Reading minds versus following rules: Dissociating theory of mind and executive control in the brain

References

• Apperly , I. A ., Riggs , K. J ., Simpson , A ., Samson , D ., & Chiavarino , C . ( in press ). Is belief reasoning automatic? Psychological Science .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apperly , I. A. , Samson , D. , Chiavarino , C. and Humphreys , G. W. 2004 . Frontal and temporo-parietal lobe contributions to theory of mind: Neuropsychological evidence from a false-belief task with reduced language and executive demands . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 16 ( 10 ) : 1773 – 1784 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aron , A. R. , Robbins , T. W. and Poldrack , R. A. 2004 . Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 8 ( 4 ) : 170 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom , P. and German , T. P. 2000 . Two reasons to abandon the false belief task as a test of theory of mind . Cognition , 77 ( 1 ) : B25 – B31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvinick , M. , Nystrom , L. E. , Fissell , K. , Carter , C. S. and Cohen , J. D. 1999 . Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulated cortex . Nature , 402 : 179 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braver , T. S. , Barch , D. M. , Gray , J. R. , Molfese , D. L. and Snyder , A. 2001 . Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict: Effects of frequency, inhibition and errors . Cerebral Cortex , 11 ( 9 ) : 825 – 836 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , S. M. and Moses , L. J. 2001 . Individual differences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind . Child Development , 72 ( 4 ) : 1032 – 1053 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , S. M. , Moses , L. J. and Claxton , L. J. 2004 . Individual differences in executive functioning and theory of mind: An investigation of inhibitory control and planning ability . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 87 ( 4 ) : 299 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charman , T. and Baron-Cohen , S. 1992 . Understanding drawings and beliefs: A further test of the metarepresentation theory of autism—A research note . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines , 33 ( 6 ) : 1105 – 1112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culham , J. C. , Cavanagh , P. and Kanwisher , N. G. 2001 . Attention response functions: Characterizing brain areas using fMRI activation during parametric variations of attentional load . Neuron , 32 ( 4 ) : 737 – 745 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decety , J. and Grezes , J. 2006 . The power of simulation: Imagining one's own and other's behavior . Brain Research , 1079 ( 1 ) : 4 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Ouden , H. E. , Frith , U. , Frith , C. and Blakemore , S. J. 2005 . Thinking about intentions . NeuroImage , 28 ( 4 ) : 787 – 796 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen , B. A. and Eriksen , C. W. 1974 . Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task . Perception & Psychophysics , 16 : 143 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine , C. , Lumsden , J. and Blair , R. J. 2001 . Dissociation between “theory of mind” and executive functions in a patient with early left amygdala damage . Brain , 124 ( 2 ) : 287 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher , P. C. , Happé , F. , Frith , U. , Backer , S. C. and Dolan , R. J. 1995 . Other minds in the brain: A functional imaging study of “theory of mind” in story comprehension . Cognition , 57 : 109 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn , E. , O'Malley , C. and Wood , D. 2004 . A longitudinal, microgenetic study of the emergence of false belief understanding and inhibition skills . Developmental Science , 7 ( 1 ) : 103 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , O. and Leslie , A. M. 2004 . A developmental shift in processes underlying successful belief–desire reasoning . Cognitive Science , 28 ( 6 ) : 963 – 977 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith , U. 1997 . The neurocognitive basis of autism . Trends Cog Sci , 1 : 73 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garavan , H. , Ross , T. J. , Murphy , K. , Roche , R. A. and Stein , E. A. 2002 . Dissociable executive functions in the dynamic control of behavior: Inhibition, error detection and correction . NeuroImage , 17 : 1820 – 1829 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• German , T. P. , & Hehman , J. A. (in press) . Representational and executive selection resources in “theory of mind”: Evidence from compromised belief-desire reasoning in old age . Cognition .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• German , T. P. , Niehaus , J. L. , Roarty , M. P. , Giesbrecht , B. and Miller , M. B. 2004 . Neural correlates of detecting pretense: Automatic engagement of the intentional stance under covert conditions . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 16 : 1805 – 1817 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel , V. , Grafman , J. , Sadato , N. and Hallett , M. 1995 . Modeling other minds . Neuroreport , 6 : 1741 – 1746 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopnik , A. and Astington , J. W. 1988 . Children's understanding of representational change and its relation to the understanding of false belief and the appearance–reality distinction . Child Development , 59 : 26 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopnik , A. and Wellman , H. M. 1992 . Why the child's theory of mind really is a theory . Mind and Language , 7 ( 1–2 ) : 145 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Gusnard , D. A. and Raichle , M. E. 2001 . Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 2 : 685 – 694 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herd , S. A. , Banich , M. T. and O'Reilly , R. C. 2006 . Neural mechanisms of cognitive control: An integrative model of Stroop task performance and fMRI data . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 18 ( 1 ) : 22 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang , Y. and Kanwisher , N. 2003a . Common neural mechanisms for response selection and perceptual processing . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 15 ( 8 ) : 1095 – 1110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang , Y. and Kanwisher , N. 2003b . Common neural substrates for response selection across modalities and mapping paradigms . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 15 ( 8 ) : 1080 – 1094 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovicich , J. , Peters , R. J. , Koch , C. , Braun , J. , Chang , L. and Ernst , T. 2001 . Brain areas specific for attentional load in a motion-tracking task . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 13 ( 8 ) : 1048 – 1058 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konishi , S. , Nakajima , K. , Uchida , I. , Kikyo , H. , Kameyama , M. and Miyashita , Y. 1999 . Common inhibitory mechanism in human inferior prefrontal cortex revealed by event-related functional MRI . Brain , 122 : 981 – 991 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie , A. and Polizzi , P. 1998 . Inhibitory processing in the false belief task: Two conjectures . Developmental Science , 1 : 247 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie , A. and Thaiss , L. 1992 . Domain specificity in conceptual development . Cognition , 43 : 225 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie , A. M. , German , T. P. and Polizzi , P. 2005 . Belief–desire reasoning as a process of selection . Cognitive Psychology , 50 ( 1 ) : 45 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , C. and Osborne , A. 1990 . Three-year-olds’ problems with false belief: Conceptual deficit or linguistic artifact? . Child Development , 61 ( 5 ) : 1514 – 1519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald , A. W. 3rd , Cohen , J. D. , Stenger , V. A. and Carter , C. S. 2000 . Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control . Science , 288 : 1835 – 1838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinnon , M. C. , & Moscovitch , M. ( in press ). Domain-general contributions to social reasoning: Theory of mind and deontic reasoning re-explored . Cognition .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milham , M. P. , Banich , M. T. , Webb , A. , Barad , V. Cohen , N. J. 2001 . The relative involvement of anterior cingulated and prefrontal cortex in attentional control depends on nature of conflict . Brain Research: Cognitive Brain Research , 12 : 467 – 473 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell , J. P. 2006 . Mentalizing and Marr: An information processing approach to the study of social cognition . Brain Research , 1079 : 66 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , P. and Lacohee , H. 1991 . Children's early understanding of false belief . Cognition , 39 ( 8 ) : 107 – 127 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moses , L. J. 2001 . Executive accounts of theory-of-mind development . Child Development , 72 : 688 – 690 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onishi , K. H. and Baillargeon , R. 2005 . Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? . Science , 308 ( 5719 ) : 255 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozonoff , S. , Pennington , B. F. and Rogers , S. J. 1991 . Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic children: Relationship to theory of mind . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines , 32 : 1081 – 1105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perner , J. and Lang , B. 1999 . Development of theory of mind and executive control . TICS , 3 ( 9 ) : 337 – 344 .
   Google Scholar
• Roth , D. and Leslie , A. M. 1998 . Solving belief problems: Toward a task analysis . Cognition , 66 : 1 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruby , P. and Decety , J. 2003 . What you believe versus what you think they believe: A neuroimaging study of conceptual perspective-taking . European Journal of Neuroscience , 17 ( 11 ) : 2475 – 2480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabbagh , M. A. , Xu , F. , Carlson , S. M. , Moses , L. J. and Lee , K. 2006 . The development of executive functioning and theory of mind . Psychological Science , 17 ( 1 ) : 74 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson , D. , Apperly , I. A. , Chiavarino , C. and Humphreys , G. W. 2004 . The left temporo-parietal junction is necessary for representing someone else's belief . Nature Neuroscience , 7 : 449 – 500 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson , D. , Apperly , I. A. , Kathirgamanathan , U. and Humphreys , G. W. 2005 . Seeing it my way: A case of a selective deficit in inhibiting self-perspective . Brain , 128 ( 5 ) : 1102 – 1111 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saxe , R. 2006 . Uniquely human social cognition . Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 16 : 235 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxe , R. and Kanwisher , N. 2003 . People thinking about thinking people: The role of the temporo-parietal junction in “theory of mind” . NeuroImage , 19 : 1835 – 1842 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxe , R. and Powell , L. 2006 . It's the thought that counts: Specific brain regions for one component of theory of mind . Psychological Science , 17 ( 8 ) : 692 – 699 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxe , R. and Wexler , A. 2005 . Making sense of another mind: The role of the right temporo-parietal junction . Neuropsychologia , 43 : 1391 – 1399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher , E. H. , Elston , P. A. and D'Esposito , M. 2003 . Neural evidence for representation-specific response selection . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 15 ( 8 ) : 1111 – 1121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaughter , V. 1998 . Children's understanding of pictorial and mental representations . Child Development , 69 ( 2 ) : 321 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroop , J. R. 1938 . Factors affecting speed in serial verbal reactions . Psychological Monographs , 50 : 38 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Sylvester , C. Y. , Wager , T. D. , Lacey , S. C. , Hernandez , L. Nichols , T. E. 2003 . Switching attention and resolving interference: fMRI measures of executive functions . Neuropsychologia , 41 : 357 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wager , T. D. , Sylvester , C. Y. , Lacey , S. C. , Nee , D. E. , Franklin , M. and Jonides , J. 2005 . Common and unique components of response inhibition revealed by fMRI . NeuroImage , 27 ( 2 ) : 323 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , H. , Adenzato , M. , Ciaramidaro , A. , Enrici , I. , Pia , L. and Bara , B. G. 2004 . Understanding intentions in social interaction: The role of the anterior paracingulate cortex . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 16 ( 10 ) : 1854 – 1863 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman , H. M. and Bartsch , K. 1998 . Young children's reasoning about beliefs . Cognition , 30 ( 3 ) : 239 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Wellman , H. M. , Cross , D. and Watson , J. 2001 . Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief . Child Development , 72 : 655 – 684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimmer , H. and Perner , J. 1983 . Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception . Cognition , 13 : 103 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazdi , A. A. , German , T. P. , Defeyter , M. A. , & Siegal , M. (2005) . Competence and performance in belief–desire reasoning across two cultures: The truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth about false belief? Cognition , 100 , 343 – 368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatichik , D. 1990 . When representations conflict with reality: The preschooler's problem with false beliefs and “false” photographs . Cognition , 35 : 41 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelazo , P. D. , Jacques , S. , Burack , J. and Frye , D. 2002 . The relation between theory of mind and rule use: Evidence from persons with autism-spectrum disorders . Infant and Child Development , 11 : 171 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar