The Body Action Coding System I: Muscle activations during the perception and expression of emotion

REFERENCES

• Akaike, N., Ohno, T., & Tsubokawa, H. (1989). EMG activities of neck muscles underlying lateral flexion of the neck during head turning induced by electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus in cats. Neuroscience Research, 6, 397–410. doi:10.1016/0168-0102(89)90002-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avenanti, A., Minio-Paluello, I., Sforza, A., & Aglioti, S. M. (2009). Freezing or escaping? Opposite modulations of empathic reactivity to the pain of others. Cortex, 45, 1072–1077. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azevedo, T. M., Volchan, E., Imbiriba, L. A., Rodrigues, E. C., Oliveira, J. M., Oliveira, L. F., … Vargas C. D. (2005). A freezing-like posture to pictures of mutilation. Psychophysiology, 42, 255–260. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00287.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagiella, E., Sloan, R. P., & Heitjan, D. F. (2000). Mixed-effects models in psychophysiology. Psychophysiology, 37, 13–20. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3710013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, M. J., Tijssen, M. A. J., van der Meer, J. N., Koelman, J. H. T. M., & Boer, F. (2009). Increased whole-body auditory startle reflex and autonomic reactivity in children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 34, 314–322.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumgartner, T., Willi, M., & Jancke, L. (2007). Modulation of corticospinal activity by strong emotions evoked by pictures and classical music: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. NeuroReport, 18, 261–265. doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e328012272e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet, M., Bradley, M. M., Lang, P. J., & Requin, J. (1995). Modulation of spinal reflexes: Arousal, pleasure, action. Psychophysiology, 32, 367–372. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb01219.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgomaneri, S., Gazzola, V., & Avenanti, A. (2012). Motor mapping of implied actions during perception of emotional body language. Brain Stimulation, 5, 70–76. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2012.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgomaneri, S., Gazzola, V., & Avenanti, A. (2013). Temporal dynamics of motor cortex excitability during perception of natural emotional scenes. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. doi:10.1093/scan/nst139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Both, S., Van Boxtel, G., Stekelenburg, J., Everaerd, W., & Laan, E. (2005). Modulation of spinal reflexes by sexual films of increasing intensity. Psychophysiology, 42, 726–731. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00364.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Affective reactions to acoustic stimuli. Psychophysiology, 37, 204–215. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3720204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Priester, J. R., & Berntson, G. G. (1993). Rudimentary determinants of attitudes: II. Arm flexion and extension have differential effects on attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 5–17. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M. C., Mazziotta, J. C., & Lenzi, G. L. (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 100, 5497–5502. doi:10.1073/pnas.0935845100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 215–224. doi:10.1177/0146167299025002007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelho, C. M., Lipp, O. V., Marinovic, W., Wallis, G., & Riek, S. (2010). Increased corticospinal excitability induced by unpleasant visual stimuli. Neuroscience Letters, 481, 135–138. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.03.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombes, S. A., Cauraugh, J. H., & Janelle, C. M. (2006). Emotion and movement: Activation of defensive circuitry alters the magnitude of a sustained muscle contraction. Neuroscience Letters, 396, 192–196. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.11.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombes, S. A., Tandonnet, C., Fujiyama, H., Janelle, C. M., Cauraugh, J. H., & Summers, J. J. (2009). Emotion and motor preparation: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study of corticospinal motor tract excitability. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 380–388. doi:10.3758/CABN.9.4.380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corneil, B. D., Olivier, E., & Munoz, D. P. (2002). Neck muscle responses to stimulation of monkey superior colliculus. I. Topography and manipulation of stimulation parameters. Journal of Neurophysiology, 88, 1980–1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dael, N., Mortillaro, M., & Scherer, K. R. (2012). The Body Action and Posture coding system (BAP): Development and reliability. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 36, 97–121. doi:10.1007/s10919-012-0130-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwin, C. (1965). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1872.)
   Google Scholar
• de Gelder, B. (2006). Towards the neurobiology of emotional body language. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 242–249. doi:10.1038/nrn1872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Gelder, B. (2009). Why bodies? Twelve reasons for including bodily expressions in affective neuroscience. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364, 3475–3484. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Sèze, M. P., Rezzouk, J., de Sèze, M., Uzel, M., Lavignolle, B., Midy, D., & Durandeau, A. (2004). Does the motor branch of the long head of the triceps brachii arise from the radial nerve? An anatomic and electromyographic study. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 26, 459–461. doi:10.1007/s00276-004-0253-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Wied, M., van Boxtel, A., Matthys, W., & Meeus, W. (2012). Verbal, facial and autonomic responses to empathy-eliciting film clips by disruptive male adolescents with high versus low callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 211–223. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9557-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dezecache, G., Conty, L., Chadwick, M., Philip, L., Soussignan, R., Sperber, D., & Grèzes, J. (2013). Evidence for unintentional emotional contagion beyond dyads. Plos One, 8, e67371. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimberg, U., & Thunberg, M. (1998). Rapid facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 39, 39–45. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimberg, U., Thunberg, M., & Elmehed, K. (2000). Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Psychological Science, 11, 86–89. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eerland, A., Guadalupe, T. M., Franken, I. H. A., & Zwaan, R. A. (2012). Posture as index for approach-avoidance behavior. Plos One, 7, e31291. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial Action Coding System (FACS): A technique for the measurement of facial action. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Enticott, P. G., Harrison, B. A., Arnold, S. L., Nibaldi, K., Segrave, R. A., Fitzgibbon, B. M., … Fitzgerald P. B. (2012). Emotional valence modulates putative mirror neuron activity. Neuroscience Letters, 508, 56–59. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facchinetti, L. D., Imbiriba, L. A., Azevedo, T. M., Vargas, C. D., & Volchan, E. (2006). Postural modulation induced by pictures depicting prosocial or dangerous contexts. Neuroscience Letters, 410, 52–56. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadiga, L., Craighero, L., & Olivier, E. (2005). Human motor cortex excitability during the perception of others’ action. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 213–218. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannelli, F., Banfi, C., Borgheresi, A., Fiori, E., Innocenti, I., Rossi, S., … Cincotta M. (2013). The effect of music on corticospinal excitability is related to the perceived emotion: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Cortex, 49, 702–710. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grèzes, J., Philip, L., Chadwick, M., Dezecache, G., Soussignan, R., & Conty, L. (2013). Self-relevance appraisal influences facial reactions to emotional body expressions. Plos One, 8, e55885. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grèzes, J., Pichon, S., & de Gelder, B. (2007). Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions. NeuroImage, 35, 959–967. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajcak, G., Molnar, C., George, M. S., Bolger, K., Koola, J., & Nahas, Z. (2007). Emotion facilitates action: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study of motor cortex excitability during picture viewing. Psychophysiology, 44, 91–97. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00487.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardwick, R. M., McAllister, C. J., Holmes, P. S., & Edwards, M. G. (2012). Transcranial magnetic stimulation reveals modulation of corticospinal excitability when observing actions with the intention to imitate. European Journal of Neuroscience, 35, 1475–1480. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08046.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennenlotter, A., Schroeder, U., Erhard, P., Castrop, F., Haslinger, B., Stoecker, D., … Ceballos-Baumann A. (2005). A common neural basis for receptive and expressive communication of pleasant facial affect. NeuroImage, 26, 581–591. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.01.057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermens, H. J., & Freriks, B. (1997). The state of the art on sensors and sensor placement procedures for surface electromyography: A proposal for sensor placement procedures. Deliverable of the SENIAM Project 1997. Enschede: Roessingh Research and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Hietanen, J. K., Surakka, V., & Linnankoski, I. (1998). Facial electromyographic responses to vocal affect expressions. Psychophysiology, 35, 530–536. doi:10.1017/S0048577298970445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillman, C. H., Rosengren, K. S., & Smith, D. P. (2004). Emotion and motivated behavior: Postural adjustments to affective picture viewing. Biological Psychology, 66, 51–62. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2003.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horslen, B. C., & Carpenter, M. G. (2011). Arousal, valence and their relative effects on postural control. Experimental Brain Research, 215, 27–34. doi:10.1007/s00221-011-2867-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, G., Bogduk, N., Nowitzke, A., & House, D. (1994). Anatomy and actions of the trapezius muscle. Clinical Biomechanics, 9, 44–50. doi:10.1016/0268-0033(94)90057-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinsmith, A., & Bianchi-Berthouze, N. (2007). Recognizing affective dimensions from body posture. In A. R. Paiva, R. Prada, & R. Picard (Eds.), Affective computing and intelligent interaction (Vol. 4738, pp. 48–58). Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74889-2_5
   Google Scholar
• Kleinsmith, A., & Bianchi-Berthouze, N. (2013). Affective body expression perception and recognition: A survey. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 4, 15–33. doi:10.1109/T-AFFC.2012.16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komeilipoor, N., Pizzolato, F., Daffertshofer, A., & Cesari, P. (2013). Excitability of motor cortices as a function of emotional sounds. Plos One, 8, e63060. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krantz, G., Forsman, M., & Lundberg, U. (2004). Consistency in physiological stress responses and electromyographic activity during induced stress exposure in women and men. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 39, 105–118. doi:10.1007/BF02734276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kret, M. E., Stekelenburg, J., Roelofs, K., & De Gelder, B. (2013). Perception of face and body expressions using electromyography, pupillometry and gaze measures. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 28. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. W., Josephs, O., Dolan, R. J., & Critchley, H. D. (2006). Imitating expressions: Emotion-specific neural substrates in facial mimicry. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1, 122–135. doi:10.1093/scan/nsl012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lelard, T., Montalan, B., Morel, M. F., Krystkowiak, P., Ahmaidi, S., Godefroy, O., & Mouras, H. (2013). Postural correlates with painful situations. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, Artn 4. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie, K. R., Johnson-Frey, S. H., & Grafton, S. T. (2004). Functional imaging of face and hand imitation: Towards a motor theory of empathy. NeuroImage, 21, 601–607. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddell, B. J., Brown, K. J., Kemp, A. H., Barton, M. J., Das, P., Peduto, A., … Williams L. M. (2005). A direct brainstem-amygdala-cortical “alarm” system for subliminal signals of fear. NeuroImage, 24, 235–243. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Likowski, K. U., Mühlberger, A., Gerdes, A. B. M., Wieser, M. J., Pauli, P., & Weyers, P. (2012). Facial mimicry and the mirror neuron system: Simultaneous acquisition of facial electromyography and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg, U., Forsman, M., Zachau, G., Eklöf, M., Palmerud, G., Melin, B., & Kadefors, R. (2002). Effects of experimentally induced mental and physical stress on motor unit recruitment in the trapezius muscle. Work and Stress, 16, 166–178. doi:10.1080/02678370210136699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnée, M. J. C. M., de Gelder, B., van Engeland, H., & Kemner, C. (2007). Facial electromyographic responses to emotional information from faces and voices in individuals with pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1122–1130. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01779.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnée, M. J. C. M., Stekelenburg, J. J., Kemner, C., & de Gelder, B. (2007). Similar facial electromyographic responses to faces, voices, and body expressions. NeuroReport, 18, 369–372. doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e32801776e6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, A. A., Ambady, N., & Kleck, R. E. (2005). The effects of fear and anger facial expressions on approach- and avoidance-related behaviors. Emotion, 5, 119–124. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIver, T. A., Kornelsen, J., & Smith, S. D. (2013). Limb-specific emotional modulation of cervical spinal cord neurons. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 464–472. doi:10.3758/s13415-013-0154-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morecraft, R. J., Mcneal, D. W., Stilwell-Morecraft, K. S., Gedney, M., Ge, J., Schroeder, C. M., & Van Hoesen, G. W. (2007). Amygdala interconnections with the cingulate motor cortex in the rhesus monkey. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 500, 134–165. doi:10.1002/cne.21165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberman, L. M., Winkielman, P., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2009). Slow echo: Facial EMG evidence for the delay of spontaneous, but not voluntary, emotional mimicry in children with autism spectrum disorders. Developmental Science, 12, 510–520. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00796.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveri, M., Babiloni, C., Filippi, M. M., Caltagirone, C., Babiloni, F., Cicinelli, P., … Rossini, P. M. (2003). Influence of the supplementary motor area on primary motor cortex excitability during movements triggered by neutral or emotionally unpleasant visual cues. Experimental Brain Research, 149, 214–221. doi:10.1007/s00221-002-1346-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichon, S., de Gelder, B., & Grèzes, J. (2008). Emotional modulation of visual and motor areas by dynamic body expressions of anger. Social Neuroscience, 3, 199–212. doi:10.1080/17470910701394368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichon, S., de Gelder, B., & Grèzes, J. (2009). Two different faces of threat. Comparing the neural systems for recognizing fear and anger in dynamic body expressions. NeuroImage, 47, 1873–1883. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichon, S., de Gelder, B., & Grèzes, J. (2012). Threat prompts defensive brain responses independently of attentional control. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 274–285. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roelofs, K., Hagenaars, M. A., & Stins, J. (2010). Facing freeze: Social threat induces bodily freeze in humans. Psychological Science, 21, 1575–1581. doi:10.1177/0956797610384746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman-Liu, D., Grabarek, I., Bartuzi, P., & Choromański, W. (2013). The influence of mental load on muscle tension. Ergonomics, 56, 1125–1133. doi:10.1080/00140139.2013.798429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani, M., Cesari, P., Urgesi, C., Facchini, S., & Aglioti, S. M. (2005). Motor facilitation of the human cortico-spinal system during observation of bio-mechanically impossible movements. NeuroImage, 26, 755–763. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotteveel, M., & Phaf, R. H. (2004). Automatic affective evaluation does not automatically predispose for arm flexion and extension. Emotion, 4, 156–172. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.2.156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagaspe, P., Schwartz, S., & Vuilleumier, P. (2011). Fear and stop: A role for the amygdala in motor inhibition by emotional signals. NeuroImage, 55, 1825–1835. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilbach, L., Timmermans, B., Reddy, V., Costall, A., Bente, G., Schlicht, T., & Vogeley, K. (2013). Toward a second-person neuroscience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36, 393–414. doi:10.1017/S0140525X12000660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schünke, M., Schulte, E., Schumacher, U., Ross, L. M., & Lamperti, E. D. (2006). Thieme atlas of anatomy: General anatomy and musculoskeletal system. Stuttgart: Thieme.
   Google Scholar
• Schutter, D. J., Hofman, D., & Van Honk, J. (2008). Fearful faces selectively increase corticospinal motor tract excitability: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Psychophysiology, 45, 345–348. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00635.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. D., & Kornelsen, J. (2011). Emotion-dependent responses in spinal cord neurons: A spinal fMRI study. NeuroImage, 58, 269–274. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stekelenburg, J. J., & Van Boxtel, A. (2001). Inhibition of pericranial muscle activity, respiration, and heart rate enhances auditory sensitivity. Psychophysiology, 38, 629–641. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3840629
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stekelenburg, J. J., & Van Boxtel, A. (2002). Pericranial muscular, respiratory, and heart rate components of the orienting response. Psychophysiology, 39, 707–722. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3960707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stins, J. F., Roelofs, K., Villan, J., Kooijman, K., Hagenaars, M. A., & Beek, P. J. (2011). Walk to me when I smile, step back when I’m angry: Emotional faces modulate whole-body approach-avoidance behaviors. Experimental Brain Research, 212, 603–611. doi:10.1007/s00221-011-2767-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takakusaki, K., Saitoh, K., Harada, H., & Kashiwayanagi, M. (2004). Role of basal ganglia-brainstem pathways in the control of motor behaviors. Neuroscience Research, 50, 137–151. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2004.06.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamietto, M., Castelli, L., Vighetti, S., Perozzo, P., Geminiani, G., Weiskrantz, L., & de Gelder, B. (2009). Unseen facial and bodily expressions trigger fast emotional reactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 106, 17661–17666. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908994106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamietto, M., & de Gelder, B. (2010). Neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 697–709. doi:10.1038/nrn2889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibodeau, R. (2011). Approach and withdrawal actions modulate the startle reflex independent of affective valence and muscular effort. Psychophysiology, 48, 1011–1014. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01159.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urgesi, C., Candidi, M., Fabbro, F., Romani, M., & Aglioti, S. M. (2006). Motor facilitation during action observation: Topographic mapping of the target muscle and influence of the onlooker’s posture. European Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 2522–2530. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04772.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Boxtel, A., Damen, E. J., & Brunia, C. H. (1996). Anticipatory EMG responses of pericranial muscles in relation to heart rate during a warned simple reaction time task. Psychophysiology, 33, 576–583. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02434.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van den Broek, E. L. (2012). On the bodily expressions of emotion, be aware: More than a century of research!: A commentary on Affective Computing by Kristina Höök. The Interaction-Design.org Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction. Aarhus: The Interaction-Design.org Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• van Loon, A. M., van den Wildenberg, W. P., van Stegeren, A. H., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & Hajcak, G. (2010). Emotional stimuli modulate readiness for action: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 174–181. doi:10.3758/CABN.10.2.174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velloso, E., Bulling, A., & Gellersen, H. (2013, September). AutoBAP: Automatic coding of body action and posture units from wearable sensors. Paper presented at the 5th international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII 2013), Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, H. K. (1990). Cranial nerve XI: The spinal accessory nerve. In H. K. Walker, W. D. Hall, & J. W. Hurst (Eds.), Clinical methods: The history, physical, and laboratory examinations. Boston, MA: Butterworths.
   Google Scholar
• Wijsman, J., Grundlehner, B., Penders, J., & Hermens, H. (2013). Trapezius muscle EMG as predictor of mental stress. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, 12, 99:1–99:20. doi:10.1145/2485984.2485987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willmann, M., & Bolmont, B. (2012). The trapezius muscle uniquely lacks adaptive process in response to a repeated moderate cognitive stressor. Neuroscience Letters, 506, 166–169. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar