407
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Thatcherization impacts the processing of own-race faces more so than other-race faces: An ERP study

, &
Pages 113-125 | Received 27 Aug 2010, Accepted 14 Apr 2011, Published online: 20 Jul 2011

REFERENCES

  • Ashley , V. , Vuilleumier , P. and Swick , D. 2004 . Time course and specificity of event-related potentials to emotional expressions . Neuroreport , 15 ( 1 ) : 211 – 216 .
  • Bartlett , J. C. and Searcy , J. 1993 . Inversion and configuration of faces . Cognitive Psychology , 25 : 281 – 316 . doi: 10.1006/cogp.1993.1007
  • Bentin , S. , Allison , T. , Puce , A. , Perez , E. and McCarthy , G. 1996 . Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 8 : 551 – 565 .
  • Blais , C. , Jack , R. E. , Scheepers , C. , Fiset , D. and Caldara , R. 2008 . Culture shapes how we look at faces . PloS ONE , 3 : e3022
  • Bothwell , R. K. , Brigham , J. C. and Malpass , R. S. 1989 . Cross-racial identification . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 15 : 19 – 25 .
  • Bötzel , K. , Schulze , S. and Stodieck , R. G. 1995 . Scalp topography and analysis of intracranial sources of face-evoked potentials . Experimental Brain Research , 104 : 135 – 143 .
  • Boutsen , L. and Humphreys , G. W. 2003 . The effect of inversion on encoding of normal faces and the Thatcher illusion . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 56A : 955 – 975 .
  • Boutsen , L. , Humphreys , G. W. , Praamstra , P. and Warbrick , T. 2006 . Comparing neural correlates of configural processing of faces and objects: An ERP study of the Thatcher illusion . NeuroImage , 32 : 352 – 367 .
  • Brigham , J. C. and Malpass , R. S. 1985 . The role of experience and context in the recognition of faces of own- and other-race persons . Journal of Social Issues , 4 : 139 – 155 .
  • Caldara , R. , Rossion , B. , Bovet , P. and Hauert , C.-A. 2004 . Event-related potentials and time course of the ‘other-race’ face classification . Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology , 15 ( 5 ) : 905 – 910 .
  • Caldara , R. , Thut , G. , Servior , P. , Michel , C. , Bovet , P. and Renault , B. 2002 . Face versus non-face object perception and the ‘other-race’ effect: An event-related potentials study . Clinical Neurophysiology , 114 ( 3 ) : 515 – 528 .
  • Caldara , R. , Thut , G. , Servoir , P. , Michel , C. , Bovet , P. and Renault , B. 2003 . Face versus non-face object perception and the “other-race” effect: A spatio-temporal ERP study . Clinical Neurophysiology , 114 ( 3 ) : 515 – 528 .
  • Carbon , C.-C. , Schweinberger , S. R. , Kaufmann , J. M. and Leder , H. 2005 . The Thatcher illusion seen by the brain: An event-related potentials study . Cognitive Brain Research , 24 : 544 – 555 .
  • Carey , S. and Diamond , R. 1977 . From piecemeal to configurational representation of faces . Science , 195 : 312 – 314 .
  • Chance , J. E. , Turner , A. L. and Goldstein , A. G. 1982 . Development of differential recognition for own- and other-race faces . Journal of Psychology , 112 : 29 – 37 .
  • Chiroro , P. and Valentine , T. 1995 . An investigation of the contact hypothesis of the own-race bias in face recognition . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 48 : 879 – 894 .
  • Cunningham , W. A. , Johnson , M. K. , Gatenby , J. C. , Gore , J. C. and Banaji , M. R. 2003 . Neural components of social evaluation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 639 – 649 .
  • Cunningham , W. A. , Johnson , M. K. , Raye , C. L. , Gatenby , J. C. , Gore , J. C. and Banaji , M. R. 2004 . Separable neural components in the processing of black and white faces . Psychological Science , 15 : 806 – 813 .
  • Diamond , R. and Carey , S. 1986 . Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 115 : 107 – 117 .
  • Eimer , M . 1998 . Does the face-specific N170 component reflect the activity of a specialized eye processor . Neuro Report , 9 : 2945 – 2948 .
  • Eimer , M. 2000a . Effects of face inversion on the structural encoding and recognition of faces: Evidence from event-related brain potentials . Cognitive Brain Research , 10 : 145 – 158 .
  • Eimer , M. 2000b . Event-related brain potentials distinguish processing stages involved in face perception and recognition . Clinical Neurophysiology , 111 : 694 – 705 .
  • Eimer , M. and Holmes , A. 2002 . An ERP study on the time course of emotional face processing . Neuroreport , 13 : 427 – 431 .
  • Farah , M. J. , Tanaka , J. W. and Drain , H. M. 1995 . What causes the face inversion effect? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 21 : 628 – 634 .
  • Farah , M. J. , Wilson , K. D. , Drain , M. and Tanaka , J. W. 1998 . What is “special” about face perception? . Psychological Review , 105 : 482 – 498 .
  • Freire , A. , Lee , K. and Symons , L. A. 2000 . The face-inversion effect as a deficit in the encoding of configural information: Direct evidence . Perception , 29 ( 2 ) : 159 – 170 .
  • Gauthier , I. and Tarr , M. J. 1997 . Becoming a ‘greeble’ expert: Exploring the face recognition mechanism . Vision Research , 37 : 1673 – 1682 .
  • Goffaux , V. and Rossion , B. 2007 . Face inversion disproportionately impairs the perception of vertical but not horizontal relations between features . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 33 : 995 – 1002 .
  • Golby , A. J. , Gabrieli , J. D. E. , Chiao , J. Y. and Eberhardt , J. L. 2001 . Differential responses in the fusiform region to same-race and other-race faces . Nature Neuroscience , 4 : 845 – 850 .
  • Goodman , G. S. , Sayfan , L. , Lee , J. S. , Sandhei , M. , Walle-Olsen , A. Magnussen , S. 2007 . The development of memory for own- and other-race faces . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 98 : 233 – 242 .
  • Greenwald , A. G. , McGhee , D. E. and Schwarz , J. L. K. 1998 . Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 ( 6 ) : 1464 – 1480 .
  • Halgren , E. , Raij , T. , Marinkovic , K. , Jousmaki , V. and Hari , R. 2000 . Cognitive response profile of the human fusiform face area as determined by MEG . Cerebral Cortex , 10 : 69 – 81 .
  • Halit , H. , de Haan , M. and Johnson , M. H. 2000 . Modulation of event-related potentials by prototypical and atypical faces . Neuroreport , 11 ( 9 ) : 1871 – 1875 .
  • Hart , A. J. , Whalen , P. J. , Shin , L. M. , McInerney , S. C. , Fischer , H. and Rauch , S. L. 2000 . Differential response in the human amygdala to racial outgroup vs. ingroup face stimuli . Neuroreport , 11 : 2351 – 2355 .
  • He , Y. , Johnson , M. K. , Dovidio , J. F. and McCarthy , G. 2009 . The relation between race-related implicit associations and scalp-recorded neural activity evoked by faces from different races . Social Neuroscience , 4 ( 5 ) : 426 – 442 .
  • Herrmann , M. J. , Schreppel , T. , Jager , D. , Koehler , S. , Ehlis , A. C. and Fallgatter , A. J. 2007 . The other-race effect for face perception: An event-related potential study . Journal of Neural Transmission , 114 ( 7 ) : 951 – 957 .
  • Höfel , L. and Jacobsen , T. 2007 . Electrophysiological indices of processing aesthetics: Spontaneous or intentional processes? . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 65 ( 1 ) : 20 – 31 .
  • Itier , R. J. , Herdman , A. T. , George , N. , Cheyne , D. and Taylor , M. J. 2006 . Inversion and contrast – reversal effects on face processing assessed by MEG . Brain Research , 1115 : 108 – 120 .
  • Itier , R. J. and Taylor , M. J. 2002 . Inversion and contrast polarity reversal affect both encoding and recognition processes of unfamiliar faces: A repetition study using ERPs . NeuroImage , 15 : 353 – 372 .
  • Itier , R. J. and Taylor , M. J. 2004 . Effects of repetition learning on upright, inverted and contrast-reversed face processing using ERPs . NeuroImage , 21 : 1518 – 1532 .
  • Ito , T. A. and Urland , G. R. 2003 . Race and gender on the brain: Electrocortical measures of attention to race and gender of multiply categorizable individuals . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 616 – 626 .
  • Ito , T. A. and Urland , G. R. 2005 . The influence of processing objectives on the perception of faces: An ERP study of race and gender perception . Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience , 5 : 21 – 36 .
  • Jacques , C. and Rossion , B. 2007 . Early electrophysiological responses to multiple face orientations correlate with individual discrimination performance in humans . NeuroImage , 36 ( 3 ) : 863 – 876 .
  • James , M. S. , Johnstone , S. J. and Hayward , W. G. 2001 . Event-related potentials, configural encoding, and feature-based encoding in face recognition . Journal of Psychophysiology , 15 : 275 – 285 .
  • Johnston , V. S. and Oliver-Rodriguez , J. C. 1997 . Facial beauty and the late positive component of event-related potentials . Journal of Sex Research , 24 ( 2 ) : 188 – 198 .
  • Levin , D. T. 2000 . Race as a visual feature: Using visual search and perceptual discrimination tasks to understand face categories and the cross-race recognition deficit . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 129 : 559 – 574 .
  • Lewis , M. B. and Johnston , R. A. 1997 . The Thatcher illusion as a test of configural disruption . Perception , 26 : 225 – 227 .
  • Lindsay , S. , Jack , P. C. and Christian , M. A. 1991 . Other-race face perception . Journal of Applied Psychology , 76 ( 4 ) : 587 – 589 .
  • Linkenkaer-Hansen , K. , Palva , J. M. , Sams , M. , Hietanen , J. K. , Aronen , H. J. and Ilmoniemi , R. J. 1998 . Face-selective processing in human extrastriate cortex around 120 ms after stimulus onset revealed by magneto- and electroencephalography . Neuroscience Letters , 253 : 147 – 150 .
  • Malpass , R. S. and Kravitz , J. 1969 . Recognition for faces of own and other race . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 13 : 330 – 334 .
  • Marzi , T. and Viggiano , M. P. 2007 . Interplay between familiarity and orientation in face processing: An ERP study . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 65 ( 3 ) : 182 – 192 .
  • McCarthy , G. , Puce , A. , Belger , A. and Allison , T. 1999 . Electrophysiological studies of human face perception. II. Response properties of face-specific potentials generated in occipitotemporal cortex . Cerebral Cortex , 9 : 431 – 444 .
  • Meissner , C. A. and Brigham , J. C. 2001 . Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review . Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , 7 : 3 – 35 .
  • Michel , C. , Caldara , R. and Rossion , B. 2006a . Same-race faces are perceived more holistically than other-race faces . Visual Cognition , 14 : 55 – 73 .
  • Michel , C. , Rossion , B. , Han , J. , Chung , C.-S. and Caldara , R. 2006b . Holistic processing is finely tuned for faces of one's own race . Psychological Science , 17 ( 7 ) : 608 – 615 .
  • Milivojevic , B. , Clapp , W. C. , Johnson , B. W. and Corballis , M. C. 2003 . Turn that frown upside down: ERP effects of Thatcherization of misorientated faces . Psychophysiology , 40 : 967 – 978 .
  • Minear , M. and Park , D. C. 2004 . A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , 36 : 630 – 633 .
  • Murray , J. E. , Rhodes , G. and Schuchinsky , M. 2003 . “ When is a face not a face? The effects of misorientation on activation of the face recognition module ” . In Perception of faces, objects, and scenes: Analytic and holistic processes , Edited by: Peterson , M. and Rhodes , G. 75 – 91 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Ng , W. J. and Lindsay , R. C. L. 1994 . Cross-race facial recognition . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 25 ( 2 ) : 217 – 232 .
  • Oliver-Rodríguez , J. C. , Guan , Z. and Johnston , V. S. 1999 . Gender differences in late positive components evoked by human faces . Psychophysiology , 36 : 176 – 185 .
  • Oostenveld , R. and Praamstra , P. 2001 . The five percent electrode system for high-resolution EEG and ERP measurements . Clinical Neurophysiology , 112 : 713 – 719 .
  • Oram , M. W. and Perrett , D. I. 1992 . Time course of neural responses discriminating different views of the face and head . Journal of Neurophysiology , 68 ( 1 ) : 70 – 84 .
  • Perrett , D. I. , Heitanen , J. K. , Oram , M. W. and Benson , P. J. 1992 . Organization and functions of cells responsive to faces in the temporal cortex . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences , 335 : 23 – 30 .
  • Pizzagalli , D. A. , Lehmann , D. , Hendrick , A. M. , Regard , M. , Pascual-Marqui , R. D. and Davidson , R. J. 2002 . Affective judgments of faces modulate early activity (approximately 160 ms) within the fusiform gyri . NeuroImage , 16 : 663 – 677 .
