How moving objects become animated: The human mirror neuron system assimilates non-biological movement patterns

References

• Allison , T. , Puce , A. and McCarthy , G. 2000 . Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region . Trends in Cognitive Science , 4 ( 7 ) : 267 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amorim , M. A. , Isableu , B. and Jarraya , M. 2006 . Embodied spatial transformations: “Body analogy” for the mental rotation of objects . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 135 ( 3 ) : 327 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avikainen , S. , Forss , N. and Hari , R. 2002 . Modulated activation of the human SI and SII cortices during observation of hand actions . NeuroImage , 15 ( 3 ) : 640 – 646 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangert , M. , Peschel , T. , Schlaug , G. , Rotte , M. , Drescher , D. Hinrichs , H. 2006 . Shared networks for auditory and motor processing in professional pianists: Evidence from fMRI conjunction . NeuroImage , 30 ( 3 ) : 917 – 926 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binkofski , F. , Buccino , G. , Posse , S. , Seitz , R. J. , Rizzolatti , G. and Freund , H. 1999 . A fronto-parietal circuit for object manipulation in man: evidence from an fMRI-study . European Journal of Neuroscience , 11 ( 9 ) : 3276 – 3286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakemore , S. J. , Boyer , P. , Pachot-Clouard , M. , Meltzoff , A. , Segebarth , C. and Decety , J. 2003 . The detection of contingency and animacy from simple animations in the human brain . Cerebral Cortex , 13 ( 8 ) : 837 – 844 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonda , E. , Petrides , M. , Ostry , D. and Evans , A. 1996 . Specific involvement of human parietal systems and the amygdala in the perception of biological motion . Journal of Neuroscience , 16 ( 11 ) : 3737 – 3744 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brass , M. , Bekkering , H. , Wohlschläger , A. and Prinz , W. 2000 . Compatibility between observed and executed finger movements: comparing symbolic, spatial, and imitative cues . Brain and Cognition , 44 ( 2 ) : 124 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buccino , G. , Binkofski , F. , Fink , G. R. , Fadiga , L. , Fogassi , L. Gallese , V. 2001 . Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: an fMRI study . European Journal of Neuroscience , 13 ( 2 ) : 400 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buccino , G. , Lui , F. , Canessa , N. , Pastteri , I. , Lagravinese , G. Benuzzi , F. 2004 . Neural circuits involved in the recognition of actions performed by nonconspecifics: An fMRI study . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 16 ( 1 ) : 114 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo-Merino , B. , Glaser , D. E. , Grezes , J. , Passingham , R. E. and Haggard , P. 2005 . Action observation and acquired motor skills: An FMRI study with expert dancers . Cerebral Cortex , 15 ( 8 ) : 1243 – 1249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo-Merino , B. , Grezes , J. , Glaser , D. E. , Passingham , R. E. and Haggard , P. 2006 . Seeing or doing? Influence of visual and motor familiarity in action observation . Current Biology , 16 ( 19 ) : 1905 – 1910 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelli , F. , Frith , C. , Happé , F. and Frith , U. 2002 . Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes . Brain , 125 ( 8 ) : 1839 – 1849 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelli , F. , Happé , F. , Frith , U. and Frith , C. 2000 . Movement and mind: a functional imaging study of perception and interpretation of complex intentional movement patterns . NeuroImage , 12 ( 3 ) : 314 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chouinard , P. A. , Leonard , G. and Paus , T. 2005 . Role of the primary motor and dorsal premotor cortices in the anticipation of forces during object lifting . Journal of Neuroscience , 25 ( 9 ) : 2277 – 2284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costantini , M. , Galati , G. , Ferretti , A. , Caulo , M. , Tartaro , A. Romani , G. L. 2005 . Neural systems underlying observation of humanly impossible movements: an fMRI study . Cerebral Cortex , 15 ( 11 ) : 1761 – 1767 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross , E. S. , Hamilton , A. F. and Grafton , S. T. 2006 . Building a motor simulation de novo: observation of dance by dancers . NeuroImage , 31 ( 3 ) : 1257 – 1267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasio , A. R. 1989 . Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: A system-level proposal for the neuronal substrates of recall and recognition . Cognition , 33 : 25 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Esposito , M. , Postle , B. R. and Rypma , B. 2000 . Prefrontal cortical contributions to working memory: evidence from event-related fMRI studies . Experimental Brain Research , 133 ( 1 ) : 3 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinstein , I. , Hasson , U. , Rubin , N. and Heeger , D. J. 2007 . Brain areas selective for both observed and executed movements . Journal of Neurophysiology , 98 ( 3 ) : 1415 – 1427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• di Pellegrino , G. , Fadiga , L. , Fogassi , L. , Gallese , V. and Rizzolatti , G. 1992 . Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study . Experimental Brain Research , 91 ( 1 ) : 176 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druzgal , T. J. and D'Esposito , M. 2001 . Activity in fusiform face area modulated as a function of working memory load . Cognitive Brain Research , 10 ( 3 ) : 355 – 364 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dukelow , S. P. , DeSouza , J. F. , Culham , J. C. , van den Berg , A. V. , Menon , R. S. and Vilis , T. 2001 . Distinguishing subregions of the human MT+ complex using visual fields and pursuit eye movements . Journal of Neurophysiology , 86 ( 4 ) : 1991 – 2000 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Engel , A. , Burke , M. , Fiehler , K. , Bien , S. and Rösler , F. 2007 . The perceptual task is crucial for activity in the mirror neuron system—Not the type of movement trajectory. 13th International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain (HBM 2007), Chicago, USA, June 2007 . NeuroImage , 36 ( Suppl. 1 ) : S40
   Google Scholar
• Fiehler , K ., Burke , M ., Engel , A ., Bien , S ., & Rösler , F . ( in press ). Kinästhetic working memory and action control within the dorsal stream . Cerebral Cortex Epub June 4, 2007, doi: 10.1093/clrcor/bhm071 .
   Google Scholar
• Gallese , V. , Fadiga , L. , Fogassi , L. and Rizzolatti , G. 1996 . Action recognition in the premotor cortex . Brain , 119 ( 2 ) : 593 – 609 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzola , V. , Rizzolatti , G. , Wicker , B. and Keysers , C. 2007 . The anthropomorphic brain: the mirror neuron system responds to human and robotic actions . NeuroImage , 35 ( 4 ) : 1674 – 1684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzola , V. , Wicker , B. , Rizzolatti , G. , & Keysers , C. 2004 . The anthropomorphic brain: The human mirror system identifies the meaning of an action, and responds both to the sight of humans and robots performing complex actions . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , Suppl. 1 , 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Grefkes , C. , Geyer , S. , Schormann , T. , Roland , P. and Zilles , K. 2001 . Human somatosensory area 2: observer-independent cytoarchitectonic mapping, interindividual variability, and population map . NeuroImage , 14 ( 3 ) : 617 – 631 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grezes , J. , Armony , J. L. , Rowe , J. and Passingham , R. E. 2003 . Activations related to “mirror” and “canonical” neurones in the human brain: An fMRI study . NeuroImage , 18 ( 4 ) : 928 – 937 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grezes , J. , Costes , N. and Decety , J. 1998 . Top-down effect of strategy on the perception of human biological motion: A PET investigation . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 15 : 553 – 582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grezes , J. and Decety , J. 2001 . Functional anatomy of execution, mental simulation, observation, and verb generation of actions: A meta-analysis . Human Brain Mapping , 12 ( 1 ) : 1 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grezes , J. , Fonlupt , P. , Bertenthal , B. , Delon-Martin , C. , Segebarth , C. and Decety , J. 2001 . Does perception of biological motion rely on specific brain regions? . NeuroImage , 13 ( 5 ) : 775 – 785 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grill-Spector , K. and Malach , R. 2001 . fMRI-adaptation: A tool for studying the functional properties of human cortical neurons . Acta Psychologia , 107 ( 1–3 ) : 293 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman , E. D. and Blake , R. 2002 . Brain areas active during visual perception of biological motion . Neuron , 35 ( 6 ) : 1167 – 1175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hari , R. , Forss , N. , Avikainen , S. , Kirveskari , E. , Salenius , S. and Rizzolatti , G. 1998 . Activation of human primary motor cortex during action observation: a neuromagnetic study . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 95 ( 25 ) : 15061 – 15065 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslinger , B. , Erhard , P. , Altenmüller , E. , Schroeder , U. , Boecker , H. and Ceballos-Baumann , A. O. 2005 . Transmodal sensorimotor networks during action observation in professional pianists . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 17 ( 2 ) : 282 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heider , F. and Simmel , M. 1944 . An experimental study of apparent behavior . American Journal of Psychology , 57 : 243 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyes , C. 2001 . Causes and consequences of imitation . Trends in Cognitive Science , 5 ( 6 ) : 253 – 261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , W. 1890 . The principles of psychology , New York : Holt .
   Google Scholar
• Johansson , G. 1973 . Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis . Perception & Psychophysics , 14 : 201 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokisch , D. , Daum , I. , Suchan , B. and Troje , N. F. 2005 . Structural encoding and recognition of biological motion: Evidence from event-related potentials and source analysis . Behavioural Brain Research , 157 ( 2 ) : 195 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , K. , Biermann-Ruben , K. , Jonas , M. , Roman Siebner , H. , Baumer , T. Munchau , A. 2006 . Investigating the human mirror neuron system by means of cortical synchronization during the imitation of biological movements . NeuroImage , 33 ( 1 ) : 227 – 238 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keysers , C. and Perrett , D. I. 2004 . Demystifying social cognition: a Hebbian perspective . Trends in Cognitive Science , 8 ( 11 ) : 501 – 507 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilner , J. M. , Paulignan , Y. and Blakemore , S. J. 2003 . An interference effect of observed biological movement on action . Current Biology , 13 ( 6 ) : 522 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leventhal , H. 1984 . “ A perceptual motor theory of emotion ” . In Approaches to emotion , Edited by: Scherer , K. R. and Ekman , P. 271 – 291 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , A. 2007 . The representation of object concepts in the brain . Annu Review of Psychology , 58 : 25 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maunsell , J. H. and Van Essen , D. C. 1983 . Functional properties of neurons in middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey. I. Selectivity for stimulus direction, speed, and orientation . Journal of Neurophysiology , 49 ( 5 ) : 1127 – 1147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland , J. L. , McNaughton , B. L. and O'Reilly , R. C. 1995 . Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory . Psychological Review , 102 : 419 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuigan , F. J. 1978 . Cognitive psychophysiology: Principles of covert behavior , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Michotte , A. 1963 . The perception of causality , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Mottonen , R. , Jarvelainen , J. , Sams , M. and Hari , R. 2005 . Viewing speech modulates activity in the left SI mouth cortex . NeuroImage , 24 ( 3 ) : 731 – 737 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols , T. , Brett , M. , Andersson , J. , Wager , T. and Poline , J.-B. 2005 . Valid conjunction inference with the minimum statistic . NeuroImage , 25 ( 3 ) : 653 – 660 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noguchi , Y. , Kaneoke , Y. , Kakigi , R. , Tanabe , H. C. and Sadato , N. 2005 . Role of the superior temporal region in human visual motion perception . Cerebral Cortex , 15 ( 10 ) : 1592 – 1601 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oldfield , R. C. 1971 . The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory . Neuropsychologia , 9 ( 1 ) : 97 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelphrey , K. A. , Mitchell , T. V. , McKeown , M. J. , Goldstein , J. , Allison , T. and McCarthy , G. 2003 . Brain activity evoked by the perception of human walking: Controlling for meaningful coherent motion . Journal of Neuroscience , 23 ( 17 ) : 6819 – 6825 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelphrey , K. A. , Morris , J. P. , Michelich , C. R. , Allison , T. and McCarthy , G. 2005 . Functional anatomy of biological motion perception in posterior temporal cortex: An fMRI study of eye, mouth and hand movements . Cerebral Cortex , 15 ( 12 ) : 1866 – 1876 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrett , D. I. , Harries , M. H. , Bevan , R. , Thomas , S. , Benson , P. J. Mistlin , A. J. 1989 . Frameworks of analysis for the neural representation of animate objects and actions . Journal of Experimental Biology , 146 : 87 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peuskens , H. , Vanrie , J. , Verfaillie , K. and Orban , G. A. 2005 . Specificity of regions processing biological motion . European Journal of Neuroscience , 21 ( 10 ) : 2864 – 2875 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picard , N. and Strick , P. L. 1996 . Motor areas of the medial wall: A review of their location and functional activation . Cerebral Cortex , 6 ( 3 ) : 342 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picard , N. and Strick , P. L. 2001 . Imaging the premotor areas . Current Opinion Neurobiology , 11 ( 6 ) : 663 – 672 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Press , C. , Bird , G. , Flach , R. and Heyes , C. 2005 . Robotic movement elicits automatic imitation . Cognitive Brain Research , 25 ( 3 ) : 632 – 640 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raos , V. , Evangeliou , M. N. and Savaki , H. E. 2004 . Observation of action: grasping with the mind's hand . NeuroImage , 23 ( 1 ) : 193 – 201 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rizzolatti , G. and Craighero , L. 2004 . The mirror-neuron system . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 27 : 169 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzolatti , G. , Fadiga , L. , Gallese , V. and Fogassi , L. 1996 . Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions . Cognitive Brain Research , 3 ( 2 ) : 131 – 141 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rösler , F. and Heil , M. 2003 . “ The principle of code-specific memory representations ” . In Principles of learning and memory , Edited by: Kluwe , R. H. , Lüer , G. and Rösler , F. 71 – 92 . Basel, , Switzerland : Birkhäuser .
   Google Scholar
• Rossi , S. , Tecchio , F. , Pasqualetti , P. , Ulivelli , M. , Pizzella , V. Romani , G. L. 2002 . Somatosensory processing during movement observation in humans . Clinical Neurophysiology , 113 ( 1 ) : 16 – 24 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saygin , A. P. , Wilson , S. M. , Hagler , D. J. Jr , Bates , E. and Sereno , M. I. 2004 . Point-light biological motion perception activates human premotor cortex . Journal of Neuroscience , 24 ( 27 ) : 6181 – 6188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenk , T. and Zihl , J. 1997 . Visual motion perception after brain damage: II. Deficits in form-from-motion perception . Neuropsychologia , 35 ( 9 ) : 1299 – 1310 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schubotz , R. I. 2007 . Prediction of external events with our motor system: Towards a new framework . Trends in Cognitive Science , 11 ( 5 ) : 211 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubotz , R. I. and von Cramon , D. Y. 2003 . Functional-anatomical concepts of human premotor cortex: Evidence from fMRI and PET studies . NeuroImage , 20 ( Suppl. 1 ) : S120 – S131 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schubotz , R. I. and von Cramon , D. Y. 2004 . Sequences of abstract nonbiological stimuli share ventral premotor cortex with action observation and imagery . Journal of Neuroscience , 24 ( 24 ) : 5467 – 5474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz , J. , Friston , K. J. , O'Doherty , J. , Wolpert , D. M. and Frith , C. D. 2005 . Activation in posterior superior temporal sulcus parallels parameter inducing the percept of animacy . Neuron , 45 ( 4 ) : 625 – 635 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tai , Y. F. , Scherfler , C. , Brooks , D. J. , Sawamoto , N. and Castiello , U. 2004 . The human premotor cortex is “mirror” only for biological actions . Current Biology , 14 ( 2 ) : 117 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tootell , R. B. , Reppas , J. B. , Kwong , K. K. , Malach , R. , Born , R. T. Brady , T. J. 1995 . Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging . Journal of Neuroscience , 15 ( 4 ) : 3215 – 3230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaina , L. M. , Lemay , M. , Bienfang , D. C. , Choi , A. Y. and Nakayama , K. 1990 . Intact “biological motion” and “structure from motion” perception in a patient with impaired motion mechanisms: A case study . Visual Neuroscience , 5 ( 4 ) : 353 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , J. D. G. , Myers , R. , Frackowiak , R. S. J. , Hajnal , J. V. , Woods , R. P. Mazziotta , J. C. 1993 . Area V5 of the human brain: Evidence from a combined study using positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging . Cerebral Cortex , 3 ( 2 ) : 79 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zentgraf , K. , Stark , R. , Reiser , M. , Kunzell , S. , Schienle , A. Kirsch , P. 2005 . Differential activation of pre-SMA and SMA proper during action observation: Effects of instructions . NeuroImage , 26 ( 3 ) : 662 – 672 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar