Naltrexone alters the processing of social and emotional stimuli in healthy adults

References

• Arbisi, P. A., Billington, C. J., & Levine, A. S. (1999). The effect of naltrexone on taste detection and recognition threshold. Appetite, 32(2), 241–249. doi:10.1006/appe.1998.0217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, D. M., Meachler, M., & Bolker, B. (2011). lme4: Linear mixed-effects model using S4 classes.
   Google Scholar
• Bedi, G., Hyman, D., & de Wit, H. (2010). Is Ecstasy an “Empathogen”? Effects of ±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine on prosocial feelings and identification of emotional states in others. Biological Psychiatry, 68(12), 1134–1140. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton, C. P., Etchells, P. J., Porter, G., Clark, A. P., Penton-Voak, I. S., & Nikolov, S. G. (2007). Turning the other cheek: The viewpoint dependence of facial expression after-effects. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274(1622), 2131–2137. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E., & Aldridge, J. W. (2009). Dissecting components of reward: ‘liking’, ‘wanting’, and learning. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 9(1), 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bershad, A. K., Seiden, J. A., & de Wit, H. (2016). Effects of buprenorphine on responses to social stimuli in healthy adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 63, 43–49. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., & Millar, N. H. (2000). Covert and overt orienting of attention to emotional faces in anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 14(6), 789–808. doi:10.1080/02699930050156636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruijnzeel, A. W. (2009). kappa-Opioid receptor signaling and brain reward function. Brain Research Reviews, 62(1), 127–146. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.09.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Norris, C. J., Decety, J., Monteleone, G., & Nusbaum, H. (2009). In the eye of the beholder: Individual differences in perceived social isolation predict regional brain activation to social stimuli. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21(1), 83–92. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, G. V., Bangasser, D. A., Bethea, T., Young, M., Valentino, R. J., & Lucki, I. (2010). Antidepressant-Like Effects of κ-Opioid Receptor Antagonists in Wistar Kyoto Rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(3), 752–763. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, G. V., & Lucki, I. (2010). Comparison of the kappa-opioid receptor antagonist DIPPA in tests of anxiety-like behavior between Wistar Kyoto and Sprague Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology, 210(2), 295–302. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1832-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabtree, B. (1983). Review of naltrexone, a long-acting opiate antagonist. Clinical Pharmacy, 3(3), 273–280.
   Google Scholar
• Chelnokova, O., Laeng, B., Eikemo, M., Riegels, J., Loseth, G., Maurud, H., & Leknes, S. (2014). Rewards of beauty: The opioid system mediates social motivation in humans. Molecular Psychiatry, 19(7), 746–747. doi:10.1038/mp.2014.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimberg, U., & Karlsson, B. (1997). Facial reactions to different emotionally relevant stimuli. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 38(4), 297–303. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimberg, U., Thunberg, M., & Elmehed, K. (2000). Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Psychological Science, 11(1), 86–89. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabre-Nys, C., Meller, R. E., & Keverne, E. B. (1982). Opiate antagonists stimulate affiliative behaviour in monkeys. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 16(4), 653–659. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(82)90432-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcon, E., Maier, K., Robinson, S. A., Hill-Smith, T. E., & Lucki, I. (2015). Effects of buprenorphine on behavioral tests for antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs in mice. Psychopharmacology, 232(5), 907–915. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3723-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantino, M., Hosotte, J., & Apfelbaum, M. (1986). An opioid antagonist, naltrexone, reduces preference for sucrose in humans. American Journal of Physiology, 251(1 Pt 2), R91–96.
   Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. (1996). Strutured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders. New York: Biometrics Research Department.
   Google Scholar
• Fischman, M. W., & Foltin, R. W. (1991). Utility of subjective-effects measurements in assessing abuse liability of drugs in humans. British Journal of Addiction, 86(12), 1563–1570. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01749.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garner, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2006). Orienting and maintenance of gaze to facial expressions in social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 760–770. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.4.760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goeleven, E., De Raedt, R., Leyman, L., & Verschuere, B. (2008). The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces: A validation study. Cognition & Emotion, 22(6), 1094–1118. doi:10.1080/02699930701626582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gospic, K., Gunnarsson, T., Fransson, P., Ingvar, M., Lindefors, N., & Petrovic, P. (2008). Emotional perception modulated by an opioid and a cholecystokinin agonist. Psychopharmacology, 197(2), 295–307. doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1032-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, A., Kaul, A., O’Shea, J., Sharma, E., Bennett, L., Mullings, E. L., & Donaldson, L. F. (2013). Opiate agonists and antagonists modulate taste perception in opiate-maintained and recently detoxified subjects. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 27(3), 265–275. doi:10.1177/0269881112472567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gros, D. F., Hawk, L. W., Jr., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2009). The psychophysiology of social anxiety: Emotional modulation of the startle reflex during socially-relevant and -irrelevant pictures. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 73, 207–211. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmer, C. J. (2008). Serotonin and emotional processing: Does it help explain antidepressant drug action? Neuropharmacology, 55(6), 1023–1028. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havassy, B. E., Hall, S. M., & Wasserman, D. A. (1991). Social support and relapse: Commonalities among alcoholics, opiate users, and cigarette smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 16(5), 235–246. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(91)90016-B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, S. T., Hughes, J. R., & Bickel, W. K. (1989). Effects of d-amphetamine on choice of social versus monetary reinforcement: A discrete-trial test. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 34(2), 297–301. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90315-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, S. T., & Stitzer, M. L. (1988). Time allocation in a concurrent schedule of social interaction and monetary reinforcement: Effects of d-amphetamine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 31(1), 227–231. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(88)90338-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hysek, C. M., Domes, G., & Liechti, M. E. (2012). MDMA enhances “mind reading” of positive emotions and impairs “mind reading” of negative emotions. Psychopharmacology, 1–10. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2645-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hysek, C. M., Simmler, L. D., Schillinger, N., Meyer, N., Schmid, Y., Donzelli, M., & Liechti, M. E. (2014). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of methylphenidate and MDMA administered alone or in combination. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 17(03), 371–381. doi:10.1017/S1461145713001132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inagaki, T. K., Irwin, M. R., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2015). Blocking opioids attenuates physical warmth-induced feelings of social connection. Emotion, 15(4), 494.
   Google Scholar
• Ipser, J. C., Terburg, D., Syal, S., Phillips, N., Solms, M., Panksepp, J., & van Honk, J. (2013). Reduced fear-recognition sensitivity following acute buprenorphine administration in healthy volunteers. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(1), 166–170. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas, J. M., & Gold, M. S. (1988). The use of opiate antagonists in treating bulimia: A study of low-dose versus high-dose naltrexone. Psychiatry Research, 24(2), 195–199. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(88)90062-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalin, N. H., Shelton, S. E., & Barksdale, C. M. (1988). Opiate modulation of separation-induced distress in non-human primates. Brain Research, 440(2), 285–292. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90997-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, A. C., Volpicelli, J. R., Frazer, A., & O’Brien, C. P. (1997). Effect of naltrexone on subjective alcohol response in subjects at high and low risk for future alcohol dependence. Psychopharmacology, 129(1), 15–22. doi:10.1007/s002130050156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, A. C., Volpicelli, J. R., Gunduz, M., O’Brien, C. P., & Kreek, M. J. (1997). Naltrexone biotransformation and incidence of subjective side effects: A preliminary study. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 21(5), 906–909. doi:100000374-199708000-00020[pii]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick, M. G., Lee, R., Wardle, M. C., Jacob, S., & de Wit, H. (2014). Effects of MDMA and Intranasal oxytocin on social and emotional processing. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39(7), 1654–1663. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, M.-C., Butelman, E. R., Traynor, J. R., & Woods, J. H. (1998). Differentiation of kappa opioid agonist-induced antinociception by naltrexone apparent pA2 analysis in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 285(2), 518–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusnetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2014). lmerTest: Tests for random and fixed effects for linear mixed effect models. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lmerTest/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1999). International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. Gainesville, FL: NIMH Center for the study of emotion and attention, University of Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Langleben, D. D., Busch, E. L., O’Brien, C. P., & Elman, I. (2012). Depot naltrexone decreases rewarding properties of sugar in patients with opioid dependence. Psychopharmacology, 220(3), 559–564. doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2503-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, J. T., Norris, C. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2003). Effects of positive and negative affect on electromyographic activity over zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii. Psychophysiology, 40(5), 776–785. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, J. T., Norris, C. J., McGraw, A. P., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2009). The evaluative space grid: A single-item measure of positivity and negativity. Cognition & Emotion, 23(3), 453–480. doi:10.1080/02699930801994054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C., & Rodgers, R. J. (1990). Antinociceptive effects of elevated plus-maze exposure: Influence of opiate receptor manipulations. Psychopharmacology, 102(4), 507–513. doi:10.1007/BF02247133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, B. A., & O’Neill, H. K. (2000). Alcohol expectancies and social deficits relating to problem drinking among college students. Addictive Behaviors, 25(2), 295–299. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(99)00063-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Martínez, A. E., Esteve-Zarazaga, R., & Ramírez-Maestre, C. (2008). Perceived social support and coping responses are independent variables explaining pain adjustment among chronic pain patients. The Journal of Pain, 9(4), 373–379. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loseth, G. E., Ellingsen, D.-M., & Leknes, S. (2014). State-dependent μ-opioid modulation of social motivation. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 430. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martel, F. L., Nevison, C. M., Simpson, M. J. A., & Keverne, E. B. (1995). Effects of opioid receptor blockade on the social behavior of rhesus monkeys living in large family groups. Developmental Psychobiology, 28(2), 71–84. doi:10.1002/dev.420280202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, J. P., Li, S., Valdez, J., Chavkin, T. A., & Chavkin, C. (2005). Social defeat stress-induced behavioral responses are mediated by the endogenous kappa opioid system. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31(6), 1241–1248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair, D., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L. (1971). Profile of Mood States. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
   Google Scholar
• Mogg, K., Garner, M., & Bradley, B. P. (2007). Anxiety and orienting of gaze to angry and fearful faces. Biological Psychology, 76(3), 163–169. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg, K., Millar, N., & Bradley, B. P. (2000). Biases in eye movements to threatening facial expressions in generalized anxiety disorder and depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(4), 695–704. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.109.4.695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moody, E. J., McIntosh, D. N., Mann, L. J., & Weisser, K. R. (2007). More than mere mimicry? The influence of emotion on rapid facial reactions to faces. Emotion, 7(2), 447–457. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, E., Brouwer, S., McCutcheon, R., Harmer, C. J., Cowen, P. J., & McCabe, C. (2014). Opposing neural effects of naltrexone on food reward and aversion: Implications for the treatment of obesity. Psychopharmacology, 231(22), 4323–4335. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3573-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, G. J., Cacioppo, J. T., Morris, J. S., Karelina, K., Malarkey, W. B., DeVries, A. C., & Berntson, G. G. (2011). Selective influences of oxytocin on the evaluative processing of social stimuli. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(10), 1313–1319. doi:10.1177/0269881110367452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panksepp, J., Herman, B. H., Vilberg, T., Bishop, P., & DeEskinazi, F. G. (1981). Endogenous opioids and social behavior. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 4(4), 473–487. doi:10.1016/0149-7634(80)90036-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrovic, P., Pleger, B., Seymour, B., Klöppel, S., De Martino, B., Critchley, H., & Dolan, R. J. (2008). Blocking central opiate function modulates hedonic impact and anterior cingulate response to rewards and losses. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(42), 10509–10516. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2807-08.2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Resendez, S. L., & Aragona, B. J. (2013). Aversive motivation and the maintenance of monogamous pair bonding. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 24, 51. doi:10.1515/revneuro-2012-0068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resendez, S. L., Kuhnmuench, M., Krzywosinski, T., & Aragona, B. J. (2012). κ-Opioid receptors within the nucleus accumbens shell mediate pair bond maintenance. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(20), 6771–6784. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5779-11.2012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoads, D. L. (1983). A longitudinal study of life stress and social support among drug abusers. Substance Use & Misuse, 18(2), 195–222. doi:10.3109/10826088309027352
   Google Scholar
• Roche, D. J. O., & King, A. C. (2015). Sex differences in acute hormonal and subjective response to naltrexone: The impact of menstrual cycle phase. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 52(0), 59–71. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman, R. B., Gorelick, D. A., Heishman, S. J., Eichmiller, P. R., Hill, B. H., Norbeck, J., & Liberto, J. G. (2000). An open-label study of a functional opioid kappa antagonist in the treatment of opioid dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 18(3), 277–281. doi:10.1016/S0740-5472(99)00074-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schino, G., & Troisi, A. (1992). Opiate receptor blockade in juvenile macaques: Effect on affiliative interactions with their mothers and group companions. Brain Research, 576(1), 125–130. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90617-I
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweiger, D., Stemmler, G., Burgdorf, C., & Wacker, J. (2013). Opioid receptor blockade and warmth-liking: Effects on interpersonal trust and frontal asymmetry. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. doi:10.1093/scan/nst152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, S., Rist, F., & Gerlach, A. L. (2009). Influence of alcohol on the processing of emotional facial expressions in individuals with social phobia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(2), 125–140. doi:10.1348/014466508x368856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, S., Rist, F., & Gerlach, A. L. (2011). Eye movement assessment in individuals with social phobia: Differential usefulness for varying presentation times? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(2), 219–224. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takemori, A. E., & Portoghese, P. S. (1992). Selective natrexone-derived opioid receptor antagonists. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 32, 239–269. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.32.040192.001323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trezza, V., Baarendse, P. J. J., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2010). The pleasures of play: Pharmacological insights into social reward mechanisms. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 31(10), 463–469. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2010.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trezza, V., Damsteegt, R., Achterberg, E. J. M., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2011). Nucleus Accumbens -Opioid Receptors Mediate Social Reward. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(17), 6362–6370. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5492-10.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van’t Veer, A., & Carlezon, W. A., Jr. (2013). Role of kappa-opioid receptors in stress and anxiety-related behavior. Psychopharmacology, 229(3), 435–452. doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3195-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpicelli, J. R., Alterman, A. I., Hayashida, M., & O’Brien, C. P. (1992). Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(11), 876–880. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820110040006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle, M., Garner, M., Munafò, M., & de Wit, H. (2012). Amphetamine as a social drug: Effects of d-amphetamine on social processing and behavior. Psychopharmacology, 1–12. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2708-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle, M. C., & De Wit, H. (2014). MDMA alters emotional processing and facilitates positive social interaction. Psychopharmacology, 231(21), 4219–4229. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3570-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle, M. C., Kirkpatrick, M. G., & de Wit, H. (2014). ‘Ecstasy’ as a social drug: MDMA preferentially affects responses to emotional stimuli with social content. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 1076–1081. doi:10.1093/scan/nsu035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, J. I., Stein, J. A., & Grella, C. E. (2007). Role of social support and self-efficacy in treatment outcomes among clients with co-occurring disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 89(2–3), 267–274. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeomans, M. R., & Gray, R. W. (1996). Selective effects of naltrexone on food pleasantness and intake. Physiology & Behavior, 60(2), 439–446. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(96)80017-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeomans, M. R., & Gray, R. W. (1997). Effects of naltrexone on food intake and changes in subjective appetite during eating: Evidence for opioid involvement in the appetizer effect. Physiology & Behavior, 62(1), 15–21. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(97)00101-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zangara, A., Blair, R. J. R., & Curran, H. V. (2002). A comparison of the effects of a √ü-adrenergic blocker and a benzodiazepine upon the recognition of human facial expressions. Psychopharmacology, 163(1), 36–41. doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1120-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zurita, A., Martijena, I., Cuadra, G., Brandão, M. L., & Molina, V. (2000). Early exposure to chronic variable stress facilitates the occurrence of anhedonia and enhanced emotional reactions to novel stressors: Reversal by naltrexone pretreatment. Behavioural Brain Research, 117(1–2), 163–171. doi:10.1016/S0166-4328(00)00302-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar