Monoclonal antibodies in relapsed/refractory myeloma: updated evidence from clinical trials, real-life studies, and meta-analyses

References

• Bonello F, Mina R, Boccadoro M, et al. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody products: current practices and development in multiple myeloma. Cancers (Basel). 2019 Dec;12(1):15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Gavriatopoulou M, Terpos E. Antibody therapies for multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2020 Jan;22(1):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Giuliani N, Accardi F, Marchica V, et al. Novel targets for the treatment of relapsing multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Hematol. 2019 Jul;12(7):481–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wudhikarn K, Wills B, Lesokhin AN. Monoclonal antibodies in multiple myeloma: current and emerging targets and mechanisms of action. Best Pract Res Clin Hematol. 2020 Mar;33(1):101143. DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2020.101143. PMID: 32139009.
   Google Scholar
• Bonello F, D’Agostino M, Moscvin M, et al. CD38 as an immunotherapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2018 Dec;18(12):1209–1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frerichs KA, Nagy NA, Lindenbergh PL, et al. CD38-targeting antibodies in multiple myeloma: mechanisms of action and clinical experience. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2018 Mar;14(3):197–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamagni E, Tacchetti P, Pantani L, et al. Anti-CD38 and anti-SLAMF7: the future of myeloma immunotherapy. Expert Rev Hematol. 2018 May;11(5):423–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Donk NWCJ, Richardson PG, Malavasi F. CD38 antibodies in multiple myeloma: back to the future. Blood. 2018 Jan;131(1):13–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nooka AK, Kaufman JL, Hofmeister CC, et al. Daratumumab in multiple myeloma. Cancer. 2019 Jul;125(7):2364–2382.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tzogani K, Penninga E, Schougaard Christiansen ML, et al. EMA review of daratumumab for the treatment of adult patients with multiple myeloma. Oncologist. 2018 May;23(5):594–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin TG, Corzo K, Chiron M, et al. Therapeutic opportunities with pharmacological inhibition of cd38 with isatuximab. Cells. 2019 Nov;8(12):26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno L, Perez C, Zabaleta A, et al. The mechanism of action of the anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody isatuximab in multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 May 15;25(10):3176–3187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lokhorst HM, Plesner T, Laubach JP, et al. Targeting CD38 with daratumumab monotherapy in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Sep;373(13):1207–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonial S, Weiss BM, Usmani SZ, et al. Daratumumab monotherapy in patients with treatment refractory multiple myeloma (SIRIUS): an open label, randomized, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2016 Apr;387(10027):1551–1560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usmani SZ, Weiss BM, Plesner T, et al. Clinical efficacy of daratumumab monotherapy in patients with heavily pretreated relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2016 Jul;128(1):37–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usmani SZ, Nahi H, Weiss BM, et al. Safety and efficacy of daratumumab monotherapy in patients with heavily pre-treated/relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: final results from GEN501 and Sirius. Blood. 2017;130(suppl 1):3107.
   Google Scholar
• Usmani SZ, Diels J, Ito T, et al. Daratumumab monotherapy compared with historical control data in heavily pretreated and highly refractory patients with multiple myeloma: an adjusted treatment comparison. Am J Hematol. 2017;92:E146–E152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle EM, Leleu X, Petillon MO, et al. IFM2014-04 investigators. Daratumumab and dexamethasone is safe and effective for triple refractory myeloma patients: final results of the IFM 2014-04 (Etoile du Nord) trial. Br J Haematol. 2019 Jun;128(13):319–327.
   Google Scholar
• Jullien M, Trudel S, Tessoulin B, et al. Single-agent daratumumab in very advanced relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma patients: a real-life single-center retrospective study. Ann Hematol. 2019 Jun;98(6):1435–1440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pick M, Vainstein V, Goldschmidt N, et al. Daratumumab resistance is frequent in advanced-stage multiple myeloma patients, irrespective of CD38 expression and is related to dismal prognosis. Eur J Haematol. 2018 May;100(5):494–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chari A, Lonial S, Mark TM, et al. Results of an early access treatment protocol of daratumumab in United States patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Cancer. 2018;124(22):4342–4349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cejalvo MJ, Legarda M, Abella E, et al. Single-agent daratumumab in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma requiring dialysis: results of a Spanish retrospective, multicentre study. Br J Haematol. 2019 Dec;187(12):685–686.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang T, Wang S, Lin T, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of novel monoclonal antibodies for treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Oncotarget. 2017 May 8;20 (8):34001–34017.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palumbo A, Chanan-Khan A, Weisel K, et al. Daratumumab, bortezomib, and dexamethasone for multiplemyeloma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Aug; 375(8):754–766.
   Google Scholar
• Usmani S, Mateos M, Lentzsch S, et al. Efficacy of Daratumumab in combination with standard of care regimens in lenalidomide-exposed or -refractory patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (rrmm): analysis of the castor, pollux, and MMY1001 studies. Blood. 2018;132(supplement_1):3288.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer A, Lentzsch S, Weisel K, et al. Daratumumab plus bortezomib and dexamethasone versus bortezomib and dexamethasone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: updated analysis of CASTOR. Haematologica. 2018 Dec;103(12):2079–2087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentzsch S, Quach H, Chanan-Khan AA, et al. Daratumumab, bortezomib, and dexamethasone versus bortezomib and dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) patients: an update of overall survival in Castor. Blood. 2017;130(supplement_1):1852.
   Google Scholar
• Mateos MV, Spencer A, Nooka AK, et al. Daratumumab-based regimens are highly effective and well tolerated in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma regardless of patient age: subgroup analysis of the phase 3 CASTOR and POLLUX studies. Haematologica. 2020 Jan 31;105(2):468–477.
   Google Scholar
• Weisel K, Spencer A, Lentzsch S, et al. Efficacy and safety of daratumumab, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (D-Vd) in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) based on cytogenetic risk: updated subgroup analysis of CASTOR. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(suppl; abstr 8040). DOI:10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.8040
   Google Scholar
• Avet-Loiseau H, San-Miguel J, Casneuf T, et al. Evaluation of sustained minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) patients (Pts) treated with daratumumab in combination with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (D-Rd) or bortezomib plus dexamethasone (D-Vd): analysis of pollux and castor. Blood. 2018;132:3272.
   Google Scholar
• Chari A, Martinez-Lopez J, Mateos MV, et al. Daratumumab plus carfilzomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2019;134(5):421–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usmani SZ, Quach H, Mateos MV, et al. Carfilzomib, dexamethasone, and daratumumab versus carfilzomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM): primary analysis results from the randomized, open-label, phase 3 study candor (NCT03158688). Blood. 2019;134(supplement_2):LBA–6.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen YC, Zada M, Gatt ME, et al. Kydar multicenter trial of quadruple regimen for induction resistant myeloma combined with translational single-cell analysis identifies potential drivers of advanced resistance, including novel immune checkpoints. Blood. 2019;134(supplement_2):929.
   Google Scholar
• Costello C, Ball E, Mulroney C, et al. Phase II study of the combination of daratumumab, ixazomib, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone as salvage therapy in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. 17th International Myeloma Workshop; 2019 September 12–15, Boston, USA; p. 556.
   Google Scholar
• Plesner T, Arkenau HT, Gay F, et al. Enduring efficacy and tolerability of daratumumab in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (GEN503): final results of an open-label, phase 1/2 study. Br J Haematol. 2019 Aug;186(3):e35–e39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos MA, Oriol A, Nahi H, et al. Daratumumab, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1319–1331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos MA, San-Miguel J, Belch A, et al. Daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone versus lenalidomide and dexamethasone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: updated analysis of POLLUX. Haematologica. 2018 Dec;103(12):2088–2096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahlis NJ, Dimopoulos MA, White DJ, et al. Daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: extended follow-up of POLLUX, a randomized, open-label, phase 3 study. Leukemia. 2020 Jan; [Online ahead of print]. DOI:10.1038/s41375-020-0711-6
   Google Scholar
• Gavriatopoulou M, Kastritis E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, et al. The addition of IMiDs for patients with daratumumab-refractory multiple myeloma can overcome refractoriness to both agents. Blood. 2018;131:464–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chari A, Suvannasankha A, Fay JW, et al. Daratumumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2017;130:974–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facon T, Lonial S, Weiss BM, et al. Daratumumab in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone for relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) patients with ≥2 prior lines of therapy: updated analysis of MMY1001. Presented at: American Society of Hematology 59th Annual Meeting & Exposition; 2016 December 3–6; CA, USA. Blood. 2017;130(supplement_1):1824.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain MJ, Robinson MM, Hamadeh I, et al. Daratumumab, pomalidomide and dexamethasone combination therapy in daratumumab and/or pomalidomide refractory multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2019 Jul;186(1):140–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nooka AK, Joseph NS, Kaufman JL, et al. Clinical efficacy of daratumumab, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory myeloma: utility of re-treatment with daratumumab among refractory patients. Cancer. 2019 May;125(17):2991–3000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou X, Steinhardt M, Grathwohl D, et al. Multi-agent therapy with pomalidomide, bortezomib, doxorubicin, dexamethasone and daratumumab (Pom-PAD-Dara) in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. 17th International Myeloma Workshop; 2019 September 12–15, Boston USA; p. 442.
   Google Scholar
• Lakshman A, Abeykoon JP, Kumar SK, et al. Efficacy of daratumumab-based therapies in patients with relapsed, refractory multiple myeloma treated outside of clinical trials. Am J Hematol. 2017 Nov;92(11):1146–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovas S, Varga G, Farkas P, et al. Real-world data on the efficacy and safety of daratumumab treatment in Hungarian relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients. Int J Hematol. 2019 Nov;110(5):559–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasparetto C, Lentzsch S, Schiller G, et al. Deep and durable responses with selinexor, daratumumab, and dexamethasome (SDd) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) previously exposed to proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs: results of phase 1b study of SDd. Blood. 2018;132(supplement_1):599.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson MA, Jacobus JS, Kumar S, et al. ECOG-ACRIN EAA172: phase 1/2 study of daratumumab, bortezomib, dexamethasone (DVd) with or without venetoclax in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) with assessment for t(11;14) status. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(suppl; abstr TPS8052). DOI:10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.TPS8052
   Google Scholar
• Bahlis N, Baz R, Harrison S, et al. First analysis from a phase 1/2 study of venetoclax in combination with daratumumab and dexamethasone, ± bortezomib, in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2019;134(supplement_1):925.
   Google Scholar
• Botta C, Ciliberto D, Rossi M, et al. Network meta-analysis of randomized trials in multiple myeloma: efficacy and safety in relapsed/refractory patients. Blood Adv. 2017 Feb;1(7):455–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos MA, Kaufman JL, White D, et al. A comparison of the efficacy of immunomodulatory-containing regimens in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: A network meta-analysis. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2018 Mar;18(3):163–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Beurden-Tan CHY, Franken MG, Blommestein HM, et al. Systematic literature review and network meta-analysis of treatment outcomes in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Apr;35(12):1312–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiese EM, Ainsworth C, Le Moine JG, et al. Comparative efficacy of treatments for previously treated multiple myeloma: A systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. Clin Ther. 2018;40(3):480.e23–494.e23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifkin R, Singer D, Aguilar KM, et al. Daratumumab split first versus single dosing schedule among patients with multiple myeloma treated in a us community oncology setting: a retrospective observational study. Clin Ther. 2019 May;41(5):866–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stakiw J, Kukreti J, LeBlanc R, et al. Results of MCRN 009: phase 2 study of an accelerated infusion rate of daratumumab in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM). 17th International Myeloma Workshop, 2019 September 12–15, Boston, USA; p. 402.
   Google Scholar
• Usmani SZ, Nahi H, Mateos MV, et al. Subcutaneous delivery of daratumumab in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2019 Aug;134(8):668–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateos MV, Nahi H, Legiec W, et al. Efficacy and safety of the randomized, open-label, non-inferiority, phase 3 study of subcutaneous (SC) versus intravenous (IV) daratumumab (DARA) administration in patients (pts) with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM): COLUMBA. J Clin Oncol. 2019; 37(suppl; abstr 8005). DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.8005
   Google Scholar
• Chari A, Goldschmidt H, San Miguel J, et al. Subcutaneous (SC) daratumumab (DARA) in combination with standard multiple myeloma (MM) treatment regimens: an open-label, multicenter phase 2 study (PLEIADES) 17th International Myeloma Workshop; 2019 September 12–15, Boston, USA; p. 24.
   Google Scholar
• Chari A, Goldschmidt H, Yang S, et al. Subcutaneous daratumumab plus carfilzomib and dexamethasone (D-Kd) in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: an open-label, multicenter, phase 2 study (PLEIADES). 17th International Myeloma Workshop; 2019 September 12–15, Boston, USA; p. 225.
   Google Scholar
• Martin T, Strickland S, Glenn M, et al. Phase I trial of isatuximab monotherapy in the treatment of refractory multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J. 2019 Mar;9(4):41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos M, Bringhen S, Anttila P, et al. Results from a phase II study of isatuximab as a single agent and in combination with dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2018;132(supplement_1):155.
   Google Scholar
• Martin T, Baz R, Benson DM, et al. A phase 1b study of isatuximab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2017 Jun;129(25):3294–3303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikhael J, Richardson P, Usmani SZ, et al. A phase 1b study of isatuximab plus pomalidomide/dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2019 Jul 11;134(2):123–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attal M, Richardson PG, Rajkumar SV, et al. Isatuximab plus pomalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone versus pomalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (ICARIA-MM): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2019 Dec 7;394(10214):2096–2107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison SJ, Richardson PG, Alegre A, et al. Efficacy of isatuximab/pomalidomide/dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: ICARIA-MM high-risk cytogenetics subgroup analysis 17th International Myeloma Workshop, 2019 September 12–15, Boston, USA; p. 51.
   Google Scholar
• Schjesvold FH, Richardson PG, Attan M, et al. Efficacy of isatuximab with pomalidomide and dexamethasone in elderly patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: ICARIA-MM Subgroup Analysis. Blood. 2019;134(supplement_1):1893.
   Google Scholar
• Bringhen S, Attal M, Pour L, et al. ICARIA-MM study: efficacy analysis according to prior lines of treatment. 17th International Myeloma Workshop; 2019 September 12–15, Boston, USA; p. 381.
   Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos MA, Leleu X, Moreau P, et al. Effect of isatuximab plus pomalidomide/dexamethasone on renal impairment in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: ICARIA-MM study subgroup analysis. 17th International Myeloma Workshop; 2019 September 12–15, Boston, USA; p. 394.
   Google Scholar
• Hulin C, Richardson PG, Attal M, et al. Depth of response and response kinetics in the ICARIA-MM study of isatuximab with pomalidomide/dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2019;134(supplement_1):3185.
   Google Scholar
• Houghton K, Dimopoulos MA, Lin P, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma treated with isatuximab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone: ICARIA-MM study. Blood. 2019;134(supplement_1):1850.
   Google Scholar
• Moreau P, Dimopoulos MA, Yong K, et al. Isatuximab plus carfilzomib/dexamethasone versus carfilzomib/dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: IKEMA Phase III study design. Future Oncol. 2020 Jan;16(2):4347–4358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raab M, Engelhardt M, Blank A, et al. MOR202, a novel anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: a first-in-human, multicenter, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Mar. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30249-2.
   Google Scholar
• Kim B, Harrington C, Yee A, et al. Practical considerations and role of daratumumab retreatment for relapsed refractory Multiple Myeloma. 17th International Myeloma Workshop; 2019 September 12–15, Boston, USA; p. 409.
   Google Scholar
• Bahlis1 NJ, Jeffrey A A randomized phase 2 study of subcutaneous daratumumab plus carfilzomib/dexamethasone versus carfilzomib/dexamethasone alone in patients with multiple myeloma who have been previously treated with intravenous daratumumab to evaluate retreatment (LYNX). 17th International Myeloma Workshop; 2019 September 12–15, Boston, USA; p. 382.
   Google Scholar
• Saltarella I, Desantis V, Melaccio A, et al. Mechanisms of resistance to anti-CD38 daratumumab in multiple myeloma. Cells. 2020 Jan;9(1):167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi UH, Cornell RF, Lakshman A, et al. Outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma refractory to CD38-targeted monoclonal antibody therapy. Leukemia. 2019 Sep;33(9):2266–2275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudel S, Moreau P, Touzeau C. Update on elotuzumab for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: patients’ selection and perspective. Oncol Targets Ther. 2019 Jul 18;12:5813–5822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb YN. Elotuzumab: A review in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Drugs. 2018 Sep;78(14):1481–1488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zonder JA, Mohrbacher AF, Singhal S, et al. A phase 1, multicenter, open-label, dose escalation study of elotuzumab in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 Jul;120(3):552–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson PG, Jagannath S, Moreau P, et al., Elotuzumab in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma: final phase 2 results from the randomised, open-label, phase 1b-2 dose-escalation study. Lancet Haematol. 2015;2(12): e516–e27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonial S, Dimopoulos M, Palumbo A, et al., Elotuzumab therapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373(7): 621–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos MA, Lonial S, Betts KA, et al. Elotuzumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: extended 4-year follow-up and analysis of relative progression-free survival from the randomized ELOQUENT-2 trial. Cancer. 2018 Oct 15;124(20):4032–4043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos MA, Weisel K, Lonial S, et al. Elotuzumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: final overall survival results from the phase 3 ELOQUENT-2 trial. 17th International Myeloma Workshop; 2019 September 12–15, Boston, USA; p. 23.
   Google Scholar
• Cella D, McKendrick J, Davis H, et al. Quality-of-life outcomes in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma treated with elotuzumab plus lenalidomide/dexamethasone or lenalidomide/dexamethasone: final analysis of the phase 3 ELOQUENT-2 Study. Blood. 2019;134(supplement_2):2190.
   Google Scholar
• Mateos M-V, Granell M, Oriol A, et al. Elotuzumab in combination with thalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone: a phase 2 single-arm safety study in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2016;175(3):448–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos MA, Dytfeld D, Grosicki S, et al. Elotuzumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2018 Nov 8;379(19):1811–1822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos MA, Dytfeld D, Grosicki S, et al. Elotuzumab, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: efficacy after additional follow-up of the ELOQUENT-3 study. 17th International Myeloma Workshop; 2019 September 12–15, Boston, USA; p. 257.
   Google Scholar
• Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou E, Gavriatopoulou M, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, et al. Elotuzumab in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2019 Nov;19(11):921–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisel K, Paner A, Engelhardt M, et al. Impact of elotuzumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone on health-related quality of life in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma enrolled in the ELOQUENT-3 study. Blood. 2019;134(supplement_1):3480.
   Google Scholar
• Gentile M, Specchia G, Derudas D, et al. Elotuzumab, lenalidomide and dexamethasone as salvage therapy for patients with multiple myeloma: Italian multicenter, retrospective clinical experience with 300 cases outside of controlled clinical trials. Haematologica. 2020 Feb. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019;241513. PMID: 32107338.
   Google Scholar
• Beksac M, Seval GC, Paydas S, et al. Elotuzumab plus pomalidomide or lenalidomide is able to achieve durable ≥VGPR responses among immunomodulatory/proteasome inhibitor refractory myeloma patients: a report on multicenter experience from Turkey. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leukemia. 2020 Jan;19(10):e242–e243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grajales-Cruz A, Rodriguez ACI, Rose A, et al. Elotuzumab in combination with an immunomodulatory agent (IMID) in patients with multiple myeloma refractory to imids and/or daratumumab: a single-institution analysis. Blood. 2019;134(supplement_1):3183.
   Google Scholar
• Jakubowiak AJ, Benson DM, Bensinger W, et al. Phase I trial of anti-CS1 monoclonal antibody elotuzumab in combination with bortezomib in the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jun;30(16):1960–1965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakubowiak A, Offidani M, Pegourie B, et al. Randomized phase 2 study: elotuzumab plus bortezomib/dexamethasone vs bortezomib/dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory MM. Blood. 2016;127(3):2833–2840.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silvennoinen R, Majumder MM, Tsallos D, et al. A phase 2 study of carfilzomib plus elotuzumab plus dexamethasone for myeloma patients relapsed after 1-3 prior treatment lines. 17th International Myeloma Workshop, 2019 September 12–15, Boston, USA; p. 433.
   Google Scholar
• Berenson J, Martinez D, Spektor T, et al. A phase 2 trial of the efficacy and safety of elotuzumab in combination with pomalidomide, carfilzomib and dexamethasone for high risk relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients 17th International Myeloma Workshop; 2019 September 12–15, Boston, USA; p. 387.
   Google Scholar
• Yee AJ, Laubach JP, Campagnaro EL, et al. A phase II study of elotuzumab in combination with pomalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2019;134(supplement_1):3169.
   Google Scholar
• Gavriatopoulou M, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Anti-BCMA antibodies in the future management of multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2019 Apr;19(4):319–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckhert E, Hewitt R, Liedtke M. B-cell maturation antigen directed monoclonal antibody therapies for multiple myeloma. Immunotherapy. 2019 Jun;11(9):801–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudel S, Lendvai N, Popat R, et al. Targeting B-cell maturation antigen with GSK2857916 antibody-drug conjugate in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (BMA117159): a dose escalation and expansion phase 1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Dec;19(12):1641–1653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudel S, Lendvai N, Popat R, et al. Antibody-drug conjugate, GSK2857916, in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: an update on safety and efficacy from dose expansion phase I study. Blood Cancer J. 2019 Mar;9(4):37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonial S, Lee HC, Badros A, et al. Belantamab mafodotin for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (DREAMM-2): a two-arm, randomised, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Feb;21(2):207–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weise K, Hopkins TG, Fectea D, et al. Dreamm-3: A phase 3, open-label, randomized study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of belantamab mafodotin (GSK2857916) monotherapy compared with pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone (Pom/Dex) in participants with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Blood. 2019;134(supplement_1):1900.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson PG, Biswas S, Holkova B, et al. Dreamm-5: platform trial evaluating belantamab mafodotin (a BCMA-directed Immuno-conjugate) in combination with novel agents in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Blood. 2019;134(supplement_1):1857.
   Google Scholar
• Costa LJ, Quach H, Stoch-Goldstein K, et al. Phase I/II, open-label, 2-arm study to evaluate safety, tolerability, and clinical activity of GSK2857916 in combination with 2 standard-of-care (SoC) regimens in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: (DREAMM 6). J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(suppl; abstr TPS8053). DOI:10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.TPS8053
   Google Scholar
• Oliva S, Troia R, D’Agostino M, et al. Promises and pitfalls int he use of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in multiple myeloma. Front Immunol. 2018 Nov;9(11):2749.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lesokhin AM, Bal S, Badros AZ. lessons learned from checkpoint blockade targeting PD-1 in multiple myeloma. Cancer Immunol Res. 2019 Aug;7(8):1224–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribrag V, Avigan DE, Green DJ, et al. Phase 1b trial of pembrolizumab monotherapy for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: KEYNOTE-013. Br J Haematol. 2019 Aug;186(3):e41–e44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateos MV, Orlowski RZ, Ocio EM, et al. Pembrolizumab combined with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: phase I KEYNOTE-023 study. Br J Haematol. 2019 Sep;186(5):e117–e121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badros A, Hyjek E, Ma N, et al. Pembrolizumab, pomalidomide, and low-dose dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2017 Sep 7;130(10):1189–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateos MV, Blacklock H, Schjesvold F, et al. Pembrolizumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (KEYNOTE-183): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2019 Sep;6(9):e459–e469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesokhin AM, Ansell SM, Armand P, et al. Nivolumab in patients with relapsed or refractory hematologic malignancy: preliminary results of a phase Ib study. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Aug 10;34(23):2698–2704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verkleij CPM, Minnema MC, Weerdt O, et al. Efficacy and safety of nivolumab combined with daratumumab with or without low-dose cyclophosphamide in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma; interim analysis of the phase 2 nivo-dara study. Blood. 2019;134(supplement_1):1879.
   Google Scholar
• Cho H, Costa L, Davies F, et al. Atezolizumab in combination with daratumumab with or without lenalidomide or pomalidomide: a phase Ib study in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2018;132(supplement_1):597.
   Google Scholar
• Jagannath S, Heffner LT Jr, Ailawadhi S, et al. Indatuximab ravtansine (BT062) monotherapy in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2019 Jun;19(6):372–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancman G, Arinsburg S, Jhang J, et al. Blood transfusion management for patients treated with anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies. Front Immunol. 2018 Nov;9(11):2616.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thirkettle S, Russell J, Wilson S, et al. Implications for the monitoring of patients with multiple myeloma undergoing treatment with the anti-CD38 monoclonal daratumumab. Ann Clin Biochem. 2019 Dec; [Online ahead of print: 4563219894354]. DOI:10.1177/0004563219894354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills JR, Kohlhagen MC, Willrich MAV, et al. A universal solution for eliminating false positives in myeloma due to therapeutic monoclonal antibody interference. Blood. 2018 Aug 9;132(6):670–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsrud AJ, Johnsrud JJ, Susanibar SA, et al. Infectious and immunological sequelae of daratumumab in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2019 Apr;185(1):187–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahi H, Chrobok M, Gran C, et al. Infectious complications and NK cell depletion following daratumumab treatment of multiple myeloma. PloS One. 2019 Feb;14(2):e0211927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popat R, Warcel D, O’Nions J, et al. Characterization of response and corneal events with extended follow-up after belantamab mafodotin monotherapy for patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Haematologica. 2020 Feb; DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.235937.
   Google Scholar
• Madduri D, Dhodapkar MV, Lonial S, et al. SOHO state of the art updates and next questions: T-cell-directed immune therapies for multiple myeloma: chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells and bispecific T-cell-engaging agents. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2019 Sep;19(9):537–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo JJ. Evolution of therapy for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2019 Nov;17(11.5):1433–1436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musto P. Monoclonal antibodies and multiple myeloma: all in all it’s just another brick in the wall? Oncologist. 2018 May;23(5):511–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoylman E, Brown A, Perissinotti AJ, et al. Optimal sequence of daratumumab and elotuzumab in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2020 Mar;61(3):691–698.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weisel K, Ludwig H, Rieth A, et al. Health-related quality of life of carfilzomib- and daratumumab-based therapies in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, based on German benefit assessment data. Qual Life Res. 2020 Jan;29(1):69–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nalghranyan S, Singh AP, Schinke C. The combination of venetoclax, daratumumab and dexamethasone for the treatment of refractory primary plasma cell leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2020 Feb;95(2):E34–E35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan M, Weinhold N, Schinke C, et al. Daratumumab in high-risk relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients: adverse effect of chromosome 1q21 gain/amplification and GEP70 status on outcome. Br J Haematol. 2019 Dec. ;[Online ahead of print]. DOI:10.1111/bjh.16292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plesner T, van de Donk N, Richardson PD, et al. Controversies in the use of anti-CD38 antibody for treatment of myeloma: is high CD38 expression good or bad? Cells. 2020 Feb;9(2). DOI: 10.3390/cells9020378.
   Google Scholar
• Dhakal B, Narra RK, Giri S, et al. Association of adverse events and associated cost with efficacy for approved relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma regimens: a Bayesan network meta-analysis of phase 3, randomized, controlled trials. Cancer. 2020 Mar. DOI: 10.1002/cncr. 32831.
   Google Scholar