Null effect of anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on own- and other-race face recognition

References

• Anzures, G., & Mildort, M. (2021). Do perceptual expertise and implicit racial bias predict early face-sensitive ERP responses? Brain & Cognition, 147(December 2020), 105671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105671
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barbieri, M., Negrini, M., Nitsche, M. A., & Rivolta, D. (2016). Anodal-tDCS over the human right occipital cortex enhances the perception and memory of both faces and objects. Neuropsychologia, 81, 238–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton, J. J. S. (2008). Structure and function in acquired prosopagnosia: Lessons from a series of 10 patients with brain damage. Journal of Neuropsychology, 2(1), 197–225. https://doi.org/10.1348/174866407X214172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bate, S., Bennetts, R. J., Gregory, N., Tree, J. J., Murray, E., Adams, A., Bobak, A. K., Penton, T., Yang, T., & Banissy, M. J. (2019). Objective patterns of face recognition deficits in 165 adults with self-reported developmental prosopagnosia. Brain Sciences, 9(6), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9060133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bate, S., & Tree, J. J. (2017). The definition and diagnosis of developmental prosopagnosia. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(2), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1195414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann, M., Avidan, G., Marotta, J. J., & Kimchi, R. (2005). Detailed exploration of face-related processing in congenital prosopagnosia: 1. Behavioral findings. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(7), 1130–1149. https://doi.org/10.1162/0898929054475154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bikson, M., Inoue, M., Akiyama, H., Deans, J. K., Fox, J. E., Miyakawa, H., & Jefferys, J. G. R. (2004). Effect of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat hippocampal slices in vitro. Journal of Physiology, 557(1), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.055772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bortolon, C., Capdevielle, D., & Raffard, S. (2015). Face recognition in schizophrenia disorder: A comprehensive review of behavioral, neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 53, 79–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, V., Henderson, Z., Greenwood, K., Hancock, P. J. B., Burton, A. M., & Miller, P. (1999). Verification of face identities from images captured on video. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 5(4), 339–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.5.4.339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunyé, T. T., Moran, J. M., Holmes, A., Mahoney, C. R., & Taylor, H. A. (2017). Non-invasive brain stimulation targeting the right fusiform gyrus selectively increases working memory for faces. Brain and Cognition, 113, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2017.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busigny, T., & Rossion, B. (2010). Acquired prosopagnosia abolishes the face inversion effect. Cortex, 46(8), 965–981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2009.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy, K. D., Boutsen, L., Humphreys, G. W., & Quinn, K. A. (2014). Ingroup categorization affects the structural encoding of other-race faces: Evidence from the N170 event-related potential. Social Neuroscience, 9(3), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2014.884981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costantino, A. I., Titoni, M., Bossi, F., Premoli, I., Nitsche, M. A., & Rivolta, D. (2017). Preliminary evidence of “other-race effect”-like Behavior induced by cathodal-tDCS over the right occipital cortex. The Absence of Overall Effects on Face/Object Processing Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 661. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00661
   Google Scholar
• Cummine, J., Villarena, M., Onysyk, T., & Devlin, J. T. (2020). A study of null effects for the use of transcranial direct Current stimulation (tDCS) in adults with and without reading impairment. Neurobiology of Language, 1(4), 434–451. https://doi.org/10.1162/nol_a_00020
   Google Scholar
• Dalrymple, K. A., Fletcher, K., Corrow, S., Barton, J. J. S., Yonas, A., & Duchaine, B. (2014). “A room full of strangers every day”: The psychosocial impact of developmental prosopagnosia on children and their families. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 77(2), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalrymple, K. A., Garrido, L., & Duchaine, B. (2014). Dissociation between face perception and face memory in adults, but not children, with developmental prosopagnosia. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta, A., Bansal, V., Diaz, J., Patel, J., Reato, D., & Bikson, M. (2009). Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: Improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad. Brain Stimulation, 2(4), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2009.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. P., & Valentine, T. (2009). CCTV on trial: Matching video images with the defendant in the dock. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory & Cognition, 23(4), 482–505. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duchaine, B., Germine, L., & Nakayama, K. (2007). Family resemblance: Ten family members with prosopagnosia and within-class object agnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 24(4), 419–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290701380491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duchaine, B., & Nakayama, K. (2006). The Cambridge face memory test: Results for neurologically intact individuals and an investigation of its validity using inverted face stimuli and prosopagnosic participants. Neuropsychologia, 44(4), 576–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duchaine, B., Yovel, G., Butterworth, E. J., & Nakayama, K. (2006). Prosopagnosia as an impairment to face-specific mechanisms: Elimination of the alternative hypotheses in a developmental case. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 23(5), 714–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290500441296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyke, K., Kim, S., Jackson, G. M., & Jackson, S. R. (2016). Intra-subject consistency and reliability of response following 2 mA Transcranial direct Current stimulation. Brain Stimulation, 9(6), 819–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2016.06.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eimer, M. (2000). Effects of face inversion on the structural encoding and recognition of faces. Cognitive Brain Research, 10(1–2), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(00)00038-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Estudillo, A. J., & Bindemann, M. (2014). Generalization across view in face memory and face matching. I-Perception, 5(7), 589–601. https://doi.org/10.1068/i0669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estudillo, A. J., Lee, Y. J., Álvarez-Montesinos, J. A., & García-Orza, J. (2023). High-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation enhances unfamiliar face matching of high resolution and pixelated faces. Brain and Cognition, 165, 105937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105937
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Estudillo, A. J., Lee, J. K. W., Mennie, N., & Burns, E. (2020). No evidence of other‐race effect for Chinese faces in Malaysian non‐Chinese population. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(1), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, L., Liu, J., Wang, Z., Li, J., Li, L., Ge, L., Tian, J., & Lee, K. (2011). The other face of the other-race effect: An fMRI investigation of the other-race face categorization advantage. Neuropsychologia, 49(13), 3739–3749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, D. B., Fried, P. J., Ruffini, G., Ripolles, O., Salvador, R., Banus, J., Ketchabaw, W. T., Santarnecchi, E., Pascual-Leone, A., & Fox, M. D. (2017). Multifocal tDCS targeting the resting state motor network increases cortical excitability beyond traditional tDCS targeting unilateral motor cortex. NeuroImage, 157, 34–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friehs, M. A., & Frings, C. (2019). Offline beats online. NeuroReport, 30(12), 795–799. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000001272
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giménez-Fernández, T., Kessel, D., Fernández-Folgueiras, U., Fondevila, S., Méndez-Bértolo, C., Aceves, N., García-Rubio, M. J., & Carretié, L. (2020). Prejudice drives exogenous attention to outgroups. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 15(6), 615–624. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffaux, V., Gauthier, I., & Rossion, B. (2003). Spatial scale contribution to early visual differences between face and object processing. Cognitive Brain Research, 16(3), 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(03)00056-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Golby, A. J., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Chiao, J. Y., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2001). Differential responses in the fusiform region to same-race and other-race faces. Nature Neuroscience, 4(8), 845–850. https://doi.org/10.1038/90565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, A. T., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Hoy, K. E. (2016). Effects of anodal transcranial direct Current stimulation on working memory: A systematic review and meta-analysis of findings from healthy and neuropsychiatric populations. Brain Stimulation, 9(2), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2015.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, J. C., Vogrin, S. J., Carter, O., Cook, M. J., & Forte, J. D. (2015). Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on motor evoked potential amplitude are neither reliable nor significant within individuals over 9 separate testing sessions. Brain Stimulation, 8(2), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.033
   Google Scholar
• Jack, R. E., & Schyns, P. G. (2015). The human face as a dynamic tool for Social communication. Current Biology, 25(14), R621–R634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, L., Koslowsky, M., & Lavidor, M. (2012). TDCS polarity effects in motor and cognitive domains: A meta-analytical review. Experimental Brain Research, 216(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2891-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby, N., & Lavidor, M. (2018). Null tDCS Effects in a sustained attention task: The modulating role of learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacques, C., & Rossion, B. (2010). Misaligning face halves increases and delays the N170 specifically for upright faces: Implications for the nature of early face representations. Brain Research, 1318, 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JASP Team. (2022). JASP (Version 0.16.3)[Computer Software]. https://jasp-stats.org/
   Google Scholar
• Kemp, R., Towell, N., & Pike, G. (1997). When seeing should not be believing: Photographs, Credit Cards and Fraud. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11(3), 211–222. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199706)11:3<211:AID-ACP430>3.0.CO;2-O
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kho, S. K., Leong, B. Q. Z., Keeble, D. R. T., Wong, H. K., & Estudillo, A. J. (2023). A new Asian version of the CFMT: The Cambridge face memory test – Chinese Malaysian. CFMT-MY). Behavior Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02085-6
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. S., Yoon, H. W., Kim, B. S., Jeun, S. S., Jung, S. L., & Choe, B. Y. (2006). Racial distinction of the unknown facial identity recognition mechanism by event-related fMRI. Neuroscience Letters, 397(3), 279–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.12.061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenigs, M., Ukueberuwa, D., Campion, P., Grafman, J., & Wassermann, E. (2009). Bilateral frontal transcranial direct current stimulation: Failure to replicate classic findings in healthy subjects. Clinical Neurophysiology, 120(1), 80–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2008.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, B., & Cohen Kadosh, R. (2014). Not all brains are created equal: The relevance of individual differences in responsiveness to transcranial electrical stimulation. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8, 25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00025
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuo, H.-I., Bikson, M., Datta, A., Minhas, P., Paulus, W., Kuo, M., & Nitsche, M. A. (2013). Comparing cortical plasticity induced by conventional and high-definition 4 × 1 ring tDCS: A neurophysiological study. Brain Stimulation, 6(4), 644–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2012.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laakso, I., Mikkonen, M., Koyama, S., Hirata, A., & Tanaka, S. (2019). Can electric fields explain inter-individual variability in transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex? Scientific Reports, 9(1), 626. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37226-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Learmonth, G., Felisatti, F., Siriwardena, N., Checketts, M., Benwell, C. S. Y., Märker, G., Thut, G., & Harvey, M. (2017). No interaction between tDCS Current strength and baseline performance: A conceptual replication. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin, C., & Herlitz, A. (2002). Sex differences in face recognition - Women’s faces make the difference. Brain and Cognition, 50(1), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(02)00016-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Alonso, V., Cheeran, B., Río-Rodríguez, D., & Fernández-Del-Olmo, M. (2014). Inter-individual variability in response to non-invasive brain stimulation paradigms. Brain Stimulation, 7(3), 372–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malpass, R. S., & Kravitz, J. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13(4), 330–334. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marwick, K., & Hall, J. (2008). Social cognition in schizophrenia: A review of face processing. British Medical Bulletin, 88(1), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldn035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKone, E., Hall, A., Pidcock, M., Palermo, R., Wilkinson, R. B., Rivolta, D., Yovel, G., Davis, J. M., & O’Connor, K. B. (2011). Face ethnicity and measurement reliability affect face recognition performance in developmental prosopagnosia: Evidence from the Cambridge face memory test–Australian. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 28(2), 109–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2011.616880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKone, E., Wan, L., Robbins, R., Crookes, K., & Liu, J. (2017). Diagnosing prosopagnosia in East Asian individuals: Norms for the Cambridge face memory test–Chinese. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 34(5), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2017.1371682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race Bias in memory for faces: A meta-Analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 7(1), 3–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natu, V., Raboy, D., & O’Toole, A. J. (2011). Neural correlates of own- and other-race face perception: Spatial and temporal response differences. NeuroImage, 54(3), 2547–2555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, J., Lebedev, A. V., & Lövdén, M. (2015). No significant effect of prefrontal tDCS on working memory performance in older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 7, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, J., Lebedev, A. V., Rydström, A., & Lövdén, M. (2017). Direct-current stimulation does little to improve the outcome of working memory training in older adults. Psychological Science, 28(7), 907–920. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617698139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2000). Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. Journal of Physiology, 527(3), 633–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parketny, J., Towler, J., & Eimer, M. (2015). The activation of visual face memory and explicit face recognition are delayed in developmental prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 75, 538–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peirce, J., Gray, J. R., Simpson, S., MacAskill, M., Höchenberger, R., Sogo, H., Kastman, E., & Lindeløv, J. K. (2019). PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy. Behavior Research Methods, 51(1), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-01193-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, T., & Cohen Kadosh, R. (2018). Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) mechanisms and its effects on cortical excitability and connectivity. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 41(6), 1123–1130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10545-018-0181-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renzi, C., Ferrari, C., Schiavi, S., Pisoni, A., Papagno, C., Vecchi, T., Antal, A., & Cattaneo, Z. (2015). The role of the occipital face area in holistic processing involved in face detection and discrimination: A tDCS study. Neuropsychology, 29(3), 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossion, B. (2014). Understanding face perception by means of prosopagnosia and neuroimaging. Frontiers in Bioscience, 6(2), 706. https://doi.org/10.2741/e706
   Google Scholar
• Rossion, B., Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Pierenne, D., Debatisse, D., & Despland, P. A. (1999). The N170 occipito-temporal component is delayed to inverted faces but not to inverted objects: Electrophysiological evidence of face-specific processes in the human brain. NeuroImage, 9(6 PART II), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200001170-00014
   Google Scholar
• Senholzi, K. B., & Ito, T. A. (2013). Structural face encoding: How task affects the N170’s sensitivity to race. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(8), 937–942. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafini, L., & Pesciarelli, F. (2022, October). Neural timing of the other-race effect across the lifespan: A review. Psychophysiology, 2022(4), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14203
   Google Scholar
• Smith, M. J., Adams, L. F., Schmidt, P. J., Rubinow, D. R., & Wassermann, E. M. (2002). Effects of ovarian hormones on human cortical excitability. Annals of Neurology, 51(5), 599–603. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strube, W., Bunse, T., Malchow, B., & Hasan, A. (2015). Efficacy and interindividual variability in motor-cortex plasticity following anodal tDCS and paired-associative stimulation. Neural Plasticity, 2015, 530423. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/530423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thair, H., Holloway, A. L., Newport, R., & Smith, A. D. (2017). Transcranial direct Current stimulation (tDCS): A Beginner’s Guide for design and implementation. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 641. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannorsdall, T. D., Van Steenburgh, J. J., Schretlen, D. J., Jayatillake, R., Skolasky, R. L., & Gordon, B. (2016). Reproducibility of tDCS results in a randomized trial: Failure to replicate findings of tDCS-induced enhancement of verbal fluency. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 29(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0000000000000086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhallen, R. J., Bosten, J. M., Goodbourn, P. T., Lawrance-Owen, A. J., Bargary, G., & Mollon, J. D. (2017). General and specific factors in the processing of faces. Vision Research, 141, 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2016.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villamar, M. F., Volz, M. S., Bikson, M., Datta, A., DaSilva, A. F., & Fregni, F. (2013). Technique and considerations in the use of 4x1 ring high-definition transcranial direct Current stimulation (HD-tDCS). Journal of Visualized Experiments, 77(77), e50309. https://doi.org/10.3791/50309
   Google Scholar
• Weigelt, S., Koldewyn, K., Dilks, D. D., Balas, B., Mckone, E., & Kanwisher, N. (2014). Domain-specific development of face memory but not face perception. Developmental Science, 17(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigelt, S., Koldewyn, K., & Kanwisher, N. (2012). Face identity recognition in autism spectrum disorders: A review of behavioral studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(3), 1060–1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westwood, S. J., & Romani, C. (2018). Null effects on working memory and verbal fluency tasks when applying anodal tDCS to the inferior frontal gyrus of healthy participants. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, D., Kemp, R. I., Jenkins, R., Matheson, M., Burton, A. M., & Guo, K. (2014). Passport officers’ errors in face matching. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e103510. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiese, H. (2013). Do neural correlates of face expertise vary with task demands? event-related potential correlates of own- and other-race face inversion. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(DEC). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00898
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiethoff, S., Hamada, M., & Rothwell, J. C. (2014). Variability in response to transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex. Brain Stimulation, 7(3), 468–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis, M. L., Costantino, A. I., Nitsche, M. A., Palermo, R., & Rivolta, D. (2019). Anodal tDCS and high-frequency tRNS Targeting the occipitotemporal cortex Do not always enhance face perception. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 78. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, H. K., Estudillo, A. J., Stephen, I. D., & Keeble, D. R. T. (2021). The other-race effect and holistic processing across racial groups. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8507. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87933-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada, Y., & Sumiyoshi, T. (2021). Neurobiological mechanisms of transcranial direct Current stimulation for psychiatric disorders; neurophysiological, Chemical, and anatomical considerations. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 631838. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.631838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, L. Z., Zhang, W., Shi, B., Yang, Z., Wei, Z., Gu, F., Zhang, J., Cui, G., Liu, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, X., Rao, H., & Hsiao, J. (2014). Electrical stimulation over bilateral occipito-temporal regions reduces N170 in the right hemisphere and the composite face effect. PLoS ONE, 9(12), e115772. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, Q., & Zhao, L. (2019). Using spatial frequency scales for processing own-race and other-race faces: An ERP analysis. Neuroscience Letters, 705(January), 167–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.059
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yardley, L., McDermott, L., Pisarski, S., Duchaine, B., & Nakayama, K. (2008). Psychosocial consequences of developmental prosopagnosia: A problem of recognition. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65(5), 445–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, A. W., & Burton, A. M. (2018). Are we face experts? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(2), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar