (2007). PsychoPy—Psychophysics software in Python. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162, 8–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992). Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 849–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, I. H., Manly, T., Andrade, J., Baddeley, B. T., & Yiend, J. (1997). “Oops!”: Performance correlates of everyday attentional failures in traumatic brain injured and normal subjects. Neuropsychologia, 35, 747–758. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00015-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seli, P., Cheyne, J. A., Barton, K. R., & Smilek, D. (2012). Consistency of sustained attention across modalities: Comparing visual and auditory versions of the SART. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 44–50. doi: 10.1037/a0025111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seli, P., Cheyne, J. A., & Smilek, D. (2013). Wandering minds and wavering rhythms: Linking mind wandering and behavioral variability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39, 1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, K. L., Raymond, J. E., & Arnell, K. M. (1997). The attentional blink. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 291–296. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01094-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallwood, J. (2010). Why the global availability of mind wandering necessitates resource competition: Reply to McVay and Kane (2010). Psychological Bulletin, 136, 202–207.
   Google Scholar
• Smallwood, J. (2011). Mind-wandering while reading: Attentional decoupling, mindless reading and the cascade model of inattention. Language and Linguistics Compass, 5, 63–77.
   Google Scholar
• Smallwood, J. (2013). Distinguishing how from why the mind wanders: A process–occurrence framework for self-generated mental activity. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 519–535.
   Google Scholar
• Smallwood, J., McSpadden, M., & Schooler, J. W. (2007). The lights are on but no one's home: Meta awareness and the decoupling of attention when the mind wanders. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 527–533. doi: 10.3758/BF03194102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallwood, J., McSpadden, M., & Schooler, J. W. (2008). When attention matters: The curious incident of the wandering mind. Memory & Cognition, 36, 1144–1150.
   Google Scholar
• Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2006). The restless mind. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 946–958. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taatgen, N. A., Juvina, I., Schipper, M., Borst, J. P., & Martens, S. (2009). Too much control can hurt: A threaded cognition model of the attentional blink. Cognitive Psychology, 59, 1–29. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2008.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, D. R., Besner, D., & Smilek, D. (2013). In pursuit of off-task thought: Mind wandering-performance trade-offs while reading aloud and color naming. Frontiers in Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00360
   Google Scholar
• Thomson, D. R., Seli, P. Besner, D., & Smilek, D. (2014). On the relation between mind wandering and task performance over time. Consciousness and Cognition, 27, 14–26. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, D. R., Smilek, D., & Besner, D. (2014). On the asymmetric effects of mind wandering on levels of processing at encoding and retrieval. Psychonomic Bulletin, & Review, 21, 728–733. doi: 10.3758/s13423-013-0526-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vugt, M. K., & Slagter, H. A. (2014). Control over experience? Magnitude of the attentional blink depends on meditative state. Consciousness and Cognition, 23, 32–39. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar