The relationship between anemia and obesity

References

• Molofsky AV, Pardal R, Morrison SJ. Diverse mechanisms regulate stem cell self-renewal. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;16(6):700–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RR MD, Dssm P, editors Rubin’s pathology: clinicopathologic foundations of medicine 5th edition. fifth edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia: LWW; 2007. p. 1456.
   Google Scholar
• Höfer T, Rodewald HR. Differentiation-based model of hematopoietic stem cell functions and lineage pathways. Blood. 2018 Sep 13;132(11):1106–1113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamaki T, Kao KS, Nishi K, et al. Hoxb5 defines the heterogeneity of self-renewal capacity in the hematopoietic stem cell compartment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021 Feb 5;539:34–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellulu MS, Patimah I, Khaza’ai H, et al. Obesity and inflammation: the linking mechanism and the complications. Arch Med Sci. 2017 Jun;13(4):851–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smitka K, Adipose MD. Tissue as an endocrine organ: an update on pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory microenvironment. Prague Med Rep. 2015;116(2):87–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cortez M, Carmo LS, Rogero MM, et al. A high-fat diet increases IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α production by increasing NF-κB and attenuating PPAR-γ expression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Inflammation. 2013 Apr;36(2):379–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Domínguez Á, Visiedo-García FM, Domínguez-Riscart J, et al. Iron metabolism in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Aug 1;21(15):5529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole TJ. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000 May 6;320(7244):1240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 Suppl 2):S102–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohlfahrt-Veje C, Tinggaard J, Winther K, et al. Body fat throughout childhood in 2647 healthy Danish children: agreement of BMI, waist circumference, skinfolds with dual X-ray absorptiometry. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Jun;68(6):664–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longo M, Zatterale F, Naderi J, et al. Adipose tissue dysfunction as determinant of obesity-associated metabolic complications. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 May 13;20(9):2358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz MW, Seeley RJ, Zeltser LM, et al. Obesity pathogenesis: an endocrine society scientific statement. Endocr Rev. 2017 Aug 1;38(4):267–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MS F, Tve K. Social environmental and genetic influences on obesity and obesity-promoting behaviors: fostering research integration [Internet]. Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate. National Academies Press (US) 2006 [cited 2021 Nov 24. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19935/
   Google Scholar
• Kyrou I, Randeva HS, Tsigos C, et al. Clinical problems caused by obesity. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, et al. editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): mDText.com, Inc (South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-.). 2000 cited 2021 Nov 24. Available from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278973/.
   Google Scholar
• Kearns K, Dee A, Fitzgerald AP, et al. Chronic disease burden associated with overweight and obesity in Ireland: the effects of a small BMI reduction at population level. BMC Public Health. 2014 Feb;10(14):143.
   Google Scholar
• Rashiti P, Behluli I, Bytyqi AR. Assessment of the correlation between severity of coronary artery disease and waist-hip ratio. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017 Dec 15;5(7):929–933.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jung S, Park J, Seo YG. Relationship between arm-to-leg and limbs-to-trunk body composition ratio and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 31;11(1):17414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duque AP, Rodrigues Junior LF, Mediano MFF, et al. Emerging concepts in metabolically healthy obesity. Am J Cardiovasc Dis. 2020 Jun 15;10(2):48–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chait A, den Hartigh LJ; Chait A, den Hartigh LJ. Adipose Tissue Distribution. Inflammation and its metabolic consequences, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rani V, Deep G, Singh RK, et al. Oxidative stress and metabolic disorders: pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Life Sci. 2016 Mar;1(148):183–193.
   Google Scholar
• Marseglia L, Manti S, D’Angelo G, et al. Oxidative stress in obesity: a critical component in human diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Dec 26;16(1):378–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forni C, Facchiano F, Bartoli M, et al. Beneficial role of phytochemicals on oxidative stress and age-related diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:8748253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong YK, Tse HF. Circulating biomarkers for cardiovascular disease risk prediction in patients with cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021 Oct;1(8):713191.
   Google Scholar
• Dinarello CA. Overview of the IL-1 family in innate inflammation and acquired immunity. Immunol Rev. 2018 Jan;281(1):8–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aune D. Plant foods, antioxidant biomarkers, and the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality: a review of the evidence. Adv Nutr. 2019 Nov 1;10(Suppl_4):S404–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaparro CM, Suchdev PS. Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019 Aug;1450(1):15–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiller CK, Golembiewski SKE, Golembiewski M, et al. Prevalence of undernutrition and anemia among santal adivasi children, Birbhum District, West Bengal, India. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(3): 1.
   Google Scholar
• Sun D, McLeod A, Gandhi S, et al. Anemia in Pregnancy: a Pragmatic Approach. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2017 Dec;72(12):730–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Jimenez MC, Moreno G, Wright I, et al. Iron deficiency in menstruating adult women: much more than anemia. Womens Health Rep (New Rochelle). 2020;1(1):26–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zariwala MG. Comparison study of oral iron preparations using a human intestinal model. Sci Pharm. 2013 Dec;81(4):1123–1139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kulnigg-Dabsch S. Autoimmune gastritis. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2016;166(13):424–430.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hershko C, Patz J, Ronson A. The anemia of achylia gastrica revisited. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2007 Oct;39(2):178–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieringa FT, Dahl M, Chamnan C, et al. The high prevalence of anemia in cambodian children and women cannot be satisfactorily explained by nutritional deficiencies or hemoglobin disorders. Nutrients. 2016 Jun 7;8(6):348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman SM, Christian P, West KP. The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anaemia. Public Health Nutr. 2000 Jun;3(2):125–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacibekiroglu T, Basturk A, Akinci S, et al. Evaluation of serum levels of zinc, copper, and Helicobacter pylori IgG and IgA in iron deficiency anemia cases. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Dec;19(24):4835–4840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staniek H. The combined effects of Cr(III) Supplementation and iron deficiency on the copper and zinc status in Wistar rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019 Aug;190(2):414–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mya KS, Kyaw AT, Tun T. Feeding practices and nutritional status of children age 6-23 months in Myanmar: a secondary analysis of the 2015-16 demographic and health survey. PLOS ONE. 2019 Jan 2;14(1):e0209044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banach W, Nitschke K, Krajewska N, et al. The association between excess body mass and disturbances in somatic mineral levels. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 3;21(19):E7306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nairz M, Theurl I, Wolf D, et al. Iron deficiency or anemia of inflammation?: differential diagnosis and mechanisms of anemia of inflammation. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2016 Oct;166(13–14):411–423.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sundd P, Gladwin MT, Novelli EM. Pathophysiology of sickle cell disease. Annu Rev Pathol. 2019 Jan;24(14):263–292.
   Google Scholar
• Haslam DW, James WPT. Obesity. Lancet. 2005 Oct 1;366(9492):1197–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson C. A review of iron studies in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a double burden in the young? Eur J Nutr. 2016 Oct;55(7):2179–2197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasanta D, Htun KT, Pan J, et al. Waist circumference and BMI are strongly correlated with MRI-derived fat compartments in young adults. Life (Basel). 2021 Jul 1;11(7):643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortíz Pérez M, Vázquez López MA, Ibáñez Alcalde M, et al. Relationship between obesity and iron deficiency in healthy adolescents. Child Obes. 2020 Sep;16(6):440–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recinella L, Orlando G, Ferrante C, et al. New potential therapeutic target for obesity and metabolic, rheumatic, and cardiovascular diseases. Front Physiol. 2020 Oct;30(11):578966.
   Google Scholar
• Aigner E, Feldman A, Datz C. Obesity as an emerging risk factor for iron deficiency. Nutrients. 2014 Sep 11;6(9):3587–3600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verga Falzacappa MV, Vujic Spasic M, Kessler R, et al. STAT3 mediates hepatic hepcidin expression and its inflammatory stimulation. Blood. 2007 Jan 1;109(1):353–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagani A, Nai A, Silvestri L, et al. Hepcidin and anemia: a tight relationship. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• sal E, Yenicesu I, Celik N, et al. Relationship between obesity and iron deficiency anemia: is there a role of hepcidin? Hematology Internet 2018 Jan 10 [cited 2020 Jun 28]; Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10245332.2018.1423671
   Google Scholar
• Meyers K, López M, Ho J, et al. Lipocalin-2 deficiency may predispose to the progression of spontaneous age-related adiposity in mice. Sci Rep. 2020 Sep 3;10(1):14589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikonorov AA, Skalnaya MG, Tinkov AA, et al. Mutual interaction between iron homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2015 Apr;30:207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alshwaiyat NM, Ahmad A, Wan Hassan WMR, et al. Association between obesity and iron deficiency (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2021 Nov 1;22(5):1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch S, Pfeiffer CM, Georgieff MK, et al. Biomarkers of nutrition for development (BOND)—Iron review. J Nutr. 2018 Jun 1;148(suppl_1):1001S–1067S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Auguet T, Aragonès G, Berlanga A, et al. Hepcidin in morbidly obese women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS One. 2017 Oct 24;12(10):e0187065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalano PM, Shankar K. Obesity and pregnancy: mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child. BMJ. 2017 Feb;8(356):j1.
   Google Scholar
• Flynn AC, Begum S, White SL, et al. Relationships between maternal obesity and maternal and neonatal iron status. Nutrients. 2018 Jul 30;10(8):E1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Hortelano JA, Cavero-Redondo I, Álvarez-Bueno C, et al. Monitoring gestational weight gain and prepregnancy BMI using the 2009 IOM guidelines in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020 Oct 27;20(1):649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Cai Z, Zhang J. The effect of prepregnancy body mass index on maternal micronutrient status: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 Sep 13;11(1):18100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Yin HQ, Liu HL, et al. Hepcidin and iron metabolism in non-diabetic obese and type 2 diabetic rats. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2015 Dec;35(6):851–857.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benson CS, Shah A, Frise MC, et al. Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy: a contemporary review. Obstet Med. 2021 Jun;14(2):67–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamruzzaman M I, Kabir E. BMI associated with anemia and hemoglobin level of women and children in Bangladesh: a study with multiple statistical approaches. PLoS One. 2021;16(10):e0259116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores-Quijano ME, Vega-Sánchez R, Tolentino-Dolores MC, et al. Obesity is associated with changes in iron nutrition status and its homeostatic regulation in pregnancy. Nutrients. 2019 Mar 23;11(3):E693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ankar A, Kumar A. Vitamin B12 deficiency (Cobalamin). In: statPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 1]; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441923/
   Google Scholar
• Rizzo G, Laganà AS, Rapisarda AMC, et al. Vitamin B12 among vegetarians: status, assessment and supplementation. Nutrients. 2016 Nov 29;8(12):767.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MA M-H, Belloc B, Domínguez-Cajal M. Small and large intestine (I): malabsorption of nutrients. Nutrients. 2021 Apr 11;13(4):1254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usui G, Shinozaki T, Jinno T, et al. Association between visceral abdominal obesity and long-segment Barrett’s esophagus in a Japanese population. J Gastroenterol. 2020 Feb;55(2):189–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Sun M, Liu B, et al. Inverse association between serum vitamin B12 concentration and obesity among adults in the United States. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). Internet 2019 Jun 272020 May 27;10: cited]; Available from.10.3389/fendo.2019.00414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao JV, Schooling CM, Zhao JX, Zhao JV, Schooling CM, Zhao JX. The effects of folate supplementation on glucose metabolism and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Epidemiol. 2018;28(4):249–257.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Gueant-Rodriguez R-M, Quilliot D, et al. Folate and vitamin B12 status is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(5):1700–1706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaishnav B, Bamanikar A, Maske P, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and its association with body mass index: clinical and endoscopic study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017 Apr;11(4):OC01–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alharbi TJ, Tourkmani AM, Abdelhay O, et al. The association of metformin use with vitamin B12 deficiency and peripheral neuropathy in Saudi individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0204420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sl M, R K. The association between antiulcer medication and initiation of cobalamin replacement in older persons [Internet]. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001 [cited 2020 Jul 11];54. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11337218/?dopt=Abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschowitz BI, Worthington J, Mohnen J. Vitamin B12 deficiency in hypersecretors during long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jun 1;27(11):1110–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg D, McLaughlin C, Koduru SV, et al. Regenerative engineering: current applications and future perspectives. Front Surg. 2021 Nov;3(8):731031.
   Google Scholar
• Lecka-Czernik B, Stechschulte LA, Czernik PJ, et al. High bone mass in adult mice with diet-induced obesity results from a combination of initial increase in bone mass followed by attenuation in bone formation; implications for high bone mass and decreased bone quality in obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015 Jul;15(410):35–41.
   Google Scholar
• Tripathy NK, Singh SP, Nityanand S. Enhanced adipogenicity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in aplastic anemia. Stem Cells Int. 2014;2014:276862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris EV, Edwards CM. Bone marrow adipose tissue: a new player in cancer metastasis to bone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016;7:90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshita S, Fumoto T, Naoe Y, et al. Age-related marrow adipogenesis is linked to increased expression of RANKL. J Biol Chem. 2014 Jun 13;289(24):16699–16710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosi TH, Scialdone A, Graja A, et al. Adipocyte accumulation in the bone marrow during obesity and aging impairs stem cell-based hematopoietic and bone regeneration. Cell Stem Cell. 2017 01; 20(6): 771–784.e6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang H, Zhang X, Zhu C, et al. Molecular Mechanisms of PPAR-γ governing MSC osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2016;11(3):255–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Liu L, Dou C, et al. PPAR gamma-regulated microRNA 199a-5p underlies bone marrow adiposity in aplastic anemia. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2019 Sep 6;17:678–687.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fraenkel PG. Understanding anemia of chronic disease. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2015 Dec 5;2015(1):14–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joosten E, Lioen P. Iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease in geriatric hospitalized patients: how frequent are comorbidities as an additional explanation for the anemia? Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015 Aug;15(8):931–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiciński M, Liczner G, Cadelski K, et al. Anemia of chronic diseases: wider diagnostics—better treatment? Nutrients. 2020 Jun 16;12(6):1784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 2006 Dec 14;444(7121):860–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landecho MF, Tuero C, Valentí V, et al. Relevance of leptin and other adipokines in obesity-associated cardiovascular risk. Nutrients. 2019 Nov 5;11(11):E2664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horbal SR, Hall ME, Dinh PC, et al. Associations of adiponectin and leptin with brain natriuretic peptide in African Americans: the Jackson heart study. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jun;9(2):49–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessling-Resnick M. Iron homeostasis and the inflammatory response. Annu Rev Nutr. 2010 Aug;21(30):105–122.
   Google Scholar
• Vuppalanchi R, Troutt JS, Konrad RJ, et al. Serum hepcidin levels are associated with obesity but not liver disease. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014 Mar;22(3):836–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benova A, Tencerova M. Obesity-induced changes in bone marrow homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 May;12(11):294.
   Google Scholar
• Luzzatto L, Nannelli C, Notaro R. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2016 Apr;30(2):373–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong KIC, Kosugi H, Thoeun S, et al. Systematic review of the clinical manifestations of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the Greater Mekong Subregion: implications for malaria elimination and beyond. BMJ Glob Health. [Internet]. 2017 Aug 19 [cited 2020 Aug 19 [cited 2020 Jun 19 [cited 2020 Jun 29];2(3):e000415. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5656182/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah I, Jarullah J, Jaouni SA, et al. Higher prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in tribal population against urban population: a signal to natural selection. Biomed Res Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Jun 29];28(1). Available from: https://www.alliedacademies.org/abstract/higher-prevalence-of-glucose6phosphate-dehydrogenase-g6pd-deficiency-in-tribal-population-against-urban-population-a-signal-to-nat-6263.html
   Google Scholar
• Park YJ, Choe SS, Sohn JH, et al. The role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. Adipocyte. 2017 Feb 8;6(2):147–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ham M, Choe SS, Shin KC, et al. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency improves insulin resistance with reduced adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. Diabetes. 2016 Sep 1;65(9):2624–2638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ham M, Lee JW, Choi AH, et al. Macrophage glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase stimulates proinflammatory responses with oxidative stress. Mol Cell Biol. 2013 Jun;33(12):2425–2435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware RE, de Montalembert M, Tshilolo L, et al. Sickle cell disease. Lancet. 2017 15;390(10091):311–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macharia AW, Mochamah G, Uyoga S, et al. The clinical epidemiology of sickle cell anemia In Africa. Am J Hematol. 2018;93(3):363–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naik RP, Smith-Whitley K, Hassell KL, et al. Clinical outcomes associated with sickle cell trait: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2018 06; 169(9): 619–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas P. Height and weight reference curves for homozygous sickle cell disease. Arch Dis Child. 2000 Mar;82(3):204–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochocinski D, Dalal M, Black LV, et al. Life-threatening infectious complications in sickle cell disease: a concise narrative review. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight LMJ, Onsomu EO, Bosworth HB, et al. Exploring emergency department provider experiences with and perceptions of weight-based versus individualized vaso-occlusive treatment protocols in sickle cell disease. Adv Emerg Nurs J. 2019 Mar;41(1):86–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martyres DJ, Vijenthira A, Barrowman N, et al. Nutrient insufficiencies/deficiencies in children with sickle cell disease and its association with increased Disease severity. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2016 Jun;63(6):1060–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jehan S, Zizi F, Pandi-Perumal SR, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and obesity: implications for public health. Sleep Med Disord. 2017;1(4): 00019
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galanello R, Origa R. Origa R. Beta-thalassemia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2010 May;21(5):11.
   Google Scholar
• Rasel M, Mahboobi SK. Transfusion iron overload. In: statPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 [cited 2021 Nov 24]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562146/
   Google Scholar
• Rosen CJ, Klibanski A. Bone, fat, and body composition: evolving concepts in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Am J Med. 2009 May;122(5):409–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casale M, Citarella S, Filosa A, et al. Endocrine function and bone disease during long-term chelation therapy with deferasirox in patients with β-thalassemia major. Am J Hematol. 2014 Dec;89(12):1102–1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung EB, Xu Y, Kwiatkowski J, et al. Relationship between chronic transfusion therapy and body composition in subjects with Thalassemia. J Pediatr. 2010 Oct;157(4):641–647.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlychou M, Alexiou E, Thriskos P, et al. Body composition in adult patients with thalassemia major. Int J Endocrinol. 2016 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jun 15];2016:1–7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5121445/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud RA, Khodeary A, Farhan MS. Detection of endocrine disorders in young children with multi-transfused thalassemia major. Ital J Pediatr. 2021 Dec;47(1):165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rognvaldsdottir V, Brychta RJ, Hrafnkelsdottir SM, et al. Less physical activity and more varied and disrupted sleep is associated with a less favorable metabolic profile in adolescents van Amelsvoort T, editor. PLoS One. 2020 May 15;15(5):e0229114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• le Roux CW, Heneghan HM. Bariatric surgery for obesity. Med Clin North Am. 2018 Jan;102(1):165–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefebvre T, Coupaye M, Esposito-Farèse M, et al. Hepcidin and iron deficiency in women one year after sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective cohort study. Nutrients. 2021 Jul 23;13(8):2516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenackers N, Van der Schueren B, Mertens A, et al. Iron deficiency after bariatric surgery: what is the real problem? Proc Nutr Soc. 2018 Nov;77(4):445–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaco-Ferreira DV, Leandro-Merhi VA, Monaco-Ferreira DV, Leandro-Merhi VA. Status of Iron Metabolism 10 Years After Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass. Obes Surg. 2017 Aug;27(8):1993–1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Duan L, Han X, et al. Changes in nutritional outcomes after sleeve gastrectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.: Obes Surg; 2021 Oct 22.
   Google Scholar
• Gowanlock Z, Lezhanska A, Conroy M, et al. Iron deficiency following bariatric surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Blood Adv. 2020 Aug 11;4(15):3639–3647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerkadi A, Mohsen Ali R, Shehada AH, et al. Association between central obesity indices and iron status indicators among Qatari adults. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0250759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar