Targeted molecular ablation of cancer stem cells for curing gastrointestinal cancers

References

• Yu Z, Pestell TG, Lisanti MP, et al. Cancer stem cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2012;44(12):2144–2151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saikawa Y, Fukuda K, Takahashi T, et al. Gastric carcinogenesis and the cancer stem cell hypothesis. Gastric Cancer. 2010;13(1):11–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreso A, Dick JE. Evolution of the cancer stem cell model. Cell Stem Cell. 2014;14(3):275–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, et al. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature. 2001;414(6859):105–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapidot T, Sirard C, Vormoor J, et al. A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature. 1994;367(6464):645–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, et al. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100(7):3983–3988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh SK, Clarke ID, Terasaki M, et al. Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors. Cancer Res. 2003;63(18):5821–5828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brabletz T, Jung A, Spaderna S, et al. Opinion: migrating cancer stem cells - an integrated concept of malignant tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5(9):744–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehn M, Clarke MF. Cancer stem cells and radiotherapy: new insights into tumor radioresistance. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(24):1755–1757.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Todaro M, Francipane MG, Medema JP, et al. Colon cancer stem cells: promise of targeted therapy. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(6):2151–2162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly PN, Dakic A, Adams JM, et al. Tumor growth need not be driven by rare cancer stem cells. Science. 2007;317(5836):337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Jung YS, Jun S, et al. PAF-Wnt signaling-induced cell plasticity is required for maintenance of breast cancer cell stemness. Nat Commun. 2016;7:10633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mery B, Guy JB, Espenel S, et al. Targeting head and neck tumoral stem cells: from biological aspects to therapeutic perspectives. World J Stem Cells. 2016;8(1):13–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alison MR, Lim SM, Nicholson LJ. Cancer stem cells: problems for therapy? J Pathol. 2011;223(2):147–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alison MR, Islam S, Wright NA. Stem cells in cancer: instigators and propagators? J Cell Sci. 2010;123(Pt 14):2357–2368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrakesan P, Yao J, Qu D, et al. Dclk1, a tumor stem cell marker, regulates pro-survival signaling and self-renewal of intestinal tumor cells. Mol Cancer. 2017;16(1):30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone A. Oesophagitis and peptic ulcer of the oesophagus: the Mackenzie Davidson Memorial Lecture*. Br J Radiol. 1955;28(329):229–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naef AP, Savary M, Ozzello L. Columnar-lined lower esophagus: an acquired lesion with malignant predisposition. Report on 140 cases of Barrett’s esophagus with 12 adenocarcinomas. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1975;70(5):826–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa H, Whelan K, Lynch JP. Mechanisms of Barrett’s oesophagus: intestinal differentiation, stem cells, and tissue models. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;29(1):3–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagliardi G, Goswami M, Passera R, et al. DCLK1 immunoreactivity in colorectal neoplasia. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2012;5:35–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mokrowiecka A, Veits L, Falkeis C, et al. Expression profiles of cancer stem cell markers: CD133, CD44, Musashi-1 and EpCAM in the cardiac mucosa-Barrett’s esophagus-early esophageal adenocarcinoma-advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma sequence. Pathol Res Pract. 2017;213(3):205–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Q, Nicholson AM, Barr H, et al. Identification of lineage-uncommitted, long-lived, label-retaining cells in healthy human esophagus and stomach, and in metaplastic esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(4):761–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng W, Bai B, Sheng L, et al. Role of Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer: advances and controversies. Discov Med. 2015;20(111):285–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amieva M, Peek RM Jr. Pathobiology of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(1):64–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann W. Current status on stem cells and cancers of the gastric epithelium. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(8):19153–19169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessede E, Dubus P, Megraud F, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and stem cells at the origin of gastric cancer. Oncogene. 2015;34(20):2547–2555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi YJ, Kim N, Chang H, et al. Helicobacter pylori-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a potential role of gastric cancer initiation and an emergence of stem cells. Carcinogenesis. 2015;36(5):553–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Feng F, Zhou YN. Stem cells in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(1):112–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompaiah M, Bartfeld S. Gastric organoids: an emerging model system to study Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2017;400:149–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaiopoulos AG, Kostakis ID, Koutsilieris M, et al. Colorectal cancer stem cells. Stem Cells. 2012;30(3):363–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn S, Nam MO, Noh JH, et al. Organoid-based epithelial to mesenchymal transition (OEMT) model: from an intestinal fibrosis perspective. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):2435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporn MB, Dunlop NM, Newton DL, et al. Prevention of chemical carcinogenesis by vitamin A and its synthetic analogs (retinoids). Fed Proc. 1976;35(6):1332–1338.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Surh YJ. Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(10):768–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan N, Bharali DJ, Adhami VM, et al. Oral administration of naturally occurring chitosan-based nanoformulated green tea polyphenol EGCG effectively inhibits prostate cancer cell growth in a xenograft model. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(2):415–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papi A, Farabegoli F, Iori R, et al. Vitexin-2-O-xyloside, raphasatin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate synergistically affect cell growth and apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Food Chem. 2013;138(2–3):1521–1530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang SF, Yang WE, Chang HR, et al. Luteolin induces apoptosis in oral squamous cancer cells. J Dent Res. 2008;87(4):401–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim do Y, Jeong Y, Tyner AL, et al. Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells by the dietary compound luteolin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007;292(1):G66–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi KS, Song H, Kim EH, et al. Inhibition of hydrogen sulfide-induced angiogenesis and inflammation in vascular endothelial cells: potential mechanisms of gastric cancer prevention by Korean red ginseng. J Ginseng Res. 2012;36(2):135–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JM, Han YM, Kangwan N, et al. S-allyl cysteine alleviates nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric mucosal damages by increasing cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition, heme oxygenase-1 induction, and histone deacetylation inhibition. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(Suppl 4):80–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong M, Park JM, Han YM, et al. Dietary prevention of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer with kimchi. Oncotarget. 2015;6(30):29513–29526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balic A, Sorensen MD, Trabulo SM, et al. Chloroquine targets pancreatic cancer stem cells via inhibition of CXCR4 and hedgehog signaling. Mol Cancer Ther. 2014;13(7):1758–1771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kangwan N, Kim YJ, Han YM, et al. Sonic hedgehog inhibitors prevent colitis-associated cancer via orchestrated mechanisms of IL-6/gp130 inhibition, 15-PGDH induction, Bcl-2 abrogation, and tumorsphere inhibition. Oncotarget. 2016;7(7):7667–7682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skvara H, Kalthoff F, Meingassner JG, et al. Topical treatment of basal cell carcinomas in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome with a smoothened inhibitor. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(8):1735–1744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanta R, Kumar D, Meeker D, et al. NVP-LDE-225 (Erismodegib) inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and human prostate cancer stem cell growth in NOD/SCID IL2Rgamma null mice by regulating Bmi-1 and microRNA-128. Oncogenesis. 2013;2:e42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu J, Rodova M, Nanta R, et al. NPV-LDE-225 (Erismodegib) inhibits epithelial mesenchymal transition and self-renewal of glioblastoma initiating cells by regulating miR-21, miR-128, and miR-200. Neuro Oncol. 2013;15(6):691–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandhavkar S. Cancer stem cells: a metastasizing menace! Cancer Med. 2016;5:649–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugihara E, Saya H. Complexity of cancer stem cells. Int J Cancer. 2013;132(6):1249–1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingham PW, McMahon AP. Hedgehog signaling in animal development: paradigms and principles. Genes Dev. 2001;15(23):3059–3087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varjosalo M, Taipale J. Hedgehog: functions and mechanisms. Genes Dev. 2008;22(18):2454–2472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss S, Concordet JP, Ingham PW. A functionally conserved homolog of the Drosophila segment polarity gene HH is expressed in tissues with polarizing activity in zebrafish embryos. Cell. 1993;75(7):1431–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echelard Y, Epstein DJ, St-Jacques B, et al. Sonic hedgehog, a member of a family of putative signaling molecules, is implicated in the regulation of CNS polarity. Cell. 1993;75(7):1417–1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddle RD, Johnson RL, Laufer E, et al. Sonic hedgehog mediates the polarizing activity of the ZPA. Cell. 1993;75(7):1401–1416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholpp S, Wolf O, Brand M, et al. Hedgehog signalling from the zona limitans intrathalamica orchestrates patterning of the zebrafish diencephalon. Development. 2006;133(5):855–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beachy PA, Karhadkar SS, Berman DM. Tissue repair and stem cell renewal in carcinogenesis. Nature. 2004;432(7015):324–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement V, Sanchez P, de Tribolet N, et al. HEDGEHOG-GLI1 signaling regulates human glioma growth, cancer stem cell self-renewal, and tumorigenicity. Curr Biol. 2007;17(2):165–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar EE, Chaudhry A, Lin A, et al. Cyclopamine-mediated hedgehog pathway inhibition depletes stem-like cancer cells in glioblastoma. Stem Cells. 2007;25(10):2524–2533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dierks C, Beigi R, Guo GR, et al. Expansion of Bcr-Abl-positive leukemic stem cells is dependent on hedgehog pathway activation. Cancer Cell. 2008;14(3):238–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Dontu G, Mantle ID, et al. Hedgehog signaling and Bmi-1 regulate self-renewal of normal and malignant human mammary stem cells. Cancer Res. 2006;66(12):6063–6071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmann G, Dhara S, Fendrich V, et al. Blockade of hedgehog signaling inhibits pancreatic cancer invasion and metastases: a new paradigm for combination therapy in solid cancers. Cancer Res. 2007;67(5):2187–2196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock CD, Wang Q, Gesell GS, et al. Hedgehog signaling maintains a tumor stem cell compartment in multiple myeloma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(10):4048–4053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao C, Chen A, Jamieson CH, et al. Hedgehog signalling is essential for maintenance of cancer stem cells in myeloid leukaemia. Nature. 2009;458(7239):776–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz i Altaba A, Mas C, Stecca B. The Gli code: an information nexus regulating cell fate, stemness and cancer. Trends Cell Biol. 2007;17(9):438–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apionishev S, Katanayeva NM, Marks SA, et al. Drosophila smoothened phosphorylation sites essential for hedgehog signal transduction. Nat Cell Biol. 2005;7(1):86–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yauch RL, Gould SE, Scales SJ, et al. A paracrine requirement for hedgehog signalling in cancer. Nature. 2008;455(7211):406–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mani SA, Guo W, Liao MJ, et al. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell. 2008;133(4):704–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasheed ZA, Yang J, Wang Q, et al. Prognostic significance of tumorigenic cells with mesenchymal features in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(5):340–351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishikawa Y, Nakatomi M, Ida-Yonemochi H, et al. Quiescent adult stem cells in murine teeth are regulated by SHH signaling. Cell Tissue Res. 2017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannuti A, Foreman K, Rizzo P, et al. Targeting Notch to target cancer stem cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16(12):3141–3152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi-Yanaga F, Kahn M. Targeting Wnt signaling: can we safely eradicate cancer stem cells? Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16(12):3153–3162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenti G, Quinn HM, Heynen G, et al. Cancer stem cells regulate cancer-associated fibroblasts via activation of hedgehog signaling in mammary gland tumors. Cancer Res. 2017;77(8):2134–2147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taipale J, Chen JK, Cooper MK, et al. Effects of oncogenic mutations in smoothened and patched can be reversed by cyclopamine. Nature. 2000;406(6799):1005–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batsaikhan BE, Yoshikawa K, Kurita N, et al. Cyclopamine decreased the expression of sonic hedgehog and its downstream genes in colon cancer stem cells. Anticancer Res. 2014;34(11):6339–6344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makowska A, Eble M, Prescher K, et al. Chloroquine sensitizes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells but not nasoepithelial cells to irradiation by blocking autophagy. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0166766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascolo S. Time to use a dose of chloroquine as an adjuvant to anti-cancer chemotherapies. Eur J Pharmacol. 2016;771:139–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez-Martin A, Lopez-Bonetc E, Cufi S, et al. Repositioning chloroquine and metformin to eliminate cancer stem cell traits in pre-malignant lesions. Drug Resist Updat. 2011;14(4–5):212–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song YJ, Zhang SS, Guo XL, et al. Autophagy contributes to the survival of CD133+ liver cancer stem cells in the hypoxic and nutrient-deprived tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett. 2013;339(1):70–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cufi S, Vazquez-Martin A, Oliveras-Ferraros C, et al. Autophagy positively regulates the CD44(+) CD24(-/low) breast cancer stem-like phenotype. Cell Cycle. 2011;10(22):3871–3885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong C, Bauvy C, Tonelli G, et al. Beclin 1 and autophagy are required for the tumorigenicity of breast cancer stem-like/progenitor cells. Oncogene. 2013;32(18):2261–2272, 2272e 2261–2211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellodi C, Lidonnici MR, Hamilton A, et al. Targeting autophagy potentiates tyrosine kinase inhibitor-induced cell death in Philadelphia chromosome-positive cells, including primary CML stem cells. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(5):1109–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei MF, Chen MW, Chen KC, et al. Autophagy promotes resistance to photodynamic therapy-induced apoptosis selectively in colorectal cancer stem-like cells. Autophagy. 2014;10(7):1179–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi DS, Blanco E, Kim YS, et al. Chloroquine eliminates cancer stem cells through deregulation of Jak2 and DNMT1. Stem Cells. 2014;32(9):2309–2323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firat E, Weyerbrock A, Gaedicke S, et al. Chloroquine or chloroquine-PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor combinations strongly promote gamma-irradiation-induced cell death in primary stem-like glioma cells. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun R, Shen S, Zhang YJ, et al. Nanoparticle-facilitated autophagy inhibition promotes the efficacy of chemotherapeutics against breast cancer stem cells. Biomaterials. 2016;103:44–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelastro JM, Lame MW. Overexpression of CD133 promotes drug resistance in C6 glioma cells. Mol Cancer Res. 2010;8(8):1105–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han YM, Park JM, Kangwan N, et al. Role of proton pump inhibitors in preventing hypergastrinemia-associated carcinogenesis and in antagonizing the trophic effect of gastrin. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2015;66(2):159–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardo LA, Stuhmer W. The roles of K(+) channels in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2014;14(1):39–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jehle J, Schweizer PA, Katus HA, et al. Novel roles for hERG K(+) channels in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Cell Death Dis. 2011;2:e193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Khor TO, Shu L, et al. Dietary phytochemicals and cancer prevention: Nrf2 signaling, epigenetics, and cell death mechanisms in blocking cancer initiation and progression. Pharmacol Ther. 2013;137(2):153–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YS, Farrar W, Colburn NH, et al. Cancer stem cells: potential target for bioactive food components. J Nutr Biochem. 2012;23(7):691–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan P, Zhang Y, Liu L, et al. Continuous exposure of pancreatic cancer cells to dietary bioactive agents does not induce drug resistance unlike chemotherapy. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7(6):e2246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladas EJ, Bhatia M, Chen L, et al. The safety and feasibility of probiotics in children and adolescents undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2016;51(2):262–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andermann TM, Rezvani A, Bhatt AS. Microbiota manipulation with prebiotics and probiotics in patients undergoing stem cell transplantation. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2016;11(1):19–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abreu MT, Peek RM Jr. Gastrointestinal malignancy and the microbiome. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(6):1534–1546 e1533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahey JW, Zhang Y, Talalay P. Broccoli sprouts: an exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(19):10367–10372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung FL, Conaway CC, Rao CV, et al. Chemoprevention of colonic aberrant crypt foci in Fischer rats by sulforaphane and phenethyl isothiocyanate. Carcinogenesis. 2000;21(12):2287–2291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Wicha MS, Schwartz SJ, et al. Implications of cancer stem cell theory for cancer chemoprevention by natural dietary compounds. J Nutr Biochem. 2011;22(9):799–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh JL, Jackman CP, Tang SN, et al. Embelin suppresses pancreatic cancer growth by modulating tumor immune microenvironment. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2014;19:113–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tin AS, Park AH, Sundar SN, et al. Essential role of the cancer stem/progenitor cell marker nucleostemin for indole-3-carbinol anti-proliferative responsiveness in human breast cancer cells. BMC Biol. 2014;12:72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang SN, Singh C, Nall D, et al. The dietary bioflavonoid quercetin synergizes with epigallocathechin gallate (EGCG) to inhibit prostate cancer stem cell characteristics, invasion, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Mol Signal. 2010;5:14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asano Y, Okamura S, Ogo T, et al. Effect of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on leukemic blast cells from patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Life Sci. 1997;60(2):135–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CN, Liang CM, Lai JR, et al. Capillary electrophoretic determination of theanine, caffeine, and catechins in fresh tea leaves and oolong tea and their effects on rat neurosphere adhesion and migration. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(25):7495–7503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong M, Park JM, Han YM, et al. Dietary intervention of artemisia and green tea extracts to rejuvenate helicobacter pylori-associated chronic atrophic gastritis and to prevent tumorigenesis. Helicobacter. 2016;21(1):40–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumazoe M, Takai M, Hiroi S, et al. PDE3 inhibitor and EGCG combination treatment suppress cancer stem cell properties in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chani B, Puri V, Chander Sobti R, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits mouse mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to adipogenic lineage. J Stem Cells Regen Med. 2016;12(1):16–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu RH. Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Adv Nutr. 2013;4(3):384S–392S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu RH. Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action. J Nutr. 2004;134(12 Suppl):3479S–3485S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese EJ. The emergence of the dose-response concept in biology and medicine. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(12):2034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong WK, Sporn MB. Recent advances in chemoprevention of cancer. Science. 1997;278(5340):1073–1077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kangwan N, Park JM, Kim EH, et al. Chemoquiescence for ideal cancer treatment and prevention: where are we now? J Cancer Prev. 2014;19(2):89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar