Getting personal with myelodysplastic syndromes: is now the right time?

References

• Shallis RM, Ahmad R, Zeidan AM. The genetic and molecular pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes. Eur J Haematol. 2018;101(3):260–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg P, Cox C, LeBeau MM, et al. International scoring system for evaluating prognosis in myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 1997;89(6):2079–2088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg PL, Tuechler H, Schanz J, et al. Revised international prognostic scoring system for myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2012;120(12):2454–2465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcovati L, Germing U, Kuendgen A, et al. Time-dependent prognostic scoring system for predicting survival and leukemic evolution in myelodysplastic syndromes. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(23):3503–3510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian H, O’Brien S, Ravandi F, et al. Proposal for a new risk model in myelodysplastic syndrome that accounts for events not considered in the original International Prognostic Scoring System. Cancer. 2008;113(6):1351–1361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Revised 4th Edition. Vol. 2. WHO Classification of Tumours. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Zeidan AM, Shallis RM, Wang R, et al. Epidemiology of myelodysplastic syndromes: why characterizing the beast is a prerequisite to taming it. Blood Rev. 2019 Mar;34:1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2018.09.001. Epub 2018 Sep 21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl M, Zeidan AM. Lenalidomide use in myelodysplastic syndromes: insights into the biologic mechanisms and clinical applications. Cancer. 2017;123(10):1703–1713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeidan AM, Al Ali NH, Padron E, et al. Lenalidomide treatment for lower risk nondeletion 5q myelodysplastic syndromes patients yields higher response rates when used before azacitidine. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2015;15(11):705–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou Zahr A, Saad Aldin E, Komrokji RS, et al. Clinical utility of lenalidomide in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. J Blood Med. 2015;6:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian R, et al. The revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia. Blood. 2016;127(20):2391–2405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Porta MG, Travaglino E, Boveri E, et al. Minimal morphological criteria for defining bone marrow dysplasia: a basis for clinical implementation of WHO classification of myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia. 2015;29(1):66–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangan JK, Speck NA. RUNX1 mutations in clonal myeloid disorders: from conventional cytogenetics to next generation sequencing, a story 40 years in the making. Crit Rev Oncog. 2011;16(1–2):77–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bejar R, Stevenson K, Abdel-Wahab O, et al. Clinical effect of point mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(26):2496–2506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traina F, Visconte V, Elson P, et al. Impact of molecular mutations on treatment response to DNMT inhibitors in myelodysplasia and related neoplasms. Leukemia. 2014;28(1):78–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejar R, Lord A, Stevenson K, et al. TET2 mutations predict response to hypomethylating agents in myelodysplastic syndrome patients. Blood. 2014;124(17):2705–2712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou Zahr A, Saad Aldin E, Barbarotta L, et al. The clinical use of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in myelodysplastic syndromes. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2015;15(9):1019–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiNardo CD, Patel KP, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Lack of association of IDH1, IDH2 and DNMT3A mutations with outcome in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated with hypomethylating agents. Leuk Lymphoma. 2014;55(8):1925–1929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombs CC, Sallman DA, Devlin SM, et al. Mutational correlates of response to hypomethylating agent therapy in acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica. 2016;101(11):e457–e460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejar R. Myelodysplastic syndromes diagnosis: what is the role of molecular testing? Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2015;10(3):282–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haferlach T, Nagata Y, Grossmann V, et al. Landscape of genetic lesions in 944 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia. 2014;28(2):241–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steensma DP. How I use molecular genetic tests to evaluate patients who have or may have myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2018;132(16):1657–1663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou Zahr A, Bernabe Ramirez C, Wozney J, et al. New insights into the pathogenesis of MDS and the rational therapeutic opportunities. Expert Rev Hematol. 2016;9(4):377–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyo TK, Savona MR. Molecular testing in patients with suspected myelodysplastic syndromes. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2016;11(6):441–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valent P, Orazi A, Steensma DP, et al. Proposed minimal diagnostic criteria for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and potential pre-MDS conditions. Oncotarget. 2017;8(43):73483–73500.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeidan AM, Stahl M, Sekeres MA, et al. A call for action: increasing enrollment of untreated patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes in first-line clinical trials. Cancer. 2017;123(19):3662–3672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yohe S, Thyagarajan B. Review of clinical next-generation sequencing. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2017;141(11):1544–1557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardwick SA, Deveson IW, Mercer TR. Reference standards for next-generation sequencing. Nat Rev Genet. 2017;18(8):473–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlmann A, Grossmann V, Nadarajah N, et al. Next-generation sequencing - feasibility and practicality in haematology. Br J Haematol. 2013;160(6):736–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behjati S, Tarpey PS. What is next generation sequencing? Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2013;98(6):236–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steensma DP. The evolving role of genomic testing in assessing prognosis of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2017;30(4):295–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papaemmanuil E, Gerstung M, Malcovati L, et al. Clinical and biological implications of driver mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2013;122(22):3616–3627. quiz 99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejar R, Stevenson KE, Caughey B, et al. Somatic mutations predict poor outcome in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(25):2691–2698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossner M, Jann JC, Wittig J, et al. Mutational hierarchies in myelodysplastic syndromes dynamically adapt and evolve upon therapy response and failure. Blood. 2016;128(9):1246–1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu F, Wu LY, He Q, et al. Exploration of the role of gene mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes through a sequencing design involving a small number of target genes. Sci Rep. 2017;7:43113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu SJ, Kuo YY, Hou HA, et al. The clinical implication of SRSF2 mutation in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and its stability during disease evolution. Blood. 2012;120(15):3106–3111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young AL, Challen GA, Birmann BM, et al. Clonal haematopoiesis harbouring AML-associated mutations is ubiquitous in healthy adults. Nat Commun. 2016;7:12484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels S, Schipper E, Hasemeier B, et al. Routine clinical mutation profiling using next generation sequencing and a customized gene panel improves diagnostic precision in myeloid neoplasms. Oncotarget. 2016;7(21):30084–30093.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lew JL, Fenderson JL, Carmichael MG. Next-generation gene sequencing differentiates hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndrome from aplastic anemia. Hawaii J Med Public Health. 2017;76(11 Suppl 2):10–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang X, List AF, Lancet JE, et al. Clinicopathological features and mutational analysis of patients with aplastic anemia and hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood. 2016;128(17):2175–2178.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshizato T, Dumitriu B, Hosokawa K, et al. Somatic mutations and clonal hematopoiesis in aplastic anemia. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):35–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallis RM, Chokr N, Stahl M, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy in myelodysplastic syndromes: a borrowed therapy in search of the right place. Expert Rev Hematol. 2018;11(9):715–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl M, DeVeaux M, de Witte T, et al. The use of immunosuppressive therapy in MDS: clinical outcomes and their predictors in a large international patient cohort. Blood Adv. 2018;2(14):1765–1772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulasekararaj AG, Jiang J, Smith AE, et al. Somatic mutations identify a sub-group of aplastic anemia patients that progress to myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood. 2014;124(17):2698–2704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcovati L, Cazzola M. The shadowlands of MDS: idiopathic cytopenias of undetermined significance (ICUS) and clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP). Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2015;2015:299–307.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwok B, Hall JM, Witte JS, et al. MDS-associated somatic mutations and clonal hematopoiesis are common in idiopathic cytopenias of undetermined significance. Blood. 2015;126(21):2355–2361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cargo CA, Rowbotham N, Evans PA, et al. Targeted sequencing identifies patients with preclinical MDS at high risk of disease progression. Blood. 2015;126(21):2362–2365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcovati L, Galli A, Travaglino E, et al. Clinical significance of somatic mutation in unexplained blood cytopenia. Blood. 2017;129(25):3371–3378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuser M, Thol F, Ganser A. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016;113(18):317–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steensma DP, Bejar R, Jaiswal S, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential and its distinction from myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2015;126(1):9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellar RS, Jaiswal S, Ebert BL. Predicting progression to AML. Nat Med. 2018;24(7):904–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen JW, Westman MK, Sjo LD, et al. Mutations in idiopathic cytopenia of undetermined significance assist diagnostics and correlate to dysplastic changes. Am J Hematol. 2016;91(12):1234–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snetsinger B, Heath E, Rauh MJ. Suspicious, non-MDS-diagnostic bone marrows have a high incidence of clonal hematopoiesis (CHIP), with MDS-like clone size but restricted mutation burden. Blood. 2015;126(23):1668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abelson S, Collord G, Ng SWK, et al. Prediction of acute myeloid leukaemia risk in healthy individuals. Nature. 2018;559(7714):400–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaiswal S, Fontanillas P, Flannick J, et al. Age-related clonal hematopoiesis associated with adverse outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(26):2488–2498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejar R, Papaemmanuil E, Haferlach T, et al. Somatic mutations in MDS patients are associated with clinical features and predict prognosis independent of the IPSS-R: analysis of combined datasets from the International Working Group for Prognosis in MDS-Molecular Committee. Blood. 2015;126(23):907.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcovati L, Karimi M, Papaemmanuil E, et al. SF3B1 mutation identifies a distinct subset of myelodysplastic syndrome with ring sideroblasts. Blood. 2015;126(2):233–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejar R. Implications of molecular genetic diversity in myelodysplastic syndromes. Curr Opin Hematol. 2017;24(2):73–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazha A, Narkhede M, Radivoyevitch T, et al. Incorporation of molecular data into the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System in treated patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia. 2016;30(11):2214–2220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeidan AM, Sekeres MA, Wang XF, et al. Comparing the prognostic value of risk stratifying models for patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: is one model better? Am J Hematol. 2015;90(11):1036–1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee EJ, Podoltsev N, Gore SD, et al. The evolving field of prognostication and risk stratification in MDS: recent developments and future directions. Blood Rev. 2016;30(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos FP, Kantarjian H, Garcia-Manero G, et al. The search for better prognostic models in myelodysplastic syndromes. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2011;6(1):13–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeidan AM, Komrokji RS. There’s risk, and then there’s risk: the latest clinical prognostic risk stratification models in myelodysplastic syndromes. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2013;8(4):351–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeidan AM, Gore SD, Padron E, et al. Current state of prognostication and risk stratification in myelodysplastic syndromes. Curr Opin Hematol. 2015;22(2):146–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeidan AM, Sekeres MA, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Comparison of risk stratification tools in predicting outcomes of patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes treated with azanucleosides. Leukemia. 2016;30(3):649–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeidan AM, Smith BD, Komrokji RS, et al. Prognostication in myelodysplastic syndromes: beyond the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS). Am J Med. 2013;126(4):e25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazha A, Sekeres MA, Gore SD, et al. Molecular testing in myelodysplastic syndromes for the practicing oncologist: will the progress fulfill the promise? Oncologist. 2015;20(9):1069–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee EJ, Zeidan AM. Genome sequencing in myelodysplastic syndromes: can molecular mutations predict benefit from hypomethylating agent therapy? Expert Rev Hematol. 2015;8(2):155–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiNardo CD, Stein EM, de Botton S, et al. Durable remissions with ivosidenib in IDH1-mutated relapsed or refractory AML. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(25):2386–2398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein EM, DiNardo CD, Pollyea DA, et al. Enasidenib in mutant IDH2 relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2017;130(6):722–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itzykson R, Kosmider O, Cluzeau T, et al. Impact of TET2 mutations on response rate to azacitidine in myelodysplastic syndromes and low blast count acute myeloid leukemias. Leukemia. 2011;25(7):1147–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobiasson M, McLornan DP, Karimi M, et al. Mutations in histone modulators are associated with prolonged survival during azacitidine therapy. Oncotarget. 2016;7(16):22103–22115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takahashi K, Wang F, Sahil S, et al. Presence of 4 or more driver mutations predicts poor response to hypomethylating agent (HMA) therapy and poor overall survival in MDS. Blood. 2015;126(23):1663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi K, Kantarjian HM, Patel K, et al. Mutated MDS patients respond equally to hypomethylating agents but have significantly shorter response duration compared to patients with wild type . Blood. 2015;126(23):1681.
   Google Scholar
• Welch JS, Petti AA, Miller CA, et al. TP53 and decitabine in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(21):2023–2036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadersten M, Saft L, Smith A, et al. TP53 mutations in low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes with del(5q) predict disease progression. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(15):1971–1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• List A, Dewald G, Bennett J, et al. Lenalidomide in the myelodysplastic syndrome with chromosome 5q deletion. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(14):1456–1465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenaux P, Giagounidis A, Selleslag D, et al. A randomized phase 3 study of lenalidomide versus placebo in RBC transfusion-dependent patients with Low-/Intermediate-1-risk myelodysplastic syndromes with del5q. Blood. 2011;118(14):3765–3776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei S, Chen X, McGraw K, et al. Lenalidomide promotes p53 degradation by inhibiting MDM2 auto-ubiquitination in myelodysplastic syndrome with chromosome 5q deletion. Oncogene. 2013;32(9):1110–1120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider RK, Schenone M, Ferreira MV, et al. Rps14 haploinsufficiency causes a block in erythroid differentiation mediated by S100A8 and S100A9. Nat Med. 2016;22(3):288–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lode L, Menard A, Flet L, et al. Emergence and evolution of TP53 mutations are key features of disease progression in myelodysplastic patients with lower-risk del(5q) treated with lenalidomide. Haematologica. 2018;103(4):e143–e6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komrokji RS, Haider M, Al Ali NH, et al. Somatic gene mutations serve as molecular biomarkers predictive for response to immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Blood. 2015;126(23):1664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mies A, Platzbecker U. Increasing the effectiveness of hematopoiesis in myelodysplastic syndromes: erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and transforming growth factor-beta superfamily inhibitors. Semin Hematol. 2017;54(3):141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platzbecker U, Germing U, Gotze KS, et al. Luspatercept for the treatment of anaemia in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (PACE-MDS): a multicentre, open-label phase 2 dose-finding study with long-term extension study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(10):1338–1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenaux P, Platzbecker U, Mufti GJ, et al. The medalist trial: results of a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of luspatercept to treat anemia in patients with very low-, low-, or intermediate-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with ring sideroblasts (RS) who require red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. Blood. 2018;132(Suppl 1):1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montalban-Bravo G, Takahashi K, Patel K, et al. Impact of the number of mutations in survival and response outcomes to hypomethylating agents in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes or myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Oncotarget. 2018;9(11):9714–9727.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenberg PL, Stone RM, Al-Kali A, et al. Myelodysplastic syndromes, version 2.2017, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2017;15(1):60–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saber W, Horowitz MM. Transplantation for myelodysplastic syndromes: who, when, and which conditioning regimens. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2016;2016(1):478–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Witte T, Bowen D, Robin M, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for MDS and CMML: recommendations from an international expert panel. Blood. 2017;129(13):1753–1762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeidan AM, Linhares Y, Gore SD. Current therapy of myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood Rev. 2013;27(5):243–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeidan AM, Gore SD. Should elderly patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation? Expert Rev Hematol. 2013;6(5):539–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcovati L, Papaemmanuil E, Ambaglio I, et al. Driver somatic mutations identify distinct disease entities within myeloid neoplasms with myelodysplasia. Blood. 2014;124(9):1513–1521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsley RC, Saber W, Mar BG, et al. Prognostic mutations in myelodysplastic syndrome after stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(6):536–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Porta MG, Galli A, Bacigalupo A, et al. Clinical effects of driver somatic mutations on the outcomes of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(30):3627–3637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimmino L, Dolgalev I, Wang Y, et al. Restoration of TET2 function blocks aberrant self-renewal and leukemia progression. Cell. 2017;170(6):1079–95 e20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Bykov VJN, Wiman KG, et al. APR-246 reactivates mutant p53 by targeting cysteines 124 and 277. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(5):439.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deneberg S, Cherif H, Lazarevic V, et al. An open-label phase I dose-finding study of APR-246 in hematological malignancies. Blood Cancer J. 2016;6(7):e447.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehmann S, Bykov VJ, Ali D, et al. Targeting p53 in vivo: a first-in-human study with p53-targeting compound APR-246 in refractory hematologic malignancies and prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(29):3633–3639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro RM, Kim DDH. Next-generation sequencing-based minimal residual disease monitoring in patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Curr Opin Hematol. 2018;25(6):425–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuurhuis GJ, Heuser M, Freeman S, et al. Minimal/measurable residual disease in AML: a consensus document from the European Leukemianet MRD Working Party. Blood. 2018;131(12):1275–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimwade D, Freeman SD. Defining minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia: which platforms are ready for “prime time”? Blood. 2014;124(23):3345–3355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nassereddine S, Nishihori T, Padron E, et al. Integrating genomics in myelodysplastic syndrome to predict outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2017;17(1):7–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Komrokji RS, Zhang Q, et al. TP53 and IDH2 somatic mutations are associated with inferior overall survival after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2017;17(11):753–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson CJ, Kennedy JA, Nikiforow S, et al. Donor-engrafted CHIP is common among stem cell transplant recipients with unexplained cytopenias. Blood. 2017;130(1):91–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thol F, Gabdoulline R, Liebich A, et al. Measurable residual disease monitoring by NGS before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in AML. Blood. 2018;132(16):1703–1713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncavage EJ, Jacoby MA, Chang GS, et al. Mutation clearance after transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(11):1028–1041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu Y, Schroeder T, Zabelina T, et al. Postallogeneic monitoring with molecular markers detected by pretransplant next-generation or Sanger sequencing predicts clinical relapse in patients with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Eur J Haematol. 2014;92(3):189–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pine AB, Chokr N, Stahl M, et al. Wide variation in use and interpretation of gene mutation profiling panels among health care providers of patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS): results of a large web-based survey. Blood. 2018;132:1825.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanagal-Shamanna R, Loghavi S, DiNardo CD, et al. Bone marrow pathologic abnormalities in familial platelet disorder with propensity for myeloid malignancy and germline RUNX1 mutation. Haematologica. 2017;102(10):1661–1670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratz CP, Achatz MI, Brugieres L, et al. Cancer screening recommendations for individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(11):e38–e45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar