Face-specific and domain-general visual processing deficits in children with developmental prosopagnosia

References

• Ariel, R., & Sadeh, M. (1996). Congenital visual agnosia and prosopagnosia in a child. Cortex, 12, 76–82.
   Google Scholar
• Behrmann, M., & Avidan, G. (2005). Congenital prosopagnosia: Face-blind from birth. Trends in Cogntive Sciences, 9(4), 180–187.
   Google Scholar
• Bentin, S., Allison, T., Puce, A., Perez, E., & McCarthy, G. (1996). Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8(6), 551–565.
   Google Scholar
• Bentin, S., Deouell, L. Y., & Soroker, N. (1999). Selective visual streaming in face recognition: Evidence from developmental prosopagnosia. Neuroreport, 10(4), 823–827.
   Google Scholar
• Bodamer, J. (1947). Die prosop-agnosia. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 179, 6–53.
   Google Scholar
• Botzel, K., Schulze, S., & Stodieck, S. (1995). Scalp topography and analysis of intracranial sources of face-evoked potentials. Experimental Brain Research, 104, 135–143.
   Google Scholar
• Bruce, V., & Young, A. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305–327.
   Google Scholar
• Brunsdon, R., Coltheart, M., Nickels, L., & Joy, P. (2006). Developmental prosopagnosia. A case analysis and treatment study. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 23(6), 822–840.
   Google Scholar
• Busigny, T., Joubert, S., Felician, O., Ceccaldi, M., & Rossion, B. (2010). Holistic perception of the individual face is specific an necessary: Evidence from an extensive case study of acquired prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 48, 4057–4092.
   Google Scholar
• Cantlon, J., Pinel, P., Dehaene, S., & Pelphrey, K. (2011). Cortical representations of symbols, objects, and faces are pruned back during early childhood. Cerebral Cortex, 21(1), 191–199.
   Google Scholar
• Carey, S., & Diamond, R. (1977). From piecemeal to configurational representation of faces. Science, 195(4275), 312–314.
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, G., & Nakayama, K. (2012). Normal facial age and gender perception in developmental prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 29(5–6), 482–502.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, J., & Garthwaite, P. (2002). Investigation of the single case in neuropsychology: Confidence limits on the abnormality of test scores and test score differences. Neuropsychologia, 40, 1196–1208.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, J., & Garthwaite, P. (2007). Comparison of a single case to a control or normative sample in neuropsychology: Development of a Bayesian approach. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 24(4), 343–372.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, J., Garthwaite, P., & Howell, D. (2009). On comparing a single case with a control sample: An alternative perspective. Neuropsychologia, 47(13), 2690–2695.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, J., Garthwaite, P., & Porter, S. (2010). Point and interval estimates of effect sizes for the case-controls design in neuropsychology: Rationale, methods, implementations, and proposed reporting standards. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 27, 245–260.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, J., Garthwaite, P., & Ryan, K. (2011). Comparing a single case to a control sample: Testing for neuropsychological deficits and dissociatios in the presence of covariates. Cortex, 47, 1166–1178.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, J., & Howell, D. (1998). Comparing an individual's test score against norms derived from small samples. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12(4), 482–486.
   Google Scholar
• Crookes, K., & McKone, E. (2009). Early maturity of face recognition: No childhood development of holistic processing, novel face encoding, or face-space. Cognition, 111(2), 219–247.
   Google Scholar
• Dalrymple, K., Garrido, L., & Duchaine, B. (2014). Dissociation between face perception and face memory in adults, but not children, with developmental prosopagnosia. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 10–20.
   Google Scholar
• Dalrymple, K., Gomez, J., & Duchaine, B. (2013). The Dartmouth Database of Children's Faces: Acquisition and validation of a new face stimulus set. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e79131.
   Google Scholar
• de Haan, E. H., & Campbell, R. (1991). A fifteen year follow-up of a case of developmental prosopagnosia. Cortex, 27, 489–509.
   Google Scholar
• deHeering, A., & Rossion, B. (2015). Rapid categorization of natural face images in the infant right hemisphere. eLife, 4(e06564), 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• de Heering, A., Rossion, B., & Maurer, D. (2012). Developmental changes in face recognition during childhood: Evidence from upright and inverted faces. Cognitive Development, 27(1), 17–27.
   Google Scholar
• Dennett, H. W., McKone, E., Tavashmi, R., Hall, A., Pidcock, M., Edwards, M., & Duchaine, B. (2012). The Cambridge Car Memory Test: A task matched in format to the Cambridge Face Memory Test, with norms, reliability, sex differences, dissociations from face memory, and expertise effects. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 587–605.
   Google Scholar
• Duchaine, B., Germine, L., & Nakayama, K. (2007). Family resemblance: Ten family members with prosopagnosia and within-class object agnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 24, 419–430.
   Google Scholar
• Duchaine, B., Murray, H., Turner, M., White, S., & Garrido, L. (2009). Normal social cognition in developmental prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 26(7), 620–634.
   Google Scholar
• Duchaine, B., & Nakayama, K. (2005). Dissociations of face and object recognition in developmental prosopagnosia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(2), 249–261.
   Google Scholar
• Duchaine, B., & Nakayama, K. (2006a). The Cambridge Face Memory Test: Results from neurologically intact individuals and an investigation of its validity using inverted stimuli and prosopagnosic participants. Neuropsychologia, 44(4), 576–585.
   Google Scholar
• Duchaine, B., & Nakayama, K. (2006b). Developmental prosopagnosia: A window to content-specific face processing. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 16, 166–173.
   Google Scholar
• Duchaine, B., Nieminen-von Wendt, T., New, J., & Kulomaki, T. (2003). Dissociations of visual recognition in a developmental agnosic: Evidence for separate developmental processes. Neurocase, 9, 380–389.
   Google Scholar
• Duchaine, B., Parker, H., & Nakayama, K. (2003). Normal recognition of emotion in a prosopagnosic. Perception, 32, 827–838.
   Google Scholar
• Duchaine, B., & Yovel, G. (2015). Neural mechanisms of face processing: An updated framework. Annual Review of Vision Science, 1, 393–416.
   Google Scholar
• Duchaine, B., Yovel, G., Butterworth, E., & Nakayama, K. (2006). Prosopagnosia as an impairment to face-specific mechanisms: Elimination of the alternative hypotheses in a developmental case. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 23(5), 714–747.
   Google Scholar
• Farah, M. J., Levinson, K., & Klein, K. (1995). Face perception and within-category discrimination in prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 33(6), 661–674.
   Google Scholar
• Farah, M. J., Wilson, K. D., Drain, H. M., & Tanaka, J. (1995). The inverted face inversion effect in prosopagnosia: Evidence for mandatory, face-specific perceptual mechanisms. Vision Research, 35(14), 2089–2093.
   Google Scholar
• Galaburda, A., & Kemper, T. (1979). Cytoarchitectomic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia: A case study. Annals of Neurology, 6, 94–100.
   Google Scholar
• Galaburda, A., Sherman, G., Rosen, G., Aboitiz, F., & Geschwind, N. (1985). Developmental dyslexia: Four consecutive patients with cortical anomalies. Annals of Neurology, 18(2), 222–233.
   Google Scholar
• Garrido, L., Duchaine, B., & Nakayama, K. (2008). Face detection in normal and prosopagnosic individuals. Journal of Neuropsychology, 47, 123–131.
   Google Scholar
• Garrido, L., Furl, N., Draganski, B., Weiskopf, N., Stevens, J., Tan, G., … Duchaine, B. (2009). Voxel-based morphometry reveals reduced grey matter volume in the temporal cortex of developmental prosopagnosics. Brain, 132, 3443–3455.
   Google Scholar
• Germine, L., Cashdollar, N., Düzel, E., & Duchaine, B. (2011). A new selective developmental deficit: Impaired object recognition with normal face recognition. Cortex, 47(5), 598–607.
   Google Scholar
• Germine, L. T., Duchaine, B., & Nakayama, K. (2011). Where cognitive development and aging meet: Face learning ability peaks after age 30. Cognition, 118(2), 201–210.
   Google Scholar
• Gilaie-Dotan, S., Perry, A., Bonneh, Y., Malach, R., & Bentin, S. (2009). Seeing with profoundly deactivated mid-level visual areas: Non-hierarchical functioning in the human visual cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 1687–1703.
   Google Scholar
• Golarai, G., Ghahremani, D. G., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Reiss, A., Eberhardt, J. L., Gabrieli, J. D., & Grill-Spector, K. (2007). Differential development of high-level visual cortex correlates with category-specific recognition memory. Nature neuroscience, 10(4), 512–522.
   Google Scholar
• Golarai, G., Liberman, A., Yoon, J., & Grill-Spector, K. (2010). Differential development of the ventral visual cortex extends through adolescence. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3, 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Hasson, U., Avidan, G., Deouell, L. Y., Bentin, S., & Malach, R. (2003). Face-selective activation in a congenital prosopagnosic subject. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(3), 419–431.
   Google Scholar
• Haxby, J., & Gobbini, M. (2011). Distributed neural systems for face perception. In A. Calder, G. Rhodes, M. Johnson, & J. Haxby (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Face Perception (pp. 93–110). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hay, D., & Young, A. (1982). The human face. In A. W. Ellis (Ed.), Normality and pathology in cognitive functions (pp. 173–202). London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henke, K., Schweinberger, S., Grigo, A., Klos, T., & Sommer, W. (1998). Specificity of face recognition: Recognition of exemplars of non-face objects in prosopagnosia. Cortex, 1998(34), 289–296.
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, K., Avidan, G., & Behrmann, M. (2007). A detailed investigation of facial expression processing in congenital prosopagnosia as compared to acquired prosopagnosia. Experimental Brain Research, 176(2), 356–373.
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, P., Kaufmann, W., & Galaburda, A. (1990). Developmental dyslexia in woman: Neuropathological findings in three patients. Annals of Neurology, 28(6), 727–738.
   Google Scholar
• Jeffreys, D. A. (1989). A face-responsive potential recorded from the human scalp. Experimental Brain Research, 78(1), 193–202.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, R. D., & Tranel, D. (2001). Severe developmental prosopagnosia in a child with superior intellect. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23(3), 265–273.
   Google Scholar
• Joy, P., & Brunsdon, R. (2002). Visual agnosia and prosopagnosia in childhood: A prospective case study. Child Neuropsychology, 8(1), 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Kanwisher, N. (2000). Domain specificity in face perception. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 759–763.
   Google Scholar
• Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. (1997). The Fusiform Face Area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(11), 4302–4311.
   Google Scholar
• Kay, J., Coltheart, M., & Lesser, R. (1992). Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia, (PALPA): Auditory Processing. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence, K., Bernstein, D., Pearson, R., Mandy, W., Campbell, R., & Skuse, D. (2008). Changing abilities in recognition of unfamiliar face photographs through childhood and adolescence: Performance on a test of non-verbal immediate memory (Warrington RMF) from 6 to 16 years. Journal of Neuropsychology, 2(1), 27–45.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., Duchaine, B., Nakayama, K., & Wilson, H. (2010). Three cases of developmental prosopagnosia from one family: Detailed neuropsychological and psychophysical investigation of face processing. Cortex, 46, 949–964.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, G., Puce, A., & Gore, J. (1997). Face-specific processing in the human fusiform gyrus. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9(5), 2188–2199.
   Google Scholar
• McConachie, H. (1976). Develpmental prosopagnosia. A single case report. Cortex, 12, 76–82.
   Google Scholar
• McKone, E., Crookes, K., Jeffery, L., & Dilks, D. D. (2012). A critical review of the development of face recognition: Experience is less important than previously believed. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 29(1–2), 174–212.
   Google Scholar
• McKone, E., Hall, A., Pidcock, M., Palermo, R., Wilkinson, R., Rivolta, D., … O'Connor, K. (2011). Face ethnicity and measurement reliability affect face recognition performance in developmental prosopagnosia: Evidence from the Cambridge Face Memory Test-Australian. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 28(2), 109–146.
   Google Scholar
• McMullen, P., Fisk, J., Phillips, S., & Maloney, W. (2000). Apperceptive agnosia and face recognition. Neurocase, 6, 403–414.
   Google Scholar
• McNeil, J. E., & Warrington, E. (1993). Prosopagnosia: A face-specific disorder. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46A(1), 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Morton, J., & Johnson, M. (1991). CONSPEC and CONLERN: A two-process theory of infant face recognition. Psychological Review, 98, 164–181.
   Google Scholar
• Moscovitch, M., Winocur, G., & Behrmann, M. (1997). What is special about face recognition? Nineteen experiments on a person with visual object agnosia and dyslexia but normal face recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 555–604.
   Google Scholar
• Nakato, E., Otsuka, Y., Kanazawa, S., Yamaguchi, M. K., Watanabe, S., & Kakigi, R. (2009). When do infants differentiate profile face from frontal face? A near-infrared spectroscopic study. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 462–472.
   Google Scholar
• Otsuka, Y., Nakato, E., Kanazawa, S., Yamaguchi, M. K., Watanbe, S., & Kakigi, R. (2007). Neural activation to upright and inverted faces in infants measured by near infrared spectroscopy. Neuroimage, 34, 399–406.
   Google Scholar
• Palermo, R., Willis, M., Rivolta, D., McKone, E., Wilson, C., & Calder, A. (2011). Impaired holistic coding of facial expression and facial identity in congenital prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 49, 1226–1235.
   Google Scholar
• Pascalis, O., Scott, L., Kelly, D., Shannon, R., Nicholson, E., Coleman, M., & Nelson, C. (2005). Plasticity of face processing in infancy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(14), 5297–5300.
   Google Scholar
• Pitcher, D., Charles, L., Devlin, J., Walsh, V., & Duchaine, B. (2009). Triple dissociation of faces, bodies, and objects in extrastriate cortex. Current Biology, 19, 319–324.
   Google Scholar
• Ramus, F. (2004). Neurobiology of dyslexia: A reinterpretation of the data. Trends in Neuroscience, 27(12), 720–726.
   Google Scholar
• Rezlescu, C., Barton, J., Pitcher, D., & Duchaine, B. (2014). Normal acquisition of expertise with greebles in two cases of acquired prosopagnosia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 5123–5128.
   Google Scholar
• Rezlescu, C., Pitcher, D., & Duchaine, B. (2012). Acquired prosopagnosia with spared within-class object recognition but impaired recognition of degraded basic-level objects. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 29(4), 325–347.
   Google Scholar
• Riddoch, J., & Humphreys, G. (1993). BORB: Birmingham object recognition battery. Hove, UK: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Riddoch, J., Johnston, R., Bracewell, R., Boutsen, L., & Humphreys, G. (2008). Are faces special? A case of pure prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 25(1), 3–26.
   Google Scholar
• Rumiati, R., Humphreys, G., Riddoch, M., & Bateman, A. (1994). Visual object agnosia without prosopagnosia or alexia: Evidence for hierarchical theories of visual recognition. Visual Cognition, 1, 181–226.
   Google Scholar
• Snodgrass, J. G., & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of experimental psychology: Human learning and memory, 6(2), 174–215.
   Google Scholar
• Sokal, R., & Rohlf, J. (1995). Biometry. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Spreen, O., & Benton, A.L. (1969). Neurosensory Center comprehensive examination for aphasia. Victoria: Neuropsychology Laboratory, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Sugita, Y. (2008). Face perception in monkeys reared with no exposure to faces. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(1), 394–398.
   Google Scholar
• Susilo, T., Germine, L., & Duchaine, B. (2013). Face recognition ability matures late: Evidence from individual differences in young adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39(5), 1212–1217.
   Google Scholar
• Susilo, T., McKone, E., Dennett, H., Darke, H., Palermo, R., Hall, A., et al. (2010). Face recognition impairments despite normal holistic processing and face space coding: Evidence from a case of developmental prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 27(8), 636–664.
   Google Scholar
• Susilo, T., Yovel, G., Barton, J., & Duchaine, B. (2013). Face perception is category-specific: Evidence from normal body perception in acquired prosopagnosia. Cognition, 129, 88–94.
   Google Scholar
• Tsao, D. Y., Moeller, S., & Freiwald, W. A. (2008). Comparing face patch systems in macaques and humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(49), 19514–19519.
   Google Scholar
• Todorov, A., & Duchaine, B. (2008). Reading trustworthiness in faces without recognizing faces. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 25(3), 395–410.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2011). Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence (WASI-II). San Antonio: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Weigelt, S., Koldewyn, K., Dilks, D., Balas, B., McKone, E., & Kanwisher, N. (2014). Domain-specific development of face memory but not face perception. Developmental Science, 17(1), 47–58.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, C. E., Palermo, R., Schmalzl, L., & Brock, J. (2010). Specificity of impaired facial identity recognition in children with syspected developmental prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 27(1), 30–45.
   Google Scholar