  • Pizzagalli , D. A. , Lehmann , D. , Koenig , T. , Regard , M. and Pascual-Marqui , R. D. 2000 . Face-elicited ERPs and affective attitude: Brain electric microstate and tomography . Clinical Neurophysiology , 111 : 521 – 531 .
  • Pizzagalli , D. A. , Regard , M. and Lehmann , D. 1999 . Rapid emotional face processing in the human right and left brain hemispheres: An ERP study . Neuroreport , 10 : 2691 – 2698 .
  • Rebai , M. , Poiroux , S. , Bernard , C. and Lalonde , R. 2001 . Event-related potentials for category-specific information during passive viewing of faces and objects . International Journal of Neuroscience , 106 : 209 – 226 .
  • Rhodes , G. , Brake , S. , Taylor , K. and Tan , S. 1989 . Expertise and configural coding in face recognition . British Journal of Psychology , 80 : 313 – 331 .
  • Rossion , B. and Gauthier , I. 2002 . How does the brain process upright and inverted faces? . Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews , 1 : 62 – 74 .
  • Rossion , B. , Gauthier , I. , Tarr , M. J. , Despland , P.-A. , Linotte , S. Bruyer , R. 2000 . The N170 occipito-temporal component is enhanced and delayed to inverted faces but not to inverted objects: An electrophyiological account of face-specific processes in the human brain . Neuroreport , 11 : 1 – 6 .
  • Rossion , B. , Joyce , C. A. , Cottrell , G. W. and Tarr , M. J. 2003 . Early lateralization and orientation tuning for face, word, and object processing in the visual cortex . NeuroImage , 20 : 1609 – 1624 .
  • Rossion , B. , Kung , C. C. and Tarr , M. J. 2004 . Visual expertise with nonface objects leads to competition with the early perceptual processing of faces in the human occipitotemporal cortex . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 101 : 14521 – 14526 .
  • Schutter , D. J. L. G. , de Haan , E. H. F. and van Honk , J. 2004 . Functionally dissociated aspects in anterior and posterior electrocortical processing of facial threat . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 53 : 29 – 36 .
  • Stahl , J. , Wiese , H. and Schweinberger , S. R. 2008 . Expertise and own-race bias in face processing: An event-related potential study . Neuroreport , 19 : 583 – 587 .
  • Stanley , D. , Phelps , E. and Banaji , M. 2008 . The neural basis of implicit attitudes . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 17 : 164 – 170 .
  • Tanaka , J. W. and Curran , T. 2001 . A neural basis for expert object recognition . Psychological Science , 12 : 43 – 47 .
  • Tanaka , J. W. , Kiefer , M. and Bukach , C. M. 2004 . A holistic account of the own-race effect in face recognition: Evidence from a cross-cultural study . Cognition , 93 : B1 – B9 .
  • Thompson , P. 1980 . Margaret Thatcher: A new illusion . Perception , 9 : 483 – 484 .
  • Vizioli , L. , Foreman , K. , Rousselet , G. A. and Caldara , R. 2010 . Inverting faces elicits sensitivity to race on the N170 component: A cross-cultural study . Journal of Vision , 10 ( 1 ) : 1 – 23 .
  • Walker , P. M. and Hewstone , M. 2006 . A perceptual discrimination investigation of the own-race effect and intergroup experience . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 20 : 41 – 75 .
  • Walker , P. M. , Silvert , L. , Hewstone , M. and Nobre , A. C. 2008 . Social contact and other-race face processing in the human brain . SCAN , 3 : 16 – 25 .
  • Walker , P. M. and Tanaka , J. W. 2003 . An encoding advantage for own-race versus other-race faces . Perception , 32 ( 9 ) : 1117 – 1125 .
  • Werheid , K. , Alpay , G. , Jentzsch , I. and Sommer , W. 2005 . Priming emotional facial expressions as evidenced by eventrelated brain potentials . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 55 : 209 – 219 .
  • Yin , R. K. 1969 . Looking at upside-down faces . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 81 : 141 – 145 .
  • Young , A. W. , Hellawell , D. and Hay , D. C. 1987 . Configurational information in face perception . Perception , 16 : 747 – 759 .
  • Zion-Golumbic , E. and Bentin , S. 2007 . Dissociated neural mechanisms for face detection and configural encoding: Evidence from N170 and induced gamma-band oscillation effects . Cerebral Cortex , 17 ( 8 ) : 1741 – 1749 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.