REFERENCES
- Abelson , J. 1989 . Cardiac and neuroendocrine responses to exposure therapy in height phobics: Desynchrony within the ‘physiological response system’ . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 27 ( 5 ) : 561 – 567 .
- Adelman , P. K. and Zajonc , R. B. 1989 . Facial efference and the experience of emotion . Annual Review of Psychology , 40 : 249 – 280 .
- al'Absi , M. , Bongard , S. , Buchanan , T. W. , Pincomb , G. A. , Licinio , J. and Lovallo , W. R. 1997 . Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine adjustment to public speaking and mental arithmetic stressors . Psychophysiology , 34 ( 3 ) : 266 – 275 .
- American Psychological Association . 2010 . Stress in America findings , Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
- Avenanti , A. , Miniopaluello , I. , Bufalari , I. and Aglioti , S. 2009 . The pain of a model in the personality of an onlooker: Influence of state-reactivity and personality traits on embodied empathy for pain . NeuroImage , 44 ( 1 ) : 275 – 283 .
- Basch , M. F. 1983 . Empathic understanding: A review of the concept and some theoretical considerations . Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association , 31 : 101 – 126 .
- Batson , C. D. , Dyck , J. L. , Brandt , J. R. , Batson , J. G. , Powell , A. L. McMaster , M. R. 1988 . Five studies testing the new egoistic alternatives to the empathy-altruism hypothesis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 55 ( 1 ) : 52 – 77 .
- Bowlby , J. 1969 . Attachment , New York , NY : Basic Books .
- Bradley , M. M. , Codispoti , M. , Cuthbert , B. N. and Lang , P. J. 2001 . Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing . Emotion , 1 : 276 – 298 .
- Buchanan , T. W. , Bibas , D. and Adolphs , R. 2010 . Salivary alpha-amylase levels as a biomarker of experienced fear . Communicative & Integrative Biology , 3 ( 6 ) : 1 – 3 .
- Cacioppo , J. T. 1994 . Social neuroscience: Autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune responses to stress . Psychophysiology , 31 : 113 – 128 .
- Cacioppo , J. T. , Berntson , G. G. , Larsen , J. T. , Poehlmann , K. M. and Ito , T. A. 2000 . “ The psychophysiology of emotion ” . In Handbook of emotions , 2nd , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Haviland-Jones , J. M. 173 – 191 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
- Carney , D. R. , Cuddy , A. J. C. and Yap , A. J. 2010 . Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance . Psychological Science , 21 ( 10 ) : 1363 – 1368 .
- Davis , M. H. 1983 . Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 44 : 113 – 126 .
- Decety , J. and Jackson , P. L. 2006 . A social-neuroscience perspective on empathy . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 15 ( 2 ) : 54 – 58 . doi: 10.1111/j.0963–7214.2006.00406.x
- de Waal , F. B. M. 2008 . Putting the altruism back into altruism: The evolution of empathy . Annual Review of Psychology , 59 ( 1 ) : 279 – 300 .
- Dickerson , S. S. , Gruenewald , T. L. and Kemeny , M. E. 2004 . When the social self is threatened: Shame, physiology, and health . Journal of Personality , 72 ( 6 ) : 1191 – 1216 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467–6494.2004.00295.x
- Dickerson , S. S. and Kemeny , M. E. 2004 . Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research . Psychological Bulletin , 130 : 355 – 391 .
- Dimberg , U. , Thunberg , M. and Elmehed , K. 2000 . Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions . Psychological Science , 11 : 86 – 89 .
- Eibl-Eibesfeldt , I. 1971/1974 . Love and hate , 2nd , Edited by: Strachan , G. and Trans . New York , NY : Schocken Books .
- Eisenberg , N. , Fabes , R. A. , Murphy , B. , Karbon , M. , Smith , M. and Maszk , P. 1996 . The relations of children's dispositional empathy-related responding to their emotionality, regulation, and social functioning . Developmental Psychology , 32 ( 2 ) : 195 – 209 .
- Eisenberg , N. , Fabes , R. A. , Schaller , M. , Miller , P. , Carlo , G. Poulin , R. 1991 . Personality and socialization correlates of vicarious emotional responding . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 61 ( 3 ) : 459 – 470 .
- Eisenberg , N. and Miller , P. A. 1987 . The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors . Psychological Bulletin , 101 : 91 – 119 .
- Epstein , R. 2010 . What makes a good parent? . Scientific American Mind, November , 4 : 46 – 51 .
- Freud , S. 1990 . Group psychology and the analysis of the ego , The Standard , New York , NY : W. W. Norton & Company . (Original work published 1922)
- Fujita , F. , Diener , E. and Sandvik , E. 1991 . Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 ( 3 ) : 427 – 434 .
- Gallese , V. 2001 . The ‘shared manifold’ hypothesis: From mirror neurons to empathy . Journal of Consciousness Studies , 8 ( 5–7 ) : 33 – 50 .
- Granger , D. A. , Kivlighan , K. T. , el-Sheikh , M. , Gordis , E. B. and Stroud , L. R. 2007 . Salivary alpha-amylase in biobehavioral research: Recent developments and applications . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1098 : 122 – 144 . doi: 10.1196/annals.1384.008
- Harrison , N. A. , Singer , T. , Rotshtein , P. , Dolan , R. J. and Critchley , H. D. 2006 . Pupillary contagion: Central mechanisms engaged in sadness processing . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience , 1 ( 1 ) : 5 – 17 . doi: 10.1093/scan/nsl006
- Hatfield , E. , Cacioppo , J. T. and Rapson , R. L. 1993 . Emotional contagion . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 2 ( 3 ) : 96 – 99 .
- Hofelich , A. J. and Preston , S. D. 2011 . The meaning in empathy: Distinguishing true empathy from facial mimicry, attention to emotion, and trait empathy . Cognition & Emotion. Advance online publication , doi: 10.1080/02699931.2011.559192
- Hoffman , M. L. 2000 . Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice , New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
- Hume , D. 1739–1740/1990 . A treatise of human nature , 7th impression of 2nd , Oxford , , UK : Clarendon Press .
- Jakobs , E. , Fischer , A. H. and Manstead , A. S. R. 1997 . Emotional experience as a function of social context: The role of the other . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 21 ( 2 ) : 103 – 130 .
- Juster , R. P. , McEwen , B. S. and Lupien , S. J. 2010 . Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 35 ( 1 ) : 2 – 16 . doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.002
- Kirschbaum , C. and Hellhammer , D. H. 1989 . Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: An overview . Neuropsychobiology , 22 : 150 – 169 .
- Kirschbaum , C. , Pirke , K.-M. and Hellhammer , D. H. 1993 . The ‘Trier Social Stress Test’ – a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting . Neuropsychobiology , 28 : 76 – 81 .
- Krebs , D. 1975 . Empathy and altruism . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 32 ( 6 ) : 1134 – 1146 .
- Lerner , J. S. , Dahl , R. E. , Hariri , A. R. and Taylor , S. E. 2007 . Facial expressions of emotion reveal neuroendocrine and cardiovascular stress responses . Biological Psychiatry , 61 ( 2 ) : 253 – 260 . doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.016
- Levenson , R. W. and Ruef , A. M. 1992 . Empathy: A physiological substrate . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 ( 2 ) : 234 – 246 . doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.63.2.234
- Lipps , T. 1903 . Einfühlung, innere Nachahmung und Organempfindung . Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie , 1 : 465 – 519 .
- Lovallo , W. R. and Thomas , T. L. 2000 . “ Stress hormones in psychophysiological research: Emotional, behavioral, and cognitive implications ” . In Handbook of psychophysiology , Edited by: Cacioppo , J. T. , Tassinary , L. G. and Berntson , G. G. Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
- Lundberg , U. and Frankenhaeuser , M. 1980 . Pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal correlates of distress and effort . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 24 ( 3–4 ) : 125 – 130 .
- Lupien , S. J. , McEwen , B. S. , Gunnar , M. R. and Heim , C. 2009 . Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 10 ( 6 ) : 434 – 445 . doi: 10.1038/nrn2639
- McDougall , W. 1908/1923 . An introduction to social psychology , 18th , London , , UK : Methuen & Co .
- Mehrabian , A. and Epstein , N. 1972 . A measure of emotional empathy . Journal of Personality , 40 : 525 – 540 .
- Morrison , I. , Lloyd , D. , Di Pellegrino , G. and Roberts , N. 2004 . Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulate cortex: Is empathy a multisensory issue? . Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience , 4 ( 2 ) : 270 – 278 .
- Nater , U. M. , Rohleder , N. , Gaab , J. , Berger , S. , Jud , A. Kirschbaum , C. 2005 . Human salivary alpha-amylase reactivity in a psychosocial stress paradigm . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 55 ( 3 ) : 333 – 342 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.09.009
- Nietzsche , F. W. 1895/1920 . The Antichrist , Edited by: Mencken , H. L. New York , NY : A. A. Knopf .
- Petrides , K. V. and Furnham , A. 2003 . Trait emotional intelligence: Behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction . European Journal of Personality , 17 ( 1 ) : 39 – 57 .
- Porges , S. W. 1999 . “ Emotion: An evolutionary byproduct of the neural regulation of the autonomic nervous system ” . In The integrative neurobiology of affiliation , Edited by: Carter , C. S. , Lederhendler , I. I. and Kirkpatrick , B. 65 – 81 . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
- Preston , S. D. , Bechara , A. , Damasio , H. , Grabowski , T. J. , Stansfield , R. B. Mehta , S. 2007 . The neural substrates of cognitive empathy . Social Neuroscience , 2 ( 3–4 ) : 254 – 275 . doi: 10.1080/17470910701376902
- Preston , S. D. and de Waal , F. B. M. 2002a . “ The communication of emotions and the possibility of empathy in animals ” . In Altrusim and altruistic love: Science, philosophy, and religion in dialogue , Edited by: Post , S. , Underwood , L. G. , Schloss , J. P. and Hurlburt , W. B. 284 – 308 . Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
- Preston , S. D. and de Waal , F. B. M. 2002b . Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 25 ( 1 ) : 1 – 71 .
- Preston , S. D. and Hofelich , A. J. in press . The many faces of empathy: Parsing empathic phenomena through a proximate, dynamic-systems view of representing the other in the self . Emotion Review ,
- Ritz , T. , George , C. and Dahme , B. 2000 . Respiratory resistance during emotional stimulation: Evidence for a nonspecific effect of experienced arousal? . Biological Psychology , 52 : 143 – 160 .
- Rohleder , N. and Nater , U. M. 2009 . Determinants of salivary alpha-amylase in humans and methodological considerations . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 34 ( 4 ) : 469 – 485 . doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.004
- Russell , J. A. 2003 . Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion . Psychological Review , 110 ( 1 ) : 145 – 172 .
- Singer , T. 2006 . The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: Review of literature and implications for future research . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 30 ( 6 ) : 855 – 863 .
- Smith , A. 1759 . A theory of moral sentiments , Oxford , , UK : Clarendon Press .
- Sonnby-Borgström , M. 2002 . Automatic mimicry reactions as related to differences in emotional empathy . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 43 ( 5 ) : 433 – 443 .
- Watson , D. , Clark , L. A. and Tellegen , A. 1988 . Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 1063 – 1070 